3. Potential finance for the
SDGs, Sendai implementation
• Key questions:
– Finance demand: How much will this cost?
– Finance supply:
• How much money is out there?
• How much of “development finance” can be treated as “potential
SDG (or Sendai) finance”?
• Key problems:
– These questions are usually answered via global estimates
. . . What about national estimates?
– Demand side: Until SDGs, Sendai are “nationalized”, they
can’t really be costed
• Supply side: Potential funding/financing availability
can be estimated
4. “Traditional” finance for
development approaches
Global finance for development flows
Source: <<Opening Doors: Financing the UN Development System>>, p. 55
5. Problems with such approaches
• Financing development is not only about net transfers of
capital from developed to developing countries
– It’s also about boosting development potential, competitiveness
• Not all developing economies are net recipients of
international capital flows (current-account deficits)
– Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan are net
international capital suppliers (current-account surpluses)
• SDG, DRR finance is not only external
– Domestic financial flows (e.g., government budget) matter—but
are not captured
• Financial services also matter—but are not captured
– Particularly relevant for insurance ☺
• Who are the national stakeholders, partners?
6. To address these weaknesses,
we need a narrative that can:
• Help finance national achievement of SDGs,
implementation of national Sendai DRR
strategies
• Be supported by national data
• Include public finance data
• Be understandable to non-specialists
This presentation seeks to build such a narrative
7. Methodological challenges—
and some answers
Questions (challenges) Answers
Combining international (BoP)
and national (fiscal) data
issues of:
• Comparing/blending “apples
and oranges”
• Avoiding double counting
Double counting avoided by:
• Not counting domestic investment
• Measuring government by budget revenues
(not expenditures)
International (BoP) data: Gross
or net?
• Why?
Gross financing data used, because:
• The numbers are much “better behaved”
• UNDP: closer to inflows than outflows
Which flows do (not) contribute
to sustainable development?
• Especially important for
government budget finance
“Albanian rule of thumb”
• Finance Ministry consultants estimated that
60% of Albania’s multi-year 2015-2017
budget can be linked to specific SDGs
• 60% of government budget = “SDG finance”
8. Data sources
• National balance of payments statistics:
– International capital flow data
– International financial service transactions data
• (Re)insurance
– Remittances • OECD-DAC: ODA data
• IMF-World Economic
Indicators data base:
Domestic public finance
data
Exclusive reliance on
publicly available data
9. Albania
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
17%
1%
6% 1%
12%
6%
58%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
10. Armenia
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
11%
2%
14%
0%
37%
7%
29%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
11. Azerbaijan
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
15% 3%
19%
1%
6%
1%
56%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
12. Belarus
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
12%
1%
15%
1%
6%
1%
64%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
13. Georgia
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
17%
3%
0%
2%
15%
9%
54%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
14. Kazakhstan
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
32%
4%
-1%
1%
0%0%
63%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
15. Kosovo*
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
(* as per UNSCR 1244 (1999))
10% 5%
5% 1%
20%
15%
43%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
16. Kyrgyzstan
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
12%
0%
5% 0%
40%12%
30%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
17. Macedonia, fYR
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
11% 4%
9%
1%
12%
6%
57%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
18. Moldova
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
4%
0%
19%
0%
35%
8%
32%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
19. Montenegro
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
21%
3%
4%
2%
12%
3%
56%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
20. Serbia
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
10%
3% 2%
1%
12%
3%
69%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
21. Turkey
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
4% 4%
6%
1%
1% 1%
84%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
22. Ukraine
Shares of potential SDG finance from all sources (annual averages, 2008-2016)
9%
2%
6% 2%
15%
2%
64%
FDI Stocks and bonds Bank loans Financial services
Remittances ODA State budget
23. By source of finance: State budget
(* as per UNSCR 1244 (1999))
Annual averages (2008-
2016), shares of total
finance (from all sources)
84%
69%
64% 64% 63%
58% 57% 56% 56% 54%
43%
32% 30% 29%
24. By source of SDG finance: Remittances
Annual averages (2008-
2016), shares of total
finance (from all sources)
(* as per UNSCR 1244 (1999))
40%
37%
35%
20%
15% 15%
12% 12% 12%
6% 6%
3%
1% 0%
25. By source of finance: ODA
Annual averages (2008-
2016), shares of total
finance (from all sources)
(* as per UNSCR 1244 (1999))
15%
12%
9%
8%
7%
6% 6%
3% 3%
2%
1% 1% 1% 0%
27. Critical next step: Unpacking
domestic public finance
15%
13% 13% 13%
11%
9%
9%
7%
5%
4%
• Albanian example:
– 2015-2017 budget
reviewed
– 61% of budget lines
could be linked to
individual SDGs
Source: Albania <<MAPS>> report, p. 87
• Could/should
something similar be
done in your
country?
• Should a similar
exercise be
attempted for
commercial flows?
28. Some take-aways
• State budget finance is critical
– More sophisticated treatment of fiscal data needed
• ODA still matters in some places
– Especially for global leaders in remittance inflows
(Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Moldova, Kosovo, Georgia)
• This underscores the importance of “blending”
remittances with ODA, budget finance
• On commercial flows:
– FDI, bank loans are larger than flows associated with stocks
and bonds, financial services
– In economies with largest commercial flows (Azerbaijan,
Kazakhstan), most of this goes to the extractive sector