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Wires & Cables

     Energy & Environment




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Conductors
A conductor has many free electrons so is good at transferring
electrical current

        -       -                -
   -                                           -
                    -                                             -
                    -        -
        -
                        --                         -                     -
  -         -                    -
       Low Resistance                                  High Resistance

   Good Conductor                              Bad Conductor

   Conductance is the opposite of resistance

   It is measured in ‘Mho’s (ohm backwards) ℧
Different types of conductors
Material Used
                                                  Aluminum
        Copper
                  High conductivity
                                                     60%
                  Easily soldered
                                                     conductivity
                  Heavier & more                     of copper
                  expensive than
                  aluminum                           Cheap &
                  Copper used in house               lighter than
                  wiring                             copper

                                   1mm2, 1.5mm2
 Galvanized Iron (GI)
                                   4mm2 , 6mm2
                   Heavier than
                   aluminum
                   Lowest         Used in
                   conductivity   overhead
                                  lines
Different types of conductors
Respective of their property

  Good Conductors                                  Bad Conductors
                      Low resistance
                                                        Medium
                      Carry current                     resistance

                                                        Used for
                                                        converting
               Copper & Aluminum
                                                        electrical
                                                        energy into
                                 Tungsten & Nichrome
                                                        heat, light &
   Non Conductors                                       sound
                                                     Wires & cables
                           High                      use conductors
                           resistance                & non
                            Insulators               conductors to
                           PVC, glass                their advantage
Different types of conductors
Physical Appearance
    Solid Conductor                        Stranded Conductor

               Used in cables.                         Flexible
                     e.g.
              copper, aluminum,
                                                      1, 7, 19, 37 stands
                    steel


                                               1.13 to 3.73 mm diameter


  Multi stranded Conductor                  Flexible Conductor
                  0.2 or 0.3 mm diameter
                                                       14, 23, 40 strands



                                                        <0.2 mm diameter
        14, 22, 24,84 strands
Wires & Cables
Wires & Cables are purpose built conductors

The size & type of wire/cable must suit the power rating required for
their use. The higher the power the thicker the wire/cable


  Wires

 Domestic & small industry wiring
 In appliances


  Cables
  Small & big industries
  Distribution Lines
  Transmission lines
Types of wires
Vulcanized India Rubber (VIR)          To protect against corrosion
                                       from the VIR
            Cotton tape & cotton
            braiding                 tinned copper/ aluminum




                                               suitable for: low &
                                               medium voltage supply
                                               only
 Bitumen
                   Vulcanized India Rubber
                   (VIR)
                                                    Old type: not
                                                    readily available
                                                    to purchase
Types of Wires
Cabe Tyre Sheath wire (CTS)
                                  tinned copper



    Thicker
    Rubber/plastic

                                           Old type: not
                                           readily available
                                           to purchase



                              Rubber/plastic
 Don’t absorb moisture

 Available in 250/440V only
Types of Wire
PVC Wire
                 copper/ aluminum




                                 Widely used
                                 Long life
                                 Durable against
                                 water, heat, oil,
                                 UV light


Available in      Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
600, 660, 1100
Voltage
Wiring Appliances                    Returns current
                                     to power source
What do each of these
                           Neutral
wires do?
                                     Live
                                            Provides current to
                                            appliance

                               Earth
                                       Takes current to ground if
                                       appliance has fault




What wire is missing and
why?
Standard Wire Gauge & Current
Carrying Capacity
                       Maximum safe
Each number            current that can
represents a size of   flow through a
wire                   cable




                               Higher current will heat
                               the cable and damage the
                               insulation and may result
                               in short circuit
Cables
Larger sized conductors

Types of cable are sorted by:

Type of insulation          Type of conducting material
Cotton covered               Copper
Silk coated                  Aluminum
Asbestos covered
Rubber coated
PVC coated



Their shape               Mechanical protection           Voltage Grade

Flat                      Unarmored                       Low
Round                     Armored                         High
Splices & Terminals
When a cable enters into an accessory its called a termination.

Splices or terminals must be used at termination points

These must be as mechanically & electrically strong as the conductor or
device which it is used.

Types
Pillar terminals

Screw heads & nuts


Washers
Summary Questions
1. Why might you use aluminum in wire instead of
   copper?
2. What are some advantages of PVC wire?
3. Why might you use ‘bad’ conductors in a circuit?
4. Why is it important not to supply a cable with
   more current than its current carrying capacity?

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wiring Part 3: wires & cables

  • 1. Wires & Cables Energy & Environment This PowerPoint is created and developed by :
  • 2. Conductors A conductor has many free electrons so is good at transferring electrical current - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - Low Resistance High Resistance Good Conductor Bad Conductor Conductance is the opposite of resistance It is measured in ‘Mho’s (ohm backwards) ℧
  • 3. Different types of conductors Material Used Aluminum Copper High conductivity 60% Easily soldered conductivity Heavier & more of copper expensive than aluminum Cheap & Copper used in house lighter than wiring copper 1mm2, 1.5mm2 Galvanized Iron (GI) 4mm2 , 6mm2 Heavier than aluminum Lowest Used in conductivity overhead lines
  • 4. Different types of conductors Respective of their property Good Conductors Bad Conductors Low resistance Medium Carry current resistance Used for converting Copper & Aluminum electrical energy into Tungsten & Nichrome heat, light & Non Conductors sound Wires & cables High use conductors resistance & non Insulators conductors to PVC, glass their advantage
  • 5. Different types of conductors Physical Appearance Solid Conductor Stranded Conductor Used in cables. Flexible e.g. copper, aluminum, 1, 7, 19, 37 stands steel 1.13 to 3.73 mm diameter Multi stranded Conductor Flexible Conductor 0.2 or 0.3 mm diameter 14, 23, 40 strands <0.2 mm diameter 14, 22, 24,84 strands
  • 6. Wires & Cables Wires & Cables are purpose built conductors The size & type of wire/cable must suit the power rating required for their use. The higher the power the thicker the wire/cable Wires Domestic & small industry wiring In appliances Cables Small & big industries Distribution Lines Transmission lines
  • 7. Types of wires Vulcanized India Rubber (VIR) To protect against corrosion from the VIR Cotton tape & cotton braiding tinned copper/ aluminum suitable for: low & medium voltage supply only Bitumen Vulcanized India Rubber (VIR) Old type: not readily available to purchase
  • 8. Types of Wires Cabe Tyre Sheath wire (CTS) tinned copper Thicker Rubber/plastic Old type: not readily available to purchase Rubber/plastic Don’t absorb moisture Available in 250/440V only
  • 9. Types of Wire PVC Wire copper/ aluminum Widely used Long life Durable against water, heat, oil, UV light Available in Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 600, 660, 1100 Voltage
  • 10. Wiring Appliances Returns current to power source What do each of these Neutral wires do? Live Provides current to appliance Earth Takes current to ground if appliance has fault What wire is missing and why?
  • 11. Standard Wire Gauge & Current Carrying Capacity Maximum safe Each number current that can represents a size of flow through a wire cable Higher current will heat the cable and damage the insulation and may result in short circuit
  • 12. Cables Larger sized conductors Types of cable are sorted by: Type of insulation Type of conducting material Cotton covered Copper Silk coated Aluminum Asbestos covered Rubber coated PVC coated Their shape Mechanical protection Voltage Grade Flat Unarmored Low Round Armored High
  • 13. Splices & Terminals When a cable enters into an accessory its called a termination. Splices or terminals must be used at termination points These must be as mechanically & electrically strong as the conductor or device which it is used. Types Pillar terminals Screw heads & nuts Washers
  • 14. Summary Questions 1. Why might you use aluminum in wire instead of copper? 2. What are some advantages of PVC wire? 3. Why might you use ‘bad’ conductors in a circuit? 4. Why is it important not to supply a cable with more current than its current carrying capacity?

Notas do Editor

  1. .