The objective of the dual-axis solar converter conducted through TinkerCAD simulation is to design, analyze, and optimize a sophisticated solar tracking system capable of dynamically adjusting both azimuth and elevation angles to maximize solar energy harvesting efficiency. The primary goal is to develop a robust and accurate control algorithm that integrates real-time solar position calculations with the mechanical movement of dual-axis solar panels. Through comprehensive simulation studies, the project aims to achieve enhanced energy output compared to fixed solar installations, showcasing the effectiveness of the dual-axis solar converter in capturing sunlight at optimal angles throughout the day. Additionally, the project seeks to explore the impact of various environmental factors, such as cloud cover and shading, on the system's performance, and to propose adaptive control strategies to mitigate their effects. Ultimately, this project aspires to contribute valuable insights into the potential of dual-axis solar tracking systems for improving the overall efficiency and viability of solar energy harvesting in diverse environmental conditions.
Intelligent Microcontroller Solar 12V Battery Charger IIJSRJournal
Our aim is to design a single axis solar tracker as well dual axis Intelligent microcontroller solar 12V Battery. The sun is tracked by the tracker and its position is changed in such a way that it maximizes the power output. The solar panel is moved by two geared DC motors so that sun’s light can remain aligned with the solar panel. The operation of experimental model of the device is based on a DC motor which is intelligently controlled by a dedicated drive until that moves a mini photovoltaic panel, the presence of the two simple but efficient light sensors receive signals by a microcontroller. The performance and characteristics of the solar tracker device are experimentally analyzed. Then from the dc current which is provided it will be transferred to step up convertor and from that it will provide electricity to charge 12v battery.
Intelligent Microcontroller Solar 12V Battery Charger IIJSRJournal
Our aim is to design a single axis solar tracker as well dual axis Intelligent microcontroller solar 12V Battery. The sun is tracked by the tracker and its position is changed in such a way that it maximizes the power output. The solar panel is moved by two geared DC motors so that sun’s light can remain aligned with the solar panel. The operation of experimental model of the device is based on a DC motor which is intelligently controlled by a dedicated drive until that moves a mini photovoltaic panel, the presence of the two simple but efficient light sensors receive signals by a microcontroller. The performance and characteristics of the solar tracker device are experimentally analyzed. Then from the dc current which is provided it will be transferred to step up convertor and from that it will provide electricity to charge 12v battery.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Trackers direct solar panels or modules towards sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun's path to maximize energy capture.In photovoltaic systems, trackers help minimize the angle of incidence (the angle that a ray of light makes with a line perpendicular to the surface) between the incoming light and the panel, which increases the amount of energy the installation produces. Concentrated solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar thermal have optics that directly accepts sunlight, so solar trackers must be angled correctly to collect energy
MAXIMUM SOLAR ABSORPTION USING DUAL AXIS SOLAR PANEL pptAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
Solar tracking system using the aurdino.A typical solar panel converts only 30 to 40 percent of the incident solar irradiation into electrical energy, thus, to get a rated output, an automated system is required which should be capable to constantly rotate the solar panel w.r.t the movement of Sun.Solar tracking system using the aurdino is the best choice.Fixed position solar panels cause the problem of decrease in efficiency of the system due to constant rotation of sun.To rectify these above problem the solar panel should be such that it always receive maximum intensity of light by rotating it along with movement of Sun.
Latest ppt on renewable energy sources power generation in world and india has been included ind the presentation. This might be helpful for those keen to know renewable power comparison in world and india
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
To design a smart solar tracking system
To construct a solar tracking circuit to improve the performance of PV system
To test the functionality of LDR sensor and Servo Motor in tracking system
To design a tracking system with low cost components
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Trackers direct solar panels or modules towards sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun's path to maximize energy capture.In photovoltaic systems, trackers help minimize the angle of incidence (the angle that a ray of light makes with a line perpendicular to the surface) between the incoming light and the panel, which increases the amount of energy the installation produces. Concentrated solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar thermal have optics that directly accepts sunlight, so solar trackers must be angled correctly to collect energy
MAXIMUM SOLAR ABSORPTION USING DUAL AXIS SOLAR PANEL pptAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
Solar tracking system using the aurdino.A typical solar panel converts only 30 to 40 percent of the incident solar irradiation into electrical energy, thus, to get a rated output, an automated system is required which should be capable to constantly rotate the solar panel w.r.t the movement of Sun.Solar tracking system using the aurdino is the best choice.Fixed position solar panels cause the problem of decrease in efficiency of the system due to constant rotation of sun.To rectify these above problem the solar panel should be such that it always receive maximum intensity of light by rotating it along with movement of Sun.
Latest ppt on renewable energy sources power generation in world and india has been included ind the presentation. This might be helpful for those keen to know renewable power comparison in world and india
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
To design a smart solar tracking system
To construct a solar tracking circuit to improve the performance of PV system
To test the functionality of LDR sensor and Servo Motor in tracking system
To design a tracking system with low cost components
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
A case study of cinema management system project report..pdfKamal Acharya
A computer reservation system or central reservation system is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or activities. These systems typically allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated with the main system. For these systems to be accessible on mobile phones and computers outside the premises of the airport, cinema, train station or stadiums, they need to be on the internet or a network.
This project focuses on the design and implementation of a web based cinema management system for the allocation of seat tickets online. The system would feature the registration of users, use of serial numbers and pins gotten from scratch cards sold and a printed slip. The system would have a store of all the seats and automate the generation of fresh serial numbers and pins.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Q.1 A single plate clutch with both sides of the plate effective is required to transmit 25 kW at 1600 r.p.m. The outer diameter of the plate is limited to 300 mm and the intensity of pressure between the plates not to exceed 0.07N / m * m ^ 2 Assuming uniform wear and coefficient of friction 0.3, find the inner diameter of the plates and the axial force necessary to engage the clutch.
Q.2 A multiple disc clutch has radial width of the friction material as 1/5th of the maximum radius. The coefficient of friction is 0.25. Find the total number of discs required to transmit 60 kW at 3000 r.p.m. The maximum diameter of the clutch is 250 mm and the axial force is limited to 600 N. Also find the mean unit pressure on each contact surface.
Q.3 A cone clutch is to be designed to transmit 7.5 kW at 900 r.p.m. The cone has a face angle of 12°. The width of the face is half of the mean radius and the normal pressure between the contact faces is not to exceed 0.09 N/mm². Assuming uniform wear and the coefficient of friction between the contact faces as 0.2, find the main dimensions of the clutch and the axial force required to engage the clutch.
Q.4 A cone clutch is mounted on a shaft which transmits power at 225 r.p.m. The small diameter of the cone is 230 mm, the cone face is 50 mm and the cone face makes an angle of 15 deg with the horizontal. Determine the axial force necessary to engage the clutch to transmit 4.5 kW if the coefficient of friction of the contact surfaces is 0.25. What is the maximum pressure on the contact surfaces assuming uniform wear?
Q.5 A soft surface cone clutch transmits a torque of 200 N-m at 1250 r.p.m. The larger diameter of the clutch is 350 mm. The cone pitch angle is 7.5 deg and the face width is 65 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2. find:
1. the axial force required to transmit the torque:
2. the axial force required to engage the clutch;
3. the average normal pressure on the contact surfaces when the maximum torque is being transmitted; and
4. the maximum normal pressure assuming uniform wear.
Q.6 A single block brake, as shown in Fig. 1. has the drum diameter 250 mm. The angle of contact is 90° and the coefficient of friction between the drum and the lining is 0.35. If the torque transmitted by the brake is 70 N-m, find the force P required to operate the brake. Q.7 The layout and dimensions of a double shoe brake is shown in Fig. 2. The diameter of the
brake drum is 300 mm and the contact angle for each shoe is 90°. If the coefficient of friction for the brake lining and the drum is 0.4, find the spring force necessary to transmit a torque of 30 N-m. Also determine the width of the brake shoes, if the bearing pressure on the lining material is not to exceed 0.28N / m * m ^ 2
Toll tax management system project report..pdfKamal Acharya
Toll Tax Management System is a web based application that can provide all the information related to toll plazas and the passenger checks in and pays the amount, then he/she will be provided by a receipt. With this receipt he/she can leave the toll booth without waiting for any verification call.
The information would also cover registration of staff, toll plaza collection, toll plaza collection entry for vehicles, date wise report entry, Vehicle passes and passes reports b/w dates.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Natalia Rutkowska - BIM School Course in Krakówbim.edu.pl
Teaching effects after 128 hours of Building Information Modeling course in Cracow, Poland. Natalia works in Revit, Navisworks and Dynamo for BIM Coordination position. More https://bim.edu.pl or https://bimedu.eu
Top 13 Famous Civil Engineering Scientistgettygaming1
List of Best Scientist Who Gives Big Contribution in Civil Engineering Filed, in this we provide how they Contribute in Civil Engineering filed, For Data Collection civilthings.com helps us a lot.
2. • Introduction
• Objective
• Literature Survey
• Proposed System
• System Design ( Components required)
• Block Diagram
• Circuit diagram
• Code
• Flow chart
• Simulation in TinkerCAD
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications
• Future Scope
• Conclusion
DEPARTMENT OF
3. • These convertors convert light into
electric current using PV effect. Photo
voltaic cells are used to power small
and medium sized applications.
• Important and relatively inexpensive
source of energy where grid power is
inconvenient, unreasonably expensive
to connect.
Solar power is the conversion of the sunlight into electricity, either directly using PV or indirectly
using CSP. In order to do this, it is necessary to have solar cells. These cells are typically in the
form of panels that perpendicularly placed ,facing the sun, to capture maximum light possible.
• These system uses lenses or mirrors
and tracking system to focus a large
area of sunlight into a small beam.
• A working fluid is heated by the
concentration, sunlight and then it is
used for power generation.
DEPARTMENT OF
5. The objective of the dual-axis solar converter conducted through TinkerCAD simulation is to
design, analyze, and optimize a sophisticated solar tracking system capable of dynamically
adjusting both azimuth and elevation angles to maximize solar energy harvesting efficiency.
The primary goal is to develop a robust and accurate control algorithm that integrates real-
time solar position calculations with the mechanical movement of dual-axis solar panels.
Through comprehensive simulation studies, the project aims to achieve enhanced energy
output compared to fixed solar installations, showcasing the effectiveness of the dual-axis
solar converter in capturing sunlight at optimal angles throughout the day. Additionally, the
project seeks to explore the impact of various environmental factors, such as cloud cover and
shading, on the system's performance, and to propose adaptive control strategies to mitigate
their effects. Ultimately, this project aspires to contribute valuable insights into the potential of
dual-axis solar tracking systems for improving the overall efficiency and viability of solar
energy harvesting in diverse environmental conditions.
DEPARTMENT OF
6. Autonomous
Solar Inverter
S.no
Year of
Publication
Title of Article Publication Methodology
DEPARTMENT OF
Rangarajan, Shriram S.,
Chandan Kumar Shiva,
A. V. V. Sudhakar,
Umashankar
Subramaniam, E.
Randolph Collins, and
Tomonobu Senjyu.
"Avant-garde solar
plants with artificial
intelligence and
moonlighting
capabilities as smart
inverters in a smart
grid." Energies 16, no. 3
(2023): 1112..
2023
The methodology involves proposing
new structural and schematic solutions
for autonomous inverters of solar
power plants based on single-three-
phase transformers with a rotating
magnetic field, with a focus on
improving the operational and technical
characteristics of solar photovoltaic
installations generating three-phase
voltage. The paper also discloses the
features of the proposed solutions'
work on voltage conversion and
stabilization.
1
7. A Novel
Transformerless
Single-Stage
Grid-Connected
Solar Inverter
S.no Year of
Publication
Title of
Article
Publication Methodology
DEPARTMENT OF
Gangavarapu,
Sivanagaraju,
Manisha Verma, and
Akshay Kumar
Rathore. "A novel
transformerless
single-stage grid-
connected solar
inverter." IEEE
Journal of Emerging
and Selected Topics
in Power Electronics
(2023).
2023
The methodology involves developing a
converter dynamic model using a state-
space averaging approach, designing a
proportional resonant current
controller for inverter closed-loop
operation with the grid, and verifying
the analysis and design through
simulation and experimental results.
2
8. 5 Level
transformerless
inverter for single
phase solar PV
applications.
S.no
Year of
Publication
Title of
Article
Publication Methodology
DEPARTMENT OF
Guo, Bin, Xin Zhang,
Mei Su, Hao Ma,
Yongheng Yang, and
Yam P. Siwakoti. "A
single-phase
common-ground five-
level transformerless
inverter with low
component count for
PV applications." IEEE
Transactions on
Industrial Electronics
70, no. 3 (2022):
2662-2674.
2022
The methodology involves analyzing
the operation modes of the proposed
inverter, a simple modulation strategy,
and design guidelines in detail, as well
as presenting experimental results
demonstrating the feasibility and good
performance of the proposed inverter.
3
9. A photovoltaic solar tracker is a mechanical device to rotate PV panels to achieve an optimal
angle concerning the sun's rays.
PASSIVE OPEN LOOP
ACTIVE
DEPARTMENT OF
SINGLE AXIS DUAL AXIS
POLAR TYPE HORIZONTAL TYPE
TIMED TRACKERS ALTITUDE/ AZIMUTH
TRACKERS
11. • A single axis tracker can pivot in only one
plane - horizontal or vertical. The
horizontal type is used in tropical regions
where the sun gets very high at noon, but
the days are short. The vertical type is
used in high latitudes (such as in UK)
where the sun does not get very high, but
summer days can be very long.
• Although the construction is less
complicated it is also less effective in
harnessing the total solar energy.
• Dual axis solar tracker has two degrees
of freedom that act as axes of rotation.
These axes are typically normal to one
another.
• It can rotate simultaneously in
horizontal and vertical directions and
are able to point at the sun at all times.
Dual axis trackers track the sun both
East to West and North to South for
added power output (approx. 40% gain)
and convenience.
DEPARTMENT OF
13. DEPARTMENT OF
S.no Component used Quantity
1. Arduino UNO R3 1
2. Servo motor ( Micro Servo-SG90) 2
3. LDR ( LDR Photo Resistor Sensor) 4
4. Resistors ( 10K Ohm) 4
5. Breadboard (mini) 1
6. Potentiometer (10K) 2
14. Runs using a control loop and require feedback
of some kind (DC Motor, gear, control circuit,
Potentiometer), requires control PMW Signal
which represents an output position and applies
power to the DC motor until the shaft turns to
the correct position, determined by the position
sensor.
Micro controller, with 14 digital inputs/ output
pins(6- PWM outputs), 6 analog input, 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connector, a power jack
and a reset button, having number of libraries,
including one for servo motor control. The input
supply needed is ideally 7-12V
DEPARTMENT OF
15. Works on principle that, if intensity of
light on it increases, resistance
decreases and thus more current
flows through it, Bigger LEDs have
higher sensitivity.
Rating of each photo voltaic solar
panel is, Pmax=1.3MW, Vmax=7.5V,
two such panels are connected in
series to get a stable output of 12V.
DEPARTMENT OF
16. Basically a voltage regulating circuit which is placed between a
solar panel and battery to be charged on any load connected to the
panel. It regulates the voltage that is recieved from solar panels.
It placed between solar panel and battery. Charge controller limits
the rate at which electric charge is added to the battery.
DEPARTMENT OF
20. #include <Servo.h>
Servo horizontal; // horizontal servo
int servoh = 180;
int servohLimitHigh = 175;
int servohLimitLow = 5;
// 65 degrees MAX
Servo vertical; // vertical servo
int servov = 45;
int servovLimitHigh = 60;
int servovLimitLow = 1;
// LDR pin connections
// name = analogpin;
int ldrlt = A0; //LDR top left - BOTTOM LEFT <--- BDG
int ldrrt = A3; //LDR top rigt - BOTTOM RIGHT
int ldrld = A1; //LDR down left - TOP LEFT
int ldrrd = A3; //ldr down rigt - TOP RIGHT
void setup(){
horizontal.attach(9);
vertical.attach(10);
horizontal.write(180);
vertical.write(45);
delay(2500);
}
void loop() {
int lt = analogRead(ldrlt); // top left
int rt = analogRead(ldrrt); // top right
int ld = analogRead(ldrld); // down left
int rd = analogRead(ldrrd); // down right
int dtime = 10; int tol = 90; // dtime=diffirence time, tol=toleransi
int avt = (lt + rt) / 2; // average value top
int avd = (ld + rd) / 2; // average value down
int avl = (lt + ld) / 2; // average value left
int avr = (rt + rd) / 2; // average value right
int dvert = avt - avd; // check the diffirence of up and down
int dhoriz = avl - avr;// check the diffirence og left and rigt
if (-1*tol > dvert || dvert > tol)
{
if (avt > avd)
{
servov = ++servov;
if (servov > servovLimitHigh)
{servov = servovLimitHigh;}
}
else if (avt < avd)
{servov= --servov;
if (servov < servovLimitLow)
{ servov = servovLimitLow;}
}
vertical.write(servov);
}
if (-1*tol > dhoriz || dhoriz > tol) // check if the diffirence is in the tolerance else change horizontal
angle
{
if (avl > avr)
{
servoh = --servoh;
if (servoh < servohLimitLow)
{
servoh = servohLimitLow;
}
}
else if (avl < avr)
{
servoh = ++servoh;
if (servoh > servohLimitHigh)
{
servoh = servohLimitHigh;
}
}
else if (avl = avr)
{
delay(5000);
}
horizontal.write(servoh);
}
delay(dtime);
}
DEPARTMENT OF
24. • Reduction of Energy Usage
• Decrease in Disposing of Dry-
Cell Batteries
• Offsetting Green House Gases
• Lower Rates of Waste and
Pollution
• Lower sensitivity of the
photovoltaic effect.
• Electricity production is higher
due to the better performance
of the solar panels.
• The appearance of mechanical
problems due to wear and tear over
time.
• Electronic mechanisms and sensors
are exposed to harsh weather
conditions for at least 20 years and
will likely need to be replaced.
• Major maintenance of this type of
solar energy facility.
• The initial solar installation cost is
higher, although it will be
compensated by getting a higher
solar power performance.
DEPARTMENT OF
25. • Solar Power Generation Systems.
• Residential Solar Installations.
• Off-Grid Power Systems.
• Solar-Powered Water Pumping
Systems.
• Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle
Charging Stations.
• Educational and Research Facilities.
• Space Applications.
• Environmental Monitoring Stations.
DEPARTMENT OF
26. • Integration with Smart Grids.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Integration.
• Hybrid Systems with Energy Storage.
• Urban Planning and Building Integration.
• Urban Planning and Building Integration.
• Increased Efficiency and Cost Reduction
• Environmental Adaptability.
• Global Implementation and Standardization.
• Research into New Materials and Manufacturing
Techniques.
DEPARTMENT OF
27. In conclusion, the exploration of dual-axis solar
trackers has revealed a compelling and promising
avenue for optimizing solar energy harvesting
The advantages of dual-axis solar trackers have been
underscored, emphasizing their ability to
significantly enhance energy yield when compared to
fixed installations. By accommodating changing solar
angles throughout the day, these trackers exhibit a
remarkable adaptability that positions them as
valuable assets in diverse solar energy applications.
DEPARTMENT OF