Pc Or Mainframe

Pc or Mainframe
Executive Statement
A mainframe is a very large, powerful, dedicated, multi–tasking computer where enormous amounts
of data are processed, sometimes millions of records a day. The mainframe is set up for specific
applications and those applications only; which is totally different from a Personal Computer (PC).
A mainframe runs a custom operating system specifically written for particular applications while a
PC has a generic operating system such as Windows and is built to handle many different programs.
PC 's are multi–tasking but not dedicated with control of the resources usually handled by the
computer rather than the user having control over the amount of resources used by any given
application. For example, if you were to run ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This room was very large, kept refrigerated and housed several mainframes. These machines were
typically 8–9 feet tall, about 3 feet or more wide and they were made of grey colored steel. They had
lots of lights and dials and such. The data storage was reel–to–reel tape onto which data was
downloaded twice a day.
So how Big is Big?
The main purpose of a mainframe was to run commercial applications and large–scale computing,
such as that done by the IRS, and banks where enormous amounts of data are processed sometimes
millions of records a day.
A typical mainframe has the following characteristics:
· A mainframe has several CPUs.
· Memory is hundreds of Gigabytes of RAM and It has tons of hard drive storage.
· Its processing power is over 550 Mips.
· It often has different cabinets for storage, input/ouput and RAM.
· Distributes the workload over different processors and input/output devices. It can handle a large
number of users.
· All processes are running on the host and not on the terminal.
· Output is sent to the terminal through a program running (in the background) on the mainframe. In
my case it is called PIMS.
· Nothing else goes over the line
Management processes, such as program management and task management, are separate. A
mainframe is usually associated with centralized computing where all computing physically takes
place on the mainframe itself (L. Mitzner, personal
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Advantages Of Dynamic Allocation
Introduction: –
A dynamic storage allocator accomplishes space for things whose lifetimes are not identified by the
system at the period of their establishment.
Dynamic storage provision has a substantial influence on computer presentation.
A dynamic storage allocator on a multiprocessor should have the capability to gratify numerous
requirements simultaneously.
Dynamic Allocation: –
Two methods of dynamic allocation
Stack allocation
Constrained, but modest and well–organized
Heap allocation
Further general, but fewer proficient
More challenging to implement
Memory management
In a multiprogramming system, in directive to share the CPU, a quantity of progressions must be
kept in memory.
Memory administration is accomplished through memory administration ... Show more content on
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Neither first fit nor best fit is obviously better than the other in terms of storage deployment, but first
fit is commonly quicker.
All are Fast and simple.
Disadvantages of Placement Algorithms: –
All agonize from external fragmentation
Occurs adequate total memory subsists to please a request, but it is not adjoining (lots of small
holes)
Worst circumstance can have minor block of memory between each 2 procedures
Flexible number of partitions, variable size.
Conclusion: –
All methods necessitate that the complete program must:
a)Be encumbered into memory
b)Be deposited closely
c)Remain in memory until the work is finalized
Each procedure puts simple limitations on the size of the works: can only be as huge as the prevalent
partitions in

Intro to Pc Operating System Chapter1
Chapter 1: Introducing Operating Systems TRUE/FALSE 1. The operating system manages each
and every piece of hardware and software. T 2. An operating system is a special type of hardware. F
3. The Memory Manager, the Interface Manager, the User Manager, and the File Manager are the
basis of all operating systems. T 4. Networking was not always an integral part of operating systems.
T 5. The Memory Manager is in charge of main memory, also known as ROM. F 6. The high–level
portion of the Process Manager is called the Process Scheduler. F 7. The Device Manager monitors
every device, channel, and control unit. T 8. The File Manager is responsible for data files but not
program files. F 9. When the Processor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
__d__ means that several logical records are grouped within one physical record.
a.|Grouping|c.|Combining| b.|Fixing|d.|Blocking| 16. In second–generation computers, to reduce the
discrepancy in speed between the I/O and the CPU, an interface called the __a__ was placed
between them to act as a buffer. a.|control unit|c.|holder| b.|scheduler|d.|buffer manager| 17. The most
common mechanism for implementing multiprogramming was the introduction of the _d___
concept, which is when the CPU is notified of events needing operating systems services.
a.|paging|c.|messaging| b.|sharing|d.|interrupt| 18. A system with __a__ divides programs into parts
and keep them in secondary storage, bringing each part into memory only as it is needed. a.|virtual
memory|c.|segmented processing| b.|shared memory|d.|passive multiprogramming| 19. The __b__ is
used to indicate that a program is permanently held in ROM (read only memory), as opposed to
being held in secondary storage. a.|hardware|c.|software| b.|firmware|d.|shareware| 20. The
overwhelming demand for __c__ capability in the mid–1990s sparked the proliferation of
networking capability. a.|e–mail|c.|Internet| b.|processing|d.|FTP| 21. A typical ___b_ computer
houses devices to perform audio, video, and graphic creation and editing.
a.|multiprocessor|c.|networked| b.|multimedia|d.|PDA| 22. __c__ is the partitioning of a single server,
each of which can

August Wilson Fences Analysis
"Fences" by August Wilson
August Wilson is ranked as one of the critical voices in American theatre. His plays are a revelation
of remarkable talent that mentions on the African American lifestyle and experience and
simultaneously creates a global appeal. Fences, one of his plays is a reflection of his rhetorical aims
of using art in changing the existing relationship between the blacks and society as proof that the
African American culture is fit for offering sustenance.
Fences by August Wilson gets its title from the main character, Troy. In the beginning, he builds a
fence for his wife as he engages in a conversation with Bono, his friend. The fence is completed by
the end of Act 1 and Bono, and his wife had previously placed a bet that he would buy her a new
refrigerator if the fence would be successfully built. Set up in Pittsburgh, PA on an African–
American section between the late 1950s and 1960s, the play rotates around father and son conflict.
Troy is a garbage collector of African–American origin and was once a famous ballplayer within the
Negro Leagues before inclusion of the blacks in the American leagues. His son Cory has a talent for
athletics sports and targets to win a college scholarship from football.
Cory pleads with his father to allow him to quit his job at the grocery store to be fully involved in
football. Nevertheless, his father does not accept which bars Cory from joining the high school
team. This shows that Troy is not sensitive to Cory's wish, but on the contrary, he has the will to
fight for his rights which sees him rise to become a garbage truck driver in the city. It is sad that he
denies his son the opportunity of becoming a sportsperson. To make matters worse, Troy cheats on
his wife Rose but show compassion to his brother Gabriel who is mentally disturbed. Gabriel got a
head wound when he took part in the World War II, and his friendship with Bono is firm.
Troy has a mistress, Alberta who unfortunately passes on while giving birth and the mistreated Rose
takes in the child. However, Rose refuses ever to obey Troy again. The commitment of Gabriela to
asylum leaves Troy and Cory entirely apart after Cory mentions that Gabriel's government considers
the services that were being

Computer Systems Working Around Us
Today, as a society, we all seem to accept the trend of doing multiple things at the same time
because of the limited amount of time we are given on a daily basis. We find ourselves juggling
many tasks at once; whether it is time with family, work, or even a favorite hobby, we all have to
find time to manage all of these things while maintaining some kind of balance. It can be very
difficult today to find time to do all of these things and one way to make it a lot easier is by using
computers. While scientifically proven that it is impossible for our brains to do multiple tasks at the
same time, we still seem to try. But now that we have so many amazing mini computer systems
working around us, we can now do the multi–tasking that our hearts desire. Our computers can do
many processes simultaneously, allowing us to do many things that we want at the same time. But
how do these computers handle all of these processes and applications at the same time? Well, in
short, computer memory. To describe the way that memory works, I will be explaining a few of the
many components of computer memory and how it is managed. Memory management is the act of
managing computer memory. The topics that I will include in the paper will consist of the following:
Dynamic memory allocation, Virtual memory, memory leaks and stale references, fragmentation,
large memory and cache systems.
The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate
portions of memory to

Questions On The Grocery Self Checkout Systems
Homework 1 CS55 – Fall 2015
Name: Mahesh Devalla
Student ID: F002BY3.
1. (a) A few security exposures in the grocery self–checkout systems are as follows: Firstly, some of
the consumers in the intention of cheating my not scan the items that they procure from the store and
skip the baggage section to get the items for free of cost. There is no mechanism to check whether
the items are scanned or not if the tag associated with is removed or tampered. This security
exposure can lead to the disastrous effects where there is no screening. Moreover I have a seen a few
checkout systems in the local retailers where there is no one screening at the self–checkout system,
In fact it was quite easy for a person who wants to get the item for free. One can use false weights
while scanning the bag just by placing only a little of amount what he/she has got from the store and
later fill up the bag with some more items of same kind. This is a major security exposure where the
system cannot check the scanned weight and the weight that is placed in the bag is equal or not.
Hence the person who wants to falsify the weights can easily cheat the system with this flaw in the
security.
A few security exposures in the online banking systems are as follows:
Firstly, the internet banking userid and the password provided to a customer is purely static. If this
confidential information is the in the hands of an intruder, online banking systems doesn't even
check for the

Memory Management and Microprocessor
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we will cover the memory management of Windows NT which will be covered in first
section, and microprocessors which will be covered in second section. When covering the memory
management of Windows NT, we will go through physical memory management and virtual
memory management of that operating system. In virtual memory management section, we will
learn how Windows NT managing its virtual memory by using paging and mapped file I/O.
After covering the memory management, we will go through microprocessor. In this section, we will
learn a bit about the recent microprocessors, such as Intel and AMD microprocessors. We also will
learn about the trends that affecting the performance of microprocessors.
INTRODUCTION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The segmentation scheme in Intel 80386 microprocessor is more advanced than that in Intel 8086
microprocessor. The 8086 segments start at a fixed location and are always 64K in size, but with
80386, the starting location and the segment size can separately be specified by the user.
The segments may overlap, it allows two segments to share address space. To send the necessary
information, segment tables with segment selector as index are used. At any time, only two segment
tables can be active. They are Global Descriptor Table (GDT) and a Local Descriptor Table (LDT).
This two segment table only can be executed by the operating system.
Segment table is an array of segment descriptors which specify the starting address and the size of
the segment. Each segment descriptor has 2 bits specifying its privilege level, called as the
Descriptor Privilege Level (DPL). This DPL has to be compared with Requested Privilege Level
(RPL) and Current Privilege Level (CPL) before processor grants the access to a segment. If the
DPL of the segment is less than or equals to the RPL as well as the CPL, then the processor will
grant access to a particular segment. This serves as protection mechanism for operating system.
1.2.2. Virtual Memory Management in Windows NT
Windows NT virtual memory manager provides large virtual memory space to applications via two
memory management processes. They are called paging (moving data between

Virtual Memory Management For Operating System Kernels 5
CSG1102
Operating Systems
Joondalup campus
Assignment 1
Memory Management
Tutor: Don Griffiths
Author: Shannon Baker (no. 10353608)
Contents
Virtual Memory with Pages 2
Virtual Memory Management 2
A Shared Virtual Memory System for Parallel Computing 3
Page Placement Algorithms for Large Real–Indexed Caches 3
Virtual Memory in Contemporary Microprocessors 3
Machine–Independent Virtual Memory Management for Paged Uniprocessor and Multiprocessor
Architectures 4
Virtual Memory with Segmentation 4
Segmentation 4
Virtual Memory, Processes, and Sharing in MULTICS 4
Virtual Memory 5
Generic Virtual Memory Management for Operating System Kernels 5
A Fast Translation Method for Paging on Top of Segmentation 5
References 6
Virtual Memory with Pages
Virtual Memory Management
(Deitel, Deitel, & Choffnes, 2004)
A page replacement strategy is used to determine which page to swap when the main memory is full.
There are several page replacement strategies discussed in this book, these methods are known as

Random, First–In–First–Out, Least–Recently–Used, Least–Frequently–Used and Not–Used–
Recently. The Random strategy randomly selects a page in main memory for replacement, this is
fast but can cause overhead if it selects a frequently used page. FIFO removes the page that has been
in the memory the longest. LRU removes the page that has been least recently accessed, this is more
efficient than FIFO but causes more system overhead. LFU replaces pages based on

How Does Code Access The Same Page Frame Within A Page Table?
OS Assignment –7: Udaydeep Thota Student ID: 010025210
8.5 What is the effect of allowing two entries in a page table to point to the same page frame in
memory? Explain how this effect could be used to decrease the amount of time needed to copy a
large amount of memory from one place to another. What effect would updating some byte on the
one page have on the other page?
Ans: If the two entries in a page table point to the same page frame in the memory, then the users
can use the same code or sometimes data in the future. For example if two users wish to use the
same code, then instead of loading the code two times in to the table, one user can load it in to one
table initially and later the other user who would like to use that code access the same memory
location. This will help both the users to fast access to memory, less time consumed for context
switching and hence overall effective memory management is done. The main disadvantage in
adopting to this type of technique is that in case of one user updates the data in the table, then the
changes would be reflected to other user who uses the same memory as well. Hence there may be
inconsistency between the users who wish to modify and those who would not like to modify it.
8.11 Given six memory partitions of 300 KB, 600 KB, 350 KB, 200 KB, 750 KB, and 125 KB (in
order), how would the first–fit, best–fit, and worst–fit algorithms place processes of size 115 KB,
500 KB, 358 KB, 200 KB, and 375 KB (in order)? Rank the

Memory Management Challenges And Alogrithm For Traditional...
Memory Management Challenges And Alogrithm for Traditional Memory Mapping
Abstract:–
According to the need of real time systems many algorithm have been use to allocate memory
efficiently Real time system may crash if they do not get memory on priority or request memory loss
can also be prevented by using memory allocation algorithm our goal is to focus on traditional
memory management algorithm according to their efficiency and their response time to recognize
the problem and limitation and challenges that occurs problem which may reduce the performance
of real time system. This research paper will help you in determining the real time memory
management algorithm technique the latency rate and problem.
Introduction:–
Efficient Memory management is performed by modern operating system and still working for
efficient memory allocation for application because the main stuff is to provide required memory
block for application with minimum memory loss as compared to the traditional memory allocation
which is known as "Memory Fragmentation" which keep the records of those block that are free and
those that are allocated to tasks. For the purpose memory allocation designs are being used for
example: Static Memory Allocation, Dynamic Memory Allocation describe in Fig: 1
Fig:1 {Memory Allocation}
Real Time System support both techniques and both of them distributes memory in different way in
Static Memory Allocation, memory is allocated at compile time it has efficient

Computer Networks And Its Impact On The Retail Store Front
With the use of mainframe computers, we have gained cost–effective critical transaction processing
because of the mainframe's scalability; reliable hardware and software compatibility; and, the
mainframe's security infrastructure makes maintaining and managing the mainframe more feasible.
Compared to commodity servers, mainframe transaction processing is scalable because many
businesses experience massive increases in computational loads (Hallman, 2015). Let us consider
this circumstance: During a retail store front's hours of operation, there may be many customers
making product purchases. Simultaneously, there may be many customers seeking refunds on their
product purchases. One can also consider that this retail store front offers its services over the
Internet with the use of an e–commerce operation called metrics management. This e–commerce
operation encompasses web analytics, channel metrics, financial metrics, and product metrics. With
the use of metrics management, one can measure the effectiveness of the Internet channel and the
retail store front channel by analyzing the quantity of product purchases and product refunds to
deduce which channel promotes a financially effective service; or, one could objectively consider to
have these channels work in tandem to capture a product purchase in any way possible. In this
circumstance, the quantity of product purchases and product refunds are metrics that require
computational loads because the mainframe would store and

Koko
Final (Memory Management) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement
or answers the question. ____ 1. The following,____, describes the first memory allocation scheme.
a.|Each program to be processed was loaded into secondary storage, then swapped into memory in
parts| b.|Each program to be processed was partially loaded into memory, then granted more
memory as needed| c.|Each program to be processed was allocated a portion of memory and could
negotiate with other programs to access more memory| d.|Each program to be processed was loaded
in its entirety into memory and allocated as much contiguous space in memory as it needed| ____ 2.
In a single–user system, jobs are processed ____. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assume the Memory Manager receives a request for a block of 200. When the best–fit algorithm is
used, ____ is the beginning address of the block granted by the Memory Manager. Beginning
Address Memory Block Size 4075 105 5225 5 6785 600 7560 20 7600 205 10250 4050 15125 230
24500 1000 a.|6785|c.|10250| b.|7600|d.|15125| ____ 16. ____ is how memory is deallocated in a
fixed partition scheme. a.|Memory Manager releases the block and combines it with another free
block.| b.|Memory Manager immediately gives memory to another program.| c.|Memory Manager
adds block to free list and removes it from busy list.| d.|Memory Manager resets the status of the
memory block where the job was stored to "free."| ____ 17. In a dynamic partition scheme, ____, is
how the Memory Manager deallocates a block that is between

Historical Evaluation of Computer
➢ What is a computer? Why it is also known as a data processor?
A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high–speed
mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes
information is known to be a computer.
A computer is an electronic device which manipulates or transforms data. It accepts data, stores
data, process data according to a set of instructions, and also retrieve the data when required. Hence
it is known as a data processor.
➢ What is data processing? Differentiate between data and information. Which is more useful to the
people and why?
A series of operations on data by a computer in order to retrieve or transform or classify ... Show
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4. Diligence: Unlike human beings a computer is free from tiredness and lack of concentration. It
can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling. And a computer
will also all the processes with same speed and same accuracy.
5. Versatility: Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about the computer. One moment it is
preparing the results of an examination the next moment its working with picture. Briefly a
computer can perform almost any task if the task can be analyzed as binary logical instance.
6. Power of remembering: As a human being acquires new knowledge the brain subconsciously
selects what it feels to be important and worth retaining in its memory. This is not the case with a
computer. A computer can store any data and information as long as the user wants and can recall
them anytime to reprocess because of its memory compatibility. Even after several years user can
use the saved data as he saved means it remains unchanged.
7. No I.Q.: A computer is not a magical device. It possesses no intelligence of its own. Its IQ is zero
at least until today. It must have to be told what to do. A user can only tell a computer what to do. A
computer can not take its own decision.
8. No feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. They have no feeling and no instincts because
they are machines. It doesn't get

Nt1310 Research Paper
A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny
devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain
multiple types of memory (program, data and ﬂash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power
source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes
communicate wirelessly and often self–organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14].
Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network
requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents
a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.
2.2. Wireless Sensor Node ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, a sensor is "a device that responds to phenomena, such as light, pressure, or heat,
and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted" [16]. The sensor network community
often defines a sensor node as a wireless device which is small, capable of responding to one or
several stimuli, processing the data and transmitting the information over a short distance using a
radio link. Sensor nodes contain electronic circuits for minimizing power consumption [17]. Sensors
are for measuring sound, light and temperature that is typically thought. However, sensors can
measure other variables, such as vibrations or electromagnetic fields [18]. Sensor transmits values
wirelessly to one or several BSs

Assignment Type : Research And Performance Based Component
Assignment Title – Assignment – V4
Assignment Type – Research Essay and Performance Based Component
Prepared by:
Name – Navin Kumar
Student ID – 4512883
Unit of Study – ITD1008
Course – TDIT Diploma in IT
Table of Contents
1. Operating System 2
Types of Operating System 2
Real–time operating systems: 2
Single–user single task: 3
Single–user multi–tasking: 3
Multi–user multi–tasking: 3
History of Operating System: 4
1940s 4
1950s 4
1960 5
1970s 5
1980s 6
1990s 6
2000s 6
Task Managers and their tasks: 7
Process Manager: 7
I/O Manager: 7
File Manager: 7
Network Manager: 7
Memory Manager: 7
Basic techniques of Memory Management: 7
Importance of Memory Management 7
Summary 7
1. Operating System:

An operating system is an interface between a user and the hardware of a computer. It is just a set of
software that manages computer hardware and controls the operations on the computer. Operating
system is the base of the application programs because they cannot contact the hardware directly. It
does not do any work itself, it just provides an environment in which the other programs on a
computer can run. Therefore, when a user enters or sends a command the operating system makes
sure that the command is executed or not, if not it displays a message explaining the error. Without
operating system a computer is of no use it is just a metal block.
Types of Operating System When considering about the types of operating systems, generally there
are four types:

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Software...
Advantages of software engineering
Software engineering as explained above the study and application of engineering to complete
the software project's design, development and maintenance has many advantages:
As in software engineering the software is made systematically, any failure in unit
testing or emergence of bugs, made it easy for developers to revert back to a bug free
state without wasting any time
Software are checked before the release of complete project, through which developers
can find the bugs and problems and get solutions to fix them continuously, avoiding last
time chaos
All the changes undergone unit testing immediately
Early warning of the conflicts in the changes
Software are made available for testing, demo constantly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
what should
be the architecture, what are the components and interface and other characteristics of
system etc.
Software construction: In this part of software engineering actual software coding
starts which is followed by verification, unit testing then integration testing and finally
debugging

Software testing: Test cases for behavior of program are created in this phase

It 320 Hw 1.1 Essay
John McGee
IT 320
HW assignment 1.1
Vocabulary Exercise: Matching on page 3 1. Wide Area Network (WAN):
A network that spans a large geographic area. 2. Router:
Connects LAN's to WAN's 3. Default Gateway:
If a device does not know how to get to a destination, it sends data to this device. 4. Leased Line:
A WAN link contracted for use by the customer. 5. Telephone Company:
A WAN service provider. 6. Serial Cable:
Connects a router to a CSU/DSU. 7. Channel service unit/ Data service unit (CSU/DSU):
Equipment that is located in the customer's wiring closet and provides a clocking signal to the
router. 8. Data circuit terminating equipment (DCE):
When referring to clocking, the CSU/DSU is this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Out of Band management:
A communications linkthat is outside the normal IP network, like a console cable or a phone call
between two modems and aux port.
Concept Questions on pages 4–5 1. What is the most important function of a router?
To route packets to and from networks and computers. 2. Define default gateway:
When a computer needs to send a packet to another subnet, it sends the packet to its default gateway,
which is also known as the default router. 3. In three of four sentences, explain the purpose of DCE
and DTE in WAN links:
DCE and DTE are on the circuit ends of leased lines of Telco. DCE's is normally a CSU/DSU that
receives information and sets the clocking speed to the DTE. The DTE's are normally routers that
send information through the WAN at the rate set by the DCE. 4. Explain what a router is and what
it does:
A router is a network device, typically connected to a variety of LAN and WAN interfaces, that
forwards packets based on their destination IP addresses.
Vocabulary Exercise: Components of a Router on pages 5–6
The main purpose of a Router is to forward packets. A router, like a typical PC, has a CPU and
memory components. It also has specialized software, which in Cisco routers is called the Cisco
IOS. The software provides the basic routing logic. The router also has RAM, just like pc's, which
holds basic diagnostic software that runs when the router is first booted. All of these basic
components are found in

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Operating System
INTRODUCTION
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. It is the component of
system software in a program. It manages the computer hardware and software . The operating
system is a component of the system software in a computer system.
Operating system performs the following operations .
*recognizes the input from the keyboard or mouse
*sends output to the monitor
*keeps track of files and directories on the disk
*controls the peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers
Types of operating system 1)single user operating system
It Provides a platform for only one user at a time. They are popularly associated with Desk Top
operating system which run on standalone systems where no ... Show more content on
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When computers in a group work in cooperation, they form a distributed system.
4)Embedded operating system
This type of operating system is used in embedded computer systems. It is operated on PDAs with
less autonomy. It is compact and efficient to design .
5)Real–time operating system
A real–time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data within
a certain short amount of time.
6)Library operating system
A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides,
such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries.
Structure of operating system
The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:
1)Hardware It is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system like CPU
,I/O devices

Computer Science : Memory Management
Memory Management
Navid Salehvaziri
Virginia International University Abstract
Memory management is a field of computer science that involves the act of managing computer
memory to use it more efficient. That means how the computer allocate portion of memory to
programs at different levels of priority to make faster program execution regard to memory space
limitation. There are many techniques that are developed to reach this goal at many levels. This
article try to introduce memory management levels and techniques. Especially in this article, I want
to focus at of memory management of operation system level and its techniques like virtual memory
that is one of the common technique that is used by many operation system to boost overall system
performance. Memory Management
Introduction
Memory management is a technique that is used by computer system to allocate a limited amount of
physical memory to processes of running user applications and operation system in a way of boost
and optimize computer performance. Memory management techniques usually are deployed at three
level of computer system that are:
1. Hardware memory management.
2. Operating system memory management.
3. Application memory management.
In most computers all of these three level techniques are used to some extent. These are described in
more details below.
Hardware memory management
Memory management at the hardware level is concerned with the physical devices that actually
store data and programs

Compare And Contrast The Mechanistic Style Of Acme
Cohort A Group 4
Sanikere Matt, Supritha (@03278826) Gowda, Sanjana(@03279473) Shetty, Shreya(@03279490)
Lobo, Vivitha Vilona (@03278707) Badrivishal, Vishisht (@03278704)
1. Using the mechanistic and organic structure arguments, compare and contrast the management
styles of Acme and Omega.
We can see that Acme uses the mechanistic style of management and Omega uses the organic style
of management. In Acme they have a very rigid structure and the hierarchy is clearly defined. All
employees have their individual specializations and they have clearly defined tasks. All authority is
very centralized and most of the decisions are taken by higher authority, or in this case the president.
There is always a written form of memos and communication ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This was because even though they had screwed up the initial test prototypes. They had sent a total
of 10 faulty memory units out of the 100 and they had also caused more delays in the repair and
deliveries of the faulty memory units. Even though the photocopier firm was disappointed with
Acme, they were given another chance as they did not want to give the entire contract to a single
company. They were given half the contract with a few given clauses that there will be zero
defective pieces and that they have to reduce their final cost. Acme took this second chance
seriously and then got their process running perfectly and after extensive cost cutting efforts they
were able to reduce their cost by 20 percent and thereby secure the full contract. Another reason that
Acme won the contract could be that they had a good track record in the past and they had
consistently beat Omega in many contracts and showed that it was more effective than

A Short Note On Scsi Test Vehicle ( Stv )
Introduction
SCSI Test Vehicle (STV) is a project to develop an FCP Storage emulator using FICON Express
16G channel adapter present on System z machine. STV is a specialized Firmware (FW) load into a
channel adapter that provides the function of a FCP Target (Fibre channel SCSI Storage Control
Unit). STV emulates IBM shark disk storage.
This document is intended at describing the design and implementation of STV Emulation support
on Power Servers/Blades. The scope of this document is mainly limited to STV component in STV
Type FC channel firmware. This document contains information collected from other documents
and design discussions. STV Emulation support on Power Servers/Blades enables qualification/test
floor teams to use the STV Type channel firmware to test SCSI stream protocol capable devices not
just on system z but other servers such as zBX and zFX as well. Problem Statement
The Current STV based storage emulator requires a FICON express I/O Hardware and system z for
emulation. This is useful for testing in a System z environment but proves uneconomical in regular
zBX or zFX qualification. Moreover since STV uses the resources within the FICON express
module, which are limited. Emulation of Enhanced features such as multipath or increased LUNs is
not possible. This limits the test coverage of the test team. This project tries to work around some or
most of the limitations by moving STV emulation to a Power server.
Limitation of STV:
High cost of testing for

The Rules of Records Management
Why is records management important? Many people who are not pretty familiar with records might
think too seriously about records management. However, people who are in business or the people
who have their own business have to know about records management procedures enforced by
governments around the world. For example, in the book "Intensive Records Management" by
>>>>>, we can learned about the rules of records management and the legal procedures that apply to
it. Records management is important because of its ten most important reasons: to control the
creation and increase of files or records, to reduce working costs, to improve the competence and
productivity, to assimilate new records management technology, to make sure regulatory ... Show
Another important filing method is Subject Filing. For subject filing we have to take in
consideration six rules. Inspecting, indexing, coding, cross–referencing, sorting, and filing and
retrieval. Finally, I am going to talk about Geographic filing. Geographic filing also has six filing
methods. Inspecting, indexing, coding, cross–referencing, sorting, and filing and retrieval.
For example, (Century 21 Autos Augusta, ME*) when filing Maine is the key unit, Augusta is
second unit, Century is the third unit, 21 is the fourth unit, autos is the fifth unit or last unit.
Therefore, when you file, it becomes (Maine Augusta Century 21 Autos). This is how the rules for
filing methods work.
Then, I am going to discuss the use of computer technology in Records management, reasons to
restrict access to documents to authorize users only, explain the need for vital records protection and
disaster recovery planning, and discuss the reasons to appraise records periodically in relation to
their period of usefulness.
Another great factor of the life cycle in records management is the reducing of operating costs.
Recordkeeping requires the administrative part of the financial affairs of a business for filing
equipment, space in offices, and staffing to maintain an organized filing system or to search for lost
records when there is no organized system. For example, it costs about $20 less per linear foot of
records to store inactive records in

Essay about Design of a Reconfigurable Hybrid Database System
Design of a Reconfigurable Hybrid Database System.
"Disc Resident database systems (DRDBS)" are conventional databases systems in which data is
permanently stored on discs. In "Main Memory Database Systems (MMDBS)", the databases are
stored onto the main memory. As the memory locations can be accessed directly using addresses,
they allow very fast access to the data stored on them. They show better throughput in processing
transactions and respond much more quickly than DRDBS. Because of the fast data access, the
performance of MMDBS tends to rely on the computing power of the machine being used. In
"Reconfigurable Hardware Database Systems (RHWDBS)" transaction processing speeds are
boosted using reconfigurable computing platforms that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Execution plan further has various sub–execution plans for targeting any of the three execution
engines. These are forwarded to the "Scheduler", which allocates when each of the operations are to
start executing on their respective engines keeping interdependencies in view. The execution plans
wait for their turn in a queue in the scheduler, from where they are directed to the execution engines.
The Storage Management component manages access to data sources (data dictionary, records from
tables, logs, index data and backup etc.). Common transcation processing tasks are performed by the
Transaction Management unit. When data is requierd during transactions, the Transaction
Management unit sends requests to the Storage Management component, which in–turn provides the
data's location's address.
The research paper being summarized only explains the "Reconfigurable Hardware execution
engine (RHW–EXE)" (Figure 3). The other two are "Main Memory Execution Engine (MM–EXE)"
and the "Disc Resident Execution Engine (DR–EXE)".
Data enters RHW–EXE through the Execution Controller component from the Scheduler. The
scheduler forwards it a "data–flow" graph,using which the execution controller can orchestrate its
execution. All of this then is passed onto the "Re–/configuration Controller" as transformed
sequential instructions. This controller configures the hardware algorithms of the operators. The
Controller can perform placement,

Csvtu Syllabus Computer Science
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University,Bhilai Scheme of teaching and examination
B.E. IV Semester Computer Science & Engineering S.No Board of Study Subject Code 1 Appl.
Mathematics 2 Appl. Mathematics 3 Comp Science & Engg 4 Comp Science & Engg 5 Comp
Science & Engg 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Management Comp Science & Engg Comp Science & Engg Comp
Science & Engg Comp Science & Engg Humanities Subject Name Periods per Scheme of exam
week L T 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 1 19 6 15 640 120 P ESE CT 80 80 80 80 80 80 40 40 40 40 20 20 20
20 20 20 Theory/Practical Total Credit Marks L+(T+P) / 2 TA 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 120
120 120 120 120 120 60 60 60 60 40 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 322411(14) 322412( 14 ) 322413( 22 )
322414( 22 ) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UNIT – 2 SET THEORY, RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS (No. of periods 8+2) Basic concept of set
theory, Relations, Properties of relation in a set, Equivalence relation, Composition of relations,
Partial order & total order relations, Lattices & Hasse diagram, Introduction to function, Inverse,
Identity, Injective, Surjective & Bijective functions, Composition of functions and some special
functions. (No. of periods 8+2) UNIT – 3 ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES Groups, Subgroups,
Cosets, Lagrange's theorem, Isomorphism, Automorphism, Homomorphism, Codes & group codes,
Rings, Integral domains and Fields. UNIT – 4 GRAPH THEORY (No. of periods 8+2) Introduction
to graph theory, Walks, Paths & Circuits, Types of graphs, Shortest path problems, Eulerian and
Hamiltonian graphs, Basic concept of tree: spanning tree, minimum spanning tree, search tree,
rooted binary tree, Cut sets, Network flow, Matrix representation of graphs. UNIT – 5
COMBINATORICS (No. of periods 8+2) Permutation and combination, Pigeon–hole principle,
Mathematical induction, Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion, Generating function, Recurrence
relation. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Elements of

Computer Technology And Its Advancement
Computer Technology and its Advancement in Nursing
As nursing students, we are taught to utilize the nursing process in almost every aspect of our work.
The nursing process communicates and coordinates care with all other clinical disciplines. It assists
in coordinating discharge planning, education, teaching, and transition of care. Utilizing informatics
and healthcare technologies is one of the nursing essentials of the Master's in Education Program.
Nursing is the hub of information flow in all types of healthcare organizations. Developing the
science and technology of nursing informatics will enhance the information available to nurses in
clinical practice management, education, and research. The American Nurses Association or ANA
defines nursing informatics as, "a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and
information science to manage and communicate data, information, and knowledge in nursing
practice". Nursing informatics first got its start in the late 1960's when the 1st computer systems
were implemented in hospitals. Nursing informatics is based on information technology.
Information technology is any technology which processes and communicates data. It includes
computers, voice, data and image sensing, communication devices, graphic devices, multimedia
imaging, etc. Information technology also entails the use of things as simple as a pen and paper,
telephones, and fax machines.
Computer technology/nursing informatics is designed to assist

CREAMS : The Challenges Of ISA-Homogeneous Systems
The paper then takes a brief detour from talking about CReAMS to talk about attempts that have
previously been made to solve many of the same challenges that the authors hope to solve with
CReAMS. The paper first talks about ISA–homogeneous systems, namely ReMAPP, Thread
Warping, and big–LITTLE, and then the heterogeneous system KAHRISMA. For all four of these
systems, the benefits and drawbacks are provided, which is meant to provide context for how the
benefits of both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems were determined. The authors hoped to
use what they learned from these systems to create CReAMS. CReAMS is a homogeneous system
that achieves simulated heterogeneity dynamically using a binary translation mechanism. CReAMS
also uses a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system would have a four set associative address cache with 64 entries, a private 32 KB four–
way set associative data cache, and a private 8 KB four–way set associative instruction cache. This
section drew heavily on what we learned in class about pipelining, logical units, and memory
caching. This made for a great way to apply knowledge learned in class.
The paper then presents the final aspect of the system, which is specifically of the authors' design.
This is what the authors call dynamic detection hardware, or DDH. This hardware is responsible for
detecting instructions, as well as allocation in the datapath described above. It is a four stage
pipelined circuit with the stages instruction decode, dependence verification, resource allocation,
and update tables. The paper uses a simple loop in code to demonstrate the four modes of the
hardware. The four stages are probing, detecting, reconfiguring, and accelerating. This a very
interesting way of approaching allocation in the datapath and is quite different from anything we
learned in class.
The paper finishes by presenting the experimental results of CReAMS against two different, more
typical SparcV8–based systems and basically has a victory lap after showing greater performance
across a wide variety of applications along with greater energy efficiency, especially in more
complex applications.
Introduction Main memory is an absolutely essential part of computing systems. This fact is
obvious, as there has to be

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Android
An operating system is one of an important system that should have inside a computer. It contains
instructions that coordinate all the activities among the computer hardware resources. Without an
operating system, all of the computers cannot be used or started. The role of the operating system is
to manage the software and hardware so that easy to control all of the activities depending on what
the programs need (Curt Franklin, 2000).
Next, there are four basic functions of the operating system. Memory management takes part in
main memory which is Random Acess Memory (RAM). It retains the space of the main memory
and checks whether it is valid and legal for the memory space request. The memory manager also
can track the usage of memory by sections.
Besides, processor management is also essential managers of the operating system. Basically, it
tracks the processor status that takes part of allocating Central Processor Unit (CPU). The main
responsibilities of processor manager managed by Job Scheduler and Processor Scheduler. The Job
Scheduler handles the jobs as they enter the system while the Processor Scheduler manages each
process within the jobs.
Furthermore, device management supervises all of the resources such as IO (input and output) ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, the best things about Android because it uses the open–source platform and easy to access the
Google Applications. Then, everyone can afford an Android mobile phone because the price is not
expensive. In contrast, Android has a low security and fakes app might be installed inside the mobile
phone to take our information from unknown resources. It also has a complex layout and animations
that hard to code into it. Moving on to iOS, it has an excellent User Interface (UI) and generates less
heat than Android but if iPhone malfunction, the repair cost must be expensive. Last but not least,
it's not flexible for others because it only supports iOS

Timetable Management System Using Java
MCA
Semester – I
S.No.
Course Code
Course Name
1
2
3
4
5
COMP 712
Programming & Problem Solving with C
COMP 714
COMP 715
MAS 621
BAM 752
Introduction to Softwares
Computer Organization and Architecture
Discrete Mathematics
Business Communication
Total Credits
Semester – II
S.No.
Course Code
Course Name

6
COMP 723
Operating System
7
8
9
10
COMP 724
COMP 725
COMP 726
MAS 661
Data Structures using C++
Information System Analysis and Design
Web Technologies
11
BAM 753
Essentials of Management
Computer based Numerical and Statistical
Techniques
Total Credits
Semester – III
S.No.
Course Code
12
13
14
15
16
17
COMP 731
COMP 732
COMP 733
COMP 736
COMP 837
BAM 796

Semester – IV
S.No.
Course Code
18
COMP 842
19
COMP 843
20 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unit 3: Software
System software, Operating System, Functions of OS, Overview of DOS,
Windows and Unix.
Application software (Word Processor, MS–Excel, MS–PowerPoint)
Unit 4: Programming Languages and Software Development
Generation of Languages, Compiler, Assembler, Linker, Loader, Software
Development Methodology, Software Development Life Cycle
Programming Languages: Programming Language Paradigm, Procedure–Oriented
Language, Object– Oriented Language, Web Based Languages
Unit 5: Network and Data Base Concepts
Definition and Types of Network, Introduction to Internet– Search Engine, Web
Page, Web Browser, Introduction to E–Commerce.
Data Base definition, Data Base Management System, overview of MS–Access
Text Books:
1. Fundamentals of Computer: – V. Raja Raman
2. Fundamentals of Computer: – P. K. Sinha
Reference Books:
1. Microsoft Office Black Book
2. UNIX: The Ultimate Guide: – Sumitabha Das
3. PC Software: – V.K. Jain "O Level"
Computer Organization & Architecture
Code: COMP–715
Credits: 4(3+1+0)
UNIT–1
Introduction: Types of computers: Analog, Digital and Hybrid Computers, Modern Digital
Computer,
Number systems– Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal , 1's & 2's Complement.
Digital logic circuits and Components: Logic gates, Boolean Algebra, K–Map Simplification, Half
Adder, Full Adder, Decoder, Encoders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexer, Flip Flops, Registers, Binary
Counters.

Operating Systems And Software Systems
An operating system is a system software that manages and control all interaction between a
computer hardware and software. There are several types of operating systems, for example, multi–
user, multitasking, single user and more. The first ever created OS date back in the 50's. As
computer and technology progress over time operating system kept evolving. Among the commonly
used operating systems of today is Linux, a Unix–like type of OS. Linux creation begins in 1991 as
a software kernel and part of a small project developed by Linus Torvalds, a student from a
University in Finland. Under GNU (general public license), the software was available as a free and
open source and gave everyone the right to access, change and modify its original design. Because
of the way it is designed it can run on multiple platforms such has Intel, Alpha and more. Like many
open systems, Compared to more expensive operating systems, Linux was an economical alternative
for cost–conscious companies that needed to quickly create Web–based applications. When more
developers are able to provide input about a system, it becomes easier to fix flaws and bugs that
hinder performance; roll out improvements; increase the speed of system evolution; and combine an
application 's components in new and exciting ways not intended by the original developer.
(Ecommerce) Linux has three major components the kernel, the system library and the system
utility. Some of the great features of Linux include

The Development And Development Of The Graphical...
This paper is based on CUDA, a parallel computing platform model, which utilizes the resources of
the Graphical Processing Unit (GPU), increasing the computing performance of our system, hence
creating a robust parallel computing unit. In this paper, we will be introducing a brief history on
CUDA, it's execution flow and it's architecture to handle processor intensive tasks. We will also be
highlighting some of it's real life applications and the difference in performance as compared of the
only CPU based architectures. Also, since most of the CUDA applications are written in C/C++, we
will also be exploring how CUDA provides the programmable interface in such languages as well.
Finally, we will be including the current research activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
So, in 2007, NVIDIA released CUDA, which provided the parallel architecture, to support the usage
of the GPUs. It was designed to work with programming languages such as C/C++ or Fortran and
this really helped specialists in parallel programming to use CUDA, rather than to learn other
advanced skills in GPU programming[10] . The model for GPU computing is to use a CPU and
GPU together in a heterogeneous co–processing computing model[3]. The framework is designed
such that the sequential part of the application runs on the CPU and the computationally–intensive
part is accelerated by the GPU. From the user's point of view, the application is faster because it is
using the better performance of the GPU to improve its own performance. Figure1: Core
comparison between CPU and GPU 3. Architecture Since GPUs have large number of resources
with hundreds of cores and thousands of threads to be utilized and have very high number of
arithmetic and logical units. Hence it provides a huge parallel architectural framework to work with.
Here is a block diagram that generally describes CUDAs architecture. Figure 2: Block diagram
for CUDAArchitecture[4] Basic Units of CUDA Figure 2 showed the top level block diagram of the
overall architecture of CUDA. Now, exploring more on to the details, we will be discussing about
the basic units of CUDA. Figure 3 : CUDA supported GPU structure [11] The architecture

John Tyler's Paradoxical Twins
The Paradoxical Twins
The Paradoxical Twins case study give an opportunity to evaluate from different angles the
organization and structure of a business. Exposure of a complex behavior to different environments,
circumstances, personal & social relationships, the two companies Acme & Omega electronics
considered on this case study used to have the same organizational structure, under different
management. Since they were sold to different investors, as a consequence of this, each company
has its own procedures and company polices.
The analysis of this case study will be focus to emphasize and apply relevant theories to identifying
problems in the aspects Organisational, Management within the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However John Tyler recognise that the firm greater effectiveness to his managers abilities to run a
"tight ship", this reflect the interaction and relation between the president and the different
departments.
"The manager alone exercises decision–making and authority for determining policy, procedures for
achieving goals, work task and relationship, control of rewards or punishments"
(Mullins, L J, 1999 pp. 267)
The Authoritarian (or Autocratic) style of John Tyler, is reflected and influence the style and
relationship of his employees, alter the harmony of the departments where the communications and
motivation are low and the collaboration between colleagues is minimal, for example after John
receive the blue prints, he sent a memo to different departments and tell them what to do, and what
exactly expects from this job, this will be reflected in a chain of orders through the structure, this
reveal the need of hygiene factors [Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1959, Herzberg 1966]. A pure
example later that week, after John had been communicated about the missing component he
delegate to the department of methods design to look for a better way of assembly the memory units
without delay the production, while the

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer In Business
1. Computers have made parcel of computational and administrative work simple.
2. PCs have made numerous undertakings of cutting edge life like purchasing and managing an
account more advantageous. We can shop and bank from our homes at whatever time of the day and
night.
3. Computers have given simple access to parcel of valuable data through the Internet.
4. Computers have made it simple for us to convey and stay in contact with others.
5. Computers have made accessible to us numerous new type of diversion like PC amusements.
Disadvantages of computer system in communication
1. Despite constantly diminishing costs, PCs are still excessive when contrasted with the pen and
pencil they supplanted.
2. Use of PCs requires extra endeavors in type of creating programming and figuring out how to
utilize PCs.
3. Once an application on PC is produced and executed, it gets to be hard to make even minor
change.
4. Excessive utilization of PC for correspondence and staying in contact with others debilitates to
diminish the force of individual bond that regularly creates between individuals.
05 Uses of computer system in business
Introduction
PC innovation has extraordinary applications in a wide range of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Printed material is prepared instantly, and monetary exchanges are consequently ascertained. In spite
of the fact that organizations may see this convenience as a help, there are untoward impacts to such
levels of robotization. As innovation enhances, errands that were in the past performed by human
representatives are presently completed by PC frameworks. For instance, computerized phone
noting frameworks have supplanted live receptionists in numerous associations. This prompts the
disposal of occupations and, at times, estrangement of customers. Unemployed experts and once–
steadfast workers may experience issues securing future

Software Localization Strategies
2. LOCALIZATION STRATEGIES
There are two possible strategies for software localization as:
2.1. For designing a new localized software product
This strategy based on designing and developing a software product according to specific culture
from scratch. Developer can put every resources needed for localized software product in some type
of resource repository. This repository may be Windows resource files, .NET assemble files, or a
database. This resource repository is easily editable, and also eliminates the need for source code
recompiling.
2.2. For localizing an already existing software product
Here it is assumed that the source code (in the source language) for the software product to be
localized is already available. This strategy reuses the existing software product for the target locale.
The localization tool explained in this paper is based on this strategy. Programmer has the code of
notepad software (available in English) and this code pass as input test case to the tool.
3. SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE
Service oriented architecture is software architecture design pattern that provide application
functionality as services, known as Service–orientation. Similar to cloud computing in SOA services
are shared and there exists a cloud of services. Hence SOA based on the concept of cloud
computing. Cloud computing used to describe a variety of different types of computing concepts
that involve a large number of computers connected through a real–time communication

Week 5 Pos 355 Essay
UNIX/Linux versus Mac versus Windows
POS/355
UNIX/Linux versus Mac versus Windows
Really, I'm not out to destroy Microsoft. That will just be a completely unintentional side effect.
–Linus Torvalds
I wish him the best, I really do. I just think he and Microsoft are a bit narrow. He'd be a broader guy
if he had dropped acid once or gone off to an ashram when he was younger.
– Steve Jobs
Microsoft has had clear competitors in the past. It's a good thing we have museums to document
that.
– Bill Gates (Torvalds, Gates, & Jobs, 2013)
Operating systems were not in existence before the 1960s. The definition of operating systems is a
program designed to run other programs on the computer and is the most important ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mac OS is the product of Apple, which was created in 1976 by the late Steve Jobs and Steve
Wozniac. Mac OS, unlike Microsoft's Windows, is an operating system designed only for the
Macintosh computers. Whereas Microsoft's creation of Windows seemed more or less linear after
the late 1980's, Apple circulated a number of different computers with different OS's, such as the
Apple II, Apple III, the Lisa, in addition to the line of Macintoshes. The ultimate brilliance behind
Apple's development of its operating systems is vertical combination: Mac also develops both its
own hardware and software. However Microsoft takes a different approach: it provides the OS that
is used by almost all IBM compatible computers manufactured. Of all the individual personal
computer ventures that Apple started however, only the top sellers of the Macintosh remain in
production and continue to evolve.
The first Mac was preceded by the Apple I, the Apple II which was very successful, the Apple III
which was a disaster, and the Lisa which was a disaster almost as bad as the Apple III. It was
introduced in 1984, but development on Mac OS began in 1979. When presented, it was the first
system to rely exclusively on a graphical user interface to respond to user input. However it was the
recognition of this graphical user interface that encouraged Microsoft in its process of Windows.
To introduce the Mac system, Apple aired the

Essay on Cis Memory Management
CIS:328
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to show how memory is used in executing programs and its critical
support for applications. C++ is a general purpose programming language that runs programs using
memory management. Two operating system environments are commonly used in compiling,
building and executing C++ applications. These are the windows and UNIX / Linux (or some UNIX
/ Linux derivative) operating system. In this paper we will explore the implementation of memory
management, processes and threads.
Memory Management
What is a Memory Model?
A memory model allows a compiler to perform many important optimizations. Even simple
compiler optimizations like loop fusion move statements in the program can influence the ... Show
Other functions need to be used to segment the virtual memory pages into useful segments. Since
virtual memory is allocated by pages, a number of special paging features can be used on virtual
memory that cannot be used on other types of memory. For instance, pages can be locked (to
prevent read/write access), or they can be protected from any particular access mode (read, write,
execute).
Heap memory and allocating a memory block
Each program is provided with a default process heap, but a process may optionally allocate any
number of additional heaps, if more storage is needed. The heap functions will manage their virtual
memory usage automatically, and therefore heaps can be set to grow if they are being filled up with
data. If a heap is allowed to grow automatically, the heap functions will automatically allocate
additional pages as needed. On the x86 architecture the heap grows in size towards higher memory
addresses.
To use heap memory, a heap must first be allocated (or a handle must be obtained to the default
heap). Once you have obtained a handle to a heap, you can pass that handle to the memory
allocation functions, to allocate memory from that particular heap.
Managing process specific memory

The cpu executes a large number of programs while its main concern is the excution of uer
programs, the cpu is also needed for other system activities. These activities arecalled processs. A
process is a program in execution. Typically a batch job is a process.

Database Architecture Vs. Mysql Essay
Rania Hanna
SDEV 350: Homework 2
Database Architecture Comparison
Oracle 12c vs MySQL
MySQL was used as a comparison to Oracle 12c since my company currently uses MySQL in their
database development. My role as a technical writer at my company does not require me to fully
understand our database work, but as I move more into a software engineer position, possibly at my
current company, I recognize the need to know and relate to the database my company uses.
Architecture of Oracle 12c:
Physical
Relational database management systems (RDBMS) have a number of characteristics that make
them more efficient and preferred operational choices. One characteristic is the independence of
logical data structures as tables, indexes, and views from physical storage structures. Because the
logical and the physical structures are separate from each other, physical data storage can be
managed and organized without affecting access to logical structures. Renaming a database file, for
example, does not rename the tables stored within that database file.
An Oracle database stores Oracle data in file sets within persistent disk storage. Persistent disks are
storage devices that function similar to physical disks in a server or desktop. They are used to ensure
data redundancy and optimize performance, as they are located independently from the virtual
machine instances, which allows for detaching or moving persistent disks. This keeps data available
even after instances are deleted.

Basic Techniques Of Memory Management
Table of Contents
Operating System 2
Types of Operating System 2
Real–time operating systems: 2
Single–user single task: 2
Single–user multi–tasking: 3
Multi–user multi–tasking: 3
History of Operating System: 3
1940s 4
1950s 4
1960 5
1970s 5
1980s 5
1990s 6
2000s 6
Task Managers and their tasks: 6
Process Manager: 7
I/O Manager: 7
File Manager: 7
Network Manager: 7
Memory Manager: 8
Basic techniques of Memory Management: 8
Importance of Memory Management: 9
Reference 9
Operating System:
An operating system is an interface between a user and the hardware of a computer. It is just a set of
software that manages computer hardware and controls the operations on the computer. Operating
system is the base of the application programs because they cannot contact the hardware directly. It
does not do any work itself; it just provides an environment in which the other programs on a
computer can run. Therefore, when a user enters or sends a command the operating system makes
sure that the command is executed or not, if not it displays a message explaining the error. Without
operating system a computer is of no use it is just a metal block.
Types of Operating System When considering about the types of operating systems, generally there

are four types:
Real–time operating systems:
These kinds of operating system are used to control machines, scientific instruments and industrial
systems. They have a very little user–interface capability and no end–user utilities.

Indian Voting System Using Electronic Voting Machine
Indian Voting System using Electronic Voting Machine (EVM)
Introduction: Traditionally a voting machine has been defined by mechanism of the system to cast
votes and categorized by the location where the system calculates and show the votes. With
advances in technology EVM came into existence. This system in which citizens interact to cash
their ballets that is common parlance to electronic ballet marking system, when the voter makes his
or her choices, provides to verify their casted votes the mechanism used in this is DRE (Direct
Recording Electronic System). Primarily the EVM'S are manufactured by BEL (Bharath Electronics
Limited) and ECIL (Electronics Corporation of India Limited). It ensures flawless voting and thus
has become more widespread. Retains all characteristic of voting while making it more beneficial.
History of EVM: In India all the earlier elections is done by putting the stamp against candidate
name and folding the ballot paper and dropping into a box. This is time consuming process and very
much prone to errors until EVM came into existence, EVM's are manufactured in 1989–90 and are
first used in experimental basis in 16 assembly constituencies in 1998. In 1980 Mr. MB Haneefa
designed the first voting machine. In 2014 elections, Election Commission of India introduced
NOTA (None of the above) option in EVM's.This is the latest improvements in EVM.
Working of EVM: EVM consists of two units, they are ballot unit and control unit Fig :

Grant Wilson Voluntary Administration Case
Arrium board recommends voluntary administration: Sword hangs over the future of the Whyalla
unit
After failed negotiations with its lenders, the Arrium board has decided to go into voluntary
administration. The board has appointed Grant Thornton as an independent administrator and
executive controls will be transferred to them immediately.
Arrium management was locked in tense negotiations with the lenders syndicate led by the four
banks to find an acceptable solution to the large debt overhang over the company. However, due to
loss of confidence between both the management and the lenders, an acceptable solution was
difficult to achieve.
Both were pushing to appoint their own administrators. The banks wanted to appoint McGrath Nicol
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Our focus will be to stabilise current trading, maintain business as usual across the group's affected
operations, identify ways to restore the performance of key business units and develop an optimal
solution that maximises the return of creditors."
Grant Thornton intends to meet the creditors within four business days.
The decision to enter voluntary administration puts a question mark on the future of the loss–making
Whyalla unit. While speaking to the reporters in Adelaide on Thursday, Labour MP Kate Ellis, said
that the state government will not be able to make a difference and save jobs on its own and it was
not correct to give the Arrium workers false hopes.
In the whole process, the only party which is most affected are the workers of the Whyalla–based
steel unit for no fault of theirs. The management walked away handing over the administration to
Grant Thornton, the banks though will take a haircut on their lending's, but they too will survive,
however, the workers who have toiled hard for the company for decades will face the

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