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Trust and Information Disorders - a Dispute of Narratives
- 1. Trust and Information Disorders – a Dispute of Narratives Daniel Schwabe
- 3. Information disorders (Wardle) • Misinformation – • “Information whose inaccuracy is unintentional, and spread unknowingly.” (Wardle, Donovan, …) • “cases in which people’s beliefs about factual matters are not supported by clear evidence and expert opinion (consensus)” (Nyhan & Reifler) • “beliefs about politics that are inconsistent with the best available evidence” (Garret et al) • Disinformation – “Information that is deliberately false or misleading, often spread for political gain or profit, or to discredit a target individual, group, movement, or political party.” (Wardle, Donovan) © Daniel Schwabe 2021 Emily K. Vraga & Leticia Bode (2020) Defining Misinformation and Understanding its Bounded Nature: Using Expertise and Evidence for Describing Misinformation, Political Communication, 37:1, 136-144
- 4. Information disorders++ • Conspiracy theories – “attempts to explain the ultimate causes of significant social and political events and circumstances with claims of secret plots by two or more powerful actors” (Douglas et al) • Propaganda • “the spreading of information whether it be true or false, good or bad - literally ‘spreading the faith’” (Vernon McKenzie) • “the attempt to influence the public opinions of an audience through the transmission of ideas and values” (Richard Taylor) • “Propaganda is the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist.” (Jowett & O’Donnel) • Gaslighting - “where one agent seeks to gain control over another by undermining the other’s conception of herself as an independent locus of judgment and deliberation” (Spear) © Daniel Schwabe 2021 Sinha, G. Alex, Lies, Gaslighting and Propaganda (March 7, 2020). 68 Buffalo Law Review 1037 (2020), SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3550591 All these phenomena implicitly assume there is an absolute “Truth”
- 5. Shades of misinformation (Vraga+Bode) © Daniel Schwabe 2021 Emily K. Vraga & Leticia Bode (2020) Defining Misinformation and Understanding its Bounded Nature: Using Expertise and Evidence for Describing Misinformation, Political Communication, 37:1, 136-144, DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2020.1716500
- 6. Pitfalls in consuming information • Preference for higher personal value over evidence • Confirmation bias • Cognitive Dissonance minimization strategy preference • Pre-disposition towards conspiracy theories • Inappropriate heuristics • Motivated reasoning x “Cognitive Economy”/insufficient analytical thinking • Misperception about existing consensus © Daniel Schwabe 2021
- 7. Consuming information • It’s only relevant when connected to some action – now or in the future © Daniel Schwabe 2021 Claim A Agent Trusted claims KG (“Facts”) Claim A X Claim B supports Claim N supports ***
- 8. Anchoring the Trust Lattice © Daniel Schwabe 2021 Claim A Agent Claim B supports Claim N supports *** Claim B1 supports Claim BN supports *** Claim B1 supports Claim BN supports *** Beliefs!
- 9. Beliefs • Linked to brain functions • Own experience/observation (but fallible!) • Selective attention - “Gorilla experiment” • Deepfakes • External authority • Social norms • E.g., birth registry determine age • Religious norms • Moral norms © Daniel Schwabe 2021 Angel, H.-F., & Seitz, R. J. (2016). Process of believing as fundamental brain function: The concept of credition. SFU Research Bulletin, 3, 1–20. http://journals.sfu.ac.at/index.php/sfufb/article/view/91/99 http://www.theinvisiblegorilla.com/videos.html
- 10. Countering Information Disorders • What is the desired effect? • Replacing Mental Models • Corrections • How – direct rebuttal, alternative related facts • How much – frequency (once, repeatedly), extent (detailed x simple) • When – before, simultaneously, after • Effectiveness in changing “beliefs”? • Side-effects • Backfire? Overkill, Personal Value Dissonance, Familiarity • Accuracy perception of non-tagged information • “Spillover Effect” © Daniel Schwabe 2021
- 11. Fact check x “Political Check” • There are fewer objective facts • Fact checks also express opinions © Daniel Schwabe 2021 https://newrepublic.com/amp/article/156039/political-fact-checkers- distort-%20truth https://newrepublic.com/amp/article/156039/political-fact-checkers-distort- %20truth https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2018/jun/ 07/blog-posting/it-illegal-shower-and-do-laundry- same-day- californ/#annotations:0Hb9kmcBEeuuHder69vXsQ
- 12. https://gamersandgatherers.com/debunking-q-anon-part-2-of- addressing-proofs/ https://gamersandgatherers.com/debunking-q-anon-part-9-of-addressing-proofs-in-a-series- suicide-weekend/ Digital illiteracy assumption? © Daniel Schwabe 2021 Also: Alternative Facts, Alternative Truths – Francesca Tripodi, https://points.datasociety.net/alternative-facts-alternative-truths-ab9d446b06c
- 13. Issues in countering information disorders • It’s not about truth! • A dispute of narratives © Daniel Schwabe 2021
- 14. Trust Process © Daniel Schwabe 2021 Data/Information Metada Context Policies Trust Process Trusted Data/Information Action Agent Daniel Schwabe. 2019. Trust and Privacy in Knowledge Graphs. In Companion Proceedings of WWW '19. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 722–728. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3308560.3317705
- 15. What is trust (in information)? • For our purposes, trust = belief • Trust as a social process. • Some properties of trust • It only matters when some action is involved (Castelfranchi’s delegation) • It is held towards information provided by some agent regarding some “matter”. • It is binary! You can’t “half trust”, because you can’t “half act” • Models of Trust x Trust Models (trustworthiness) © Daniel Schwabe 2021 15 ❝ Trust is knowledge-based reliance on received information❞. (Gerck)
- 16. All three studies find statistically significant evidence that the “Great Replacement” – the idea that minorities will have more rights than whites – is a key driver. Report on Capito Hill Insurrectionists - U. of Chicago CPOST - https://cpost.uchicago.edu/research/domestic_extremism/ Values - Example © Daniel Schwabe 2021 “Storming the US Capitol was an act of collective political violence, inspired by a leader, President Trump, and not merely vandalism or trespassing for other purposes.”
- 17. CONSISTENT FACTOR ACROSS STUDIES • STUDY 1: Odds of sending an insurrectionist is six times higher in counties where % non-Hispanic whites declined. • STUDY 2: CPOST/NORC Survey: Among Americans, believing that blacks and Hispanics are overtaking Whites increases odds of being in the insurrectionist movement three-fold. • STUDY 3: CPOST/MTurk → Among conservative Americans, fear that blacks and Hispanics will have more rights than whites increases odds of being in the insurrectionist movement two-fold. Report on Capito Hill Insurrectionists - U. of Chicago CPOST - https://cpost.uchicago.edu/research/domestic_extremism/ Values - Example
- 18. Donald Trump tweet Whites have more rights than Blacks or Hispanics claims author Massive Electoral Fraud 2020 Election Results claims author Joe Biden is 46th US President Joe Biden will implement Democratic Values contradicts US Congress Whites, Blacks and Hispanics have equal rights imply Narrative B Joe Biden is a Member of the Democratic Party Democratic Party Joe Biden's Registration author imply contradicts Narrative A tweet author Make America Great Again claims imply claims © Daniel Schwabe 2021
- 19. Conspiracy Theory - Example © Daniel Schwabe 2021 https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-israel-temperature/fact-check-video-shows- scanners-checking-temperature-not-vaccination-mark-or-microchip- idUSKCN2AU29I?mc_cid=4f35f35d5d&mc_eid=8b93f52094
- 20. People will be checked for the Mark of the Beast John Revelation 13:15-17 author claims Vaccines are a Mark of the Beast Person X FB Post author claims People are being scanned for vaccinations Reuters Video author claims imply People will be scanned for temperature in public events Government Regulation author claims People are attending public event Reuters Video author claims People are being scanned for temperature imply contradicts Narrative B Narrative A © Daniel Schwabe 2021
- 21. Implications for Knowledge Graphs • If KGs provide “ground truth”, how do we control quality? • KGs must represent “points of view” explicitly! • Simple node and link is too low level – Nanopublications? • Provenance • Wikidata data model? – No authorship information (as data)! • Attribution • Fine-grained argumentation relations • Human values? © Daniel Schwabe 2021