Collective behavior and social movements
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This document provides an overview of collective behavior and social movements. It defines collective behavior as spontaneous, unstructured behavior by large groups of people, like crowds, riots, and social movements. It discusses characteristics of collective behavior and theories like emergent norm theory. It also defines crowds, mobs, riots, disasters, and types of each. The document outlines factors that can cause mass behavior, like rumors, public opinion, and panics. It defines social movements as organized efforts to create social change and discusses types of movements and theories to explain them, like deprivation theory. Finally, it outlines the typical stages of a social movement from emergence to decline.
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Collective behavior and social movements
- 1. Collective Behavior & Social Movements Electrical Department Bahria University Islamabad
- 2. Contents • Collective behavior • Characteristics of Collective Behavior • Collective behavior theories • Crowd and its types • Mobs and Riots • Mass Behavior • Disasters • Social movement and its types • Claims Making • Theories of Social Movements • Stages of Social Movements
- 3. Collective Behavior Definition Voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people Collective behavior refers relatively spontaneous and relatively unstructured behavior by large numbers of individuals acting with or being influenced by other individuals. – Examples: Mobs, riots, panic, mass hysteria, and social movements
- 4. Collective Behavior • Collective behavior is diverse • Collective behavior is variable • Much collective behavior is transitory
- 5. Collectivity A large number of people whose minimal interaction occurs in the absence of well-defined and conventional norms •Localized collectivity •Dispersed collectivity
- 6. Characteristics of Collective Behavior 1. Represent the actions of groups of people, not individuals. 2. Involve relationships that arise in unusual circumstances. 3. Capture the changing elements of society more than other forms of social action. 4. May mark the beginnings of more organized social behavior. 5. Usually appear to be highly emotional, even volatile.
- 7. Collective behavior theories • Emergent Norm Theory • Value added theory
- 8. Crowd Definition: A temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another •Crowds share several characteristics: – Crowds involve groups of people – Transitory. – Volatile. – Sense of urgency.
- 9. Types of Crowd Sociologist Herbert Blumer (1969) 1.Casual Crowds 2. Conventional Crowds 3. Expressive Crowds 4. Acting crowds Clark McPhail and Ronald T. Wohlstein (1983) 5. Protest Crowd
- 10. Types of Crowd 1. Casual Crowd 2. Conventional Crowd
- 11. Types of Crowd 3. Expressive Crowd 4. Acting Crowd
- 12. Types of Crowd 5. Protest Crowd
- 13. Mobs and Riots • Mob When an acting crowd starts to engage in destructive and sometimes violent behavior they become mob. • A mob is a crowd that is easily persuaded to take aggressive or violent action in order to gain attention or solve their problem. • Mobs are dangerous because they often lead to behavior that an individual would not normally engage in and cause a lot of damage to physical property and others.
- 14. Mobs and Riots • Riot A social eruption that is highly emotional, violent, and undirected
- 15. Types of Riots Several types of riots may be identified according to the motivation and goals of the participants in the riots. One popular typology distinguishes between protest riots and celebration riots Another popular typology distinguishes four types of riots: purposive, symbolic, revelous, and issueless
- 16. Explaining Crowd Behavior • Le Bon’s contagion theory
- 17. Explaining Crowd Behavior • Convergence theory Whereas the contagion theory states that crowds cause people to act in a certain way, convergence theory says the opposite.
- 18. Mass Behavior • Collective behavior among people dispersed over a wide geographical area Rumor and gossip Public opinion Propaganda Fashions and fads Panic and mass hysteria
- 19. Rumor and gossip • Rumor Unconfirmed information people spread informally, often by word of mouth • Gossip
- 20. Public Opinion & Propaganda • Public opinion Widespread attitudes about controversial issues • Propaganda Information presented with the intention of shaping public opinion
- 21. Fashions and Fads • Fashion A social pattern favored by a large number of people • Fads one fad fades, another one becomes popular.
- 22. Panic & Mass Hysteria • Panic A form of collective behavior in which people in one place react to a threat or other stimulus with irrational, frantic, and often self- destructive behavior • Mass hysteria A form of dispersed collective behavior by which people respond to a real or imagined event often with irrational and even frantic fear
- 23. Disasters An event, generally unexpected, that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property • Natural disaster • Technological disaster • Intentional disaster
- 24. Social movement • An organized activity that encourages or discourages social change • Social movements are organized efforts by large numbers of people to bring about or impede social change. • Often they try to do so by engaging in various kinds of protest, such as the march depicted here.
- 25. Social movement Sociologists identify several types of social movements according to the nature and extent of the change they seek. •Alternative •Redemptive •Redemptive •Reformative •Revolutionary
- 26. Claims Making The process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue •For a social movement to form, some issue has to be defined as a problem that demands public attention. •Usually, claims making begins with a small number of people. •Example???
- 27. Social Movements 1) Deprivation theory: Social movements seeking change arise among people who feel deprived •Relative deprivation A perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison
- 28. Social Movements 2) Kornhauser’s mass-society theory Social movements attract socially isolated people who feel personally insignificant. • Movements are personal as well as political, giving people with weak social ties a sense of purpose and belonging.
- 29. Social Movements 3) Smelser’s Structural-Strain Theory 1. Structural conduciveness 2. Structural strain 3. Growth and spread of an explanation 4. Precipitating factors 5. Mobilization for action 6. Lack of social control
- 30. Social Movements 4) Resource-mobilization theory No social movement is likely to succeed or even get off the ground without substantial resources 5) Culture theory The recognition that social movements depend not only on material resources and the structure of political power but also on cultural symbols.
- 31. Stages of Social Movements • Stage one: Emergence • Stage two: Coalescence • Stage three: Bureaucratization • Stage four: Decline
Notas do Editor
- Collective Behavior: Conditions • Precipitating incidents • Generalized belief of what is wrong • Mobilization Collective Behavior: Factors • Feeling of normlessness • Breakdown of social control • Timing
- Activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial(argument or debate), and sometimes dangerous More specifically, collective behavior refers to relatively spontaneous and relatively unstructured behavior by large numbers of individuals acting with or being influenced by other individuals. Relatively spontaneous means that the behavior is somewhat spontaneous but also somewhat planned, while relatively unstructured means that the behavior is somewhat organized and predictable but also somewhat unorganized and unpredictable.
- Collective behavior is diverse A wide range of human action Collective behavior is variable Why do some rumors catch on, but others don’t? Much collective behavior is transitory Disasters, rumors, and fads come and go quickly.
- Localized collectivity–People physically close to one another Dispersed collectivity (or mass behavior)–People who influence one another despite being spread over a large area
- Exhibit patterned behavior, not the irrational behavior of crazed individuals.
- Emergent norm theory is a theory used to explain collective behavior. Turner and Killian argue that the norms that ultimately govern a situation may not be initially apparent to the participants. Instead, norms emerge through a process of social interaction in which people look to others for cues and signs indicating various possibilities of what they might expect. Value-added theory (also known as social strain theory) was first proposed by Neil Smelser and is based on the assumption that certain conditions are needed for the development of a social movement. Smelser saw social movements as side-effects of rapid social change.
- A crowd is a large number of people who gather together with a common short-term or long-term purpose. Crowds are one form of collective behavior. Crowds involve groups of people coming together in face-to-face with one another. Crowds are transitory.(not permanent) Crowds are volatile. Crowds usually have a sense of urgency.
- A casual crowd is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. It has no common identity or long-term purpose. This gathering of people waiting to cross the street is an example of a casual crowd. A conventional crowd is a collection of people who gather for a specific purpose. They might be attending a movie, a play, a concert, or a lecture.
- A casual crowd is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. It has no common identity or long-term purpose. This gathering of people waiting to cross the street is an example of a casual crowd. A conventional crowd is a collection of people who gather for a specific purpose. They might be attending a movie, a play, a concert, or a lecture.
- An expressive crowd is a collection of people who gather primarily to be excited and to express one or more emotions. Examples include a religious revival, a political rally for a candidate, and events like Mardi Gras. an acting crowd goes one important step beyond an expressive crowd by behaving in violent or other destructive behavior such as looting(steal (take (another person's property) without permission) (goods) in a war, riot, etc.).
- Types of Riots Several types of riots may be identified according to the motivation and goals of the participants in the riots. One popular typology distinguishes between protest riots and celebration riots (McPhail, 1994). [ 1128 ] Protest riots express discontent regarding a political, social, cultural, or economic issue, while celebration riots express joy or delight over an event or outcome, such as the celebration of a football team ' s championship that gets out of hand. Protest riots are fundamentally political in nature, while celebration riots are decidedly apolitical. Another popular typology distinguishes four types of riots: purposive, symbolic, revelous, and issueless (Goode, 1992). [ 1129 ] Purposive riots arise from dissatisfaction regarding a particular issue and are intended to achieve a specific goal regarding that issue. The colonial riots mentioned earlier are examples of purposive riots, as are many of the riots that have occurred in U.S. prisons during the past few decades. Symbolic riots express general discontent but do not really aim to achieve a specific goal. The early 20th-century riots by whites, also mentioned earlier, are examples of symbolic riots. Revelous riots are the same as the celebration riots already discussed, while issueless riots have no apparent basis or purpose. An example of an issueless riot is the looting and general violence that sometimes occurs during a citywide electrical outage. http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/socfwk/ch/ch21a.html
- Le Bon’s contagion theory Crowds exert hypnotic influence over their members, people surrender to a “collective mind” its members rid themselves of inhibitions and act out and the crowd assumes a life of its own Critical review Crowd actions result from the intentions and decisions of specific individuals. Not necessarily irrational
- Convergence theory: The crowd doesn’t generate the action, but rather the members themselves stimulate the action of the crowd. Example: neighborhood groups concerned about crime and want to do something about it Critical evaluation Some people do things in a crowd that they would not have the courage to do alone. Crows can intensify a sentiment simply by creating a critical mass of like-minded people.
- Rumor–Unconfirmed information people spread informally, often by word of mouth Thrives in a climate of ambiguity Is unstable Is difficult to stop Gossip–Rumor about people’s personal affairs Rumors spread widely, but gossip is more localized. A means of social control Too much gossip is discouraged.
- Public opinion–Widespread attitudes about controversial issues Some people have no opinion at all. Even on some important issues, a majority of people have no clear opinion. Propaganda–Information presented with the intention of shaping public opinion Thin line between information and propaganda Not all propaganda is false.
- Fashion–A social pattern favored by a large number of people Traditional style gives way to changing fashion in industrial societies. Veblen: Conspicuous consumption–people buying expensive products to show off their wealth Fads–An unconventional social pattern that people embrace briefly but enthusiastically Sometimes called crazes
- Natural disaster Flood, hurricane, tornado, earthquake, etc. Technological disaster Oil spills, industrial accidents Intentional disaster War, terrorist attacks, genocide
- A social movement is an organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social, political, economic, or cultural change.
- Alternative: Least threatening, limited change for a limited number of members Example: Planned parenthood Redemptive: Selective focus, radical change Example: Some religious organizations Reformative: Limited social change, targets everyone Example: Equal rights amendment movement Revolutionary: The most extreme, seeks basic transformation of society Example: Ultra-conservative political movements
- For a social movement to form, some issue has to be defined as a problem that demands public attention. Usually, claims making begins with a small number of people. Example: AIDS
- Deprivation theory: Social movements seeking change arise among people who feel deprived Relative deprivation– A perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison Critical evaluation Theory suffers from circular reasoning Focuses exclusively on the cause, telling us little about movements themselves
- Kornhauser’s mass-society theory: Social movements attract socially isolated people who feel personally insignificant. Movements are personal as well as political, giving people with weak social ties a sense of purpose and belonging. Critical evaluation No clear standard for measuring the extent to which we live in a “mass society” Explaining social movements in terms of people hungry to belong ignores the social-justice issues that movements address
- Resource-mobilization theory No social movement is likely to succeed or even get off the ground without substantial resources Critical evaluation Powerless can promote change if they are organized an have committed members Overstates the extent to which powerful people are willing to challenge the status quo Culture theory The recognition that social movements depend not only on material resources and the structure of political power but also on cultural symbols. Critical evaluation Does not address how and when powerful cultural symbols turn people from supporting the system toward protest
- Stage one: Emergence Perception that something is wrong Stage two: Coalescence Defining itself and “going public” Stage three: Bureaucratization Organizing rationally to get job done Stage four: Decline Success Organization failures Leaders “sell out” Crushed by repression