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shakh.pptx
1.
Paligonometriyanin’ da’slepki esaplawlari Reje: 1. Geodeziyadaǵı
koordinatalar sistemaları 2. Poligonometriya usılı 3. Poligonometriya usılına tán bolǵan kemshilikler
2.
Geodeziyadaǵı koordinatalar sistemaları Jerdiń
fizikalıq maydanı dag’ı noqatlardin’ jaǵdayi túrli koordinata sistemalarinda aniqlanadı. Polar koordinatalar sisteması noqattıń tegisliktegi ornın málim bir baslanǵısh jónelisten esaplanǵan polyus gorizontal múyeshi hám gorizontal jatqızıw menen anıqlaydı.
3.
Jasalma joldas koordinatalarınıń anıqlaw
sistemaları (Rossiya GLONASS hám Amerika GPS) quramına tómendegiler kiredi: jasalma joldaslardı avtomatikalıq baqlaw ushın er ústi stanciyaları kompleksi, orbitalari radiusı shama menen 26000 km bolǵan jasalma jer jasalma joldasları qabıllaw úskeneleri.
4.
Qabıl etilgen koordinatalar sistemasındaǵı
noqatlardıń jaǵdayı tómendegi koordinatalar menen berilgen: * X, Y, Z keńislikdegi tórtmuyushler koordinataları (z oǵı baǵdarı uyqas jazıwlar ellipsoidining aylanıw o'qi menen sáykes keledi, x oǵı nol meridian tegisliginde jatadı hám y o'qi sistemanı ońǵa toldıradı ;
5.
* koordinatalar sistemasınıń
kelip shıǵıwı uyqas jazıwlar ellipsoidining orayı ); * geodezik koordinatalar : keńlik-B, uzınlıq -L, biyiklik-H;
6.
Geodezik koordinatalar sisteması geodezik
keńlik, uzınlıq hám biyiklik túsinikleri menen baylanıslı. Geodezik keńlik-bul ellipsoid maydanına ekvator tegisligi menen normal kesilisken múyesh. Uzınlıq -bas meridian tegisligi hám berilgen noqattan ótetuǵın meridian tegisligi arasındaǵı dihedral múyesh.
7.
Geodezik keńlik hám
uzınlıq Plumb sızıǵı menen baylanıslı bolǵan tiyisli astronomık koordinatalardan parıq etedi, sebebi Plumb sızıǵı ellipsoidnin normal jaǵdayına tuwrı kelmeydi. Plumb sızıǵınıń iyiwin eki tegislikte proektsiyalaw múmkin: meridian tegisligi hám birinshi vertikal tegislik.
8.
Bul eki komponentti
astronomık hám geodezik koordinatalar ortasındaǵı ayırmashılıqlar arqalı anıqlaw múmkinligin túsiniw qıyın emes:
9.
Poligonometriya usılı. Geodeziya tarmaǵı—jer
júzine ornatılǵan geodeziya noqatları sisteması, olardıń jaylasıwı ulıwma koordinatalar sistemasında anıqlanadı. Geodeziya tarmaqları geodeziyanıń ulıwma principi tiykarında ulıwmadan menshiklikke shekem qurıladı.
10.
Poligonometriya noqatları arasındaǵı aralıq
hám múyeshlerdi ólshew arqalı geodeziya tarmaǵın qurıw. Bul usıldıń mánisi tómendegishe. Uzaygan bir háreketti quraytuǵın geodezik punktler sisteması erga ornatıladı yamasa úzliksiz tarmaqtı quraytuǵın kesilisken háreketler sisteması.
11.
Poligonometriya usılı birpara
jaǵdaylarda triangulyatsiya usılına qaraǵanda talay nátiyjeli hám puxta bolıp shıǵadı. Bunday sharayatta triangulyatsiya punktlerinde poligonometriya punktlerine qaraǵanda joqarı geodezik belgiler qurıladı, sebebi birinshi halda ekinshisine qaraǵanda talay kóp sanlı noqatlar ortasında tuwrıdan- tuwrı kóriw támiyinleniwi kerek.
12.
Poligonometriya usılına tán
bolǵan kemshiliklerdi de atap ótiw kerek: - poligonometriya tarmaqları, ásirese bir háreketler, triangulyatsiya tarmaqları hám qatarlarına qaraǵanda talay qattı geometriyalıq strukturalar bolıp tabıladı, sebebi poligonometriyada noqatlar arasındaǵı geometriyalıq baylanısıwlar sanı triangulyatsiyaga qaraǵanda talay kem (eki jaǵdayda da birdey muǵdardaǵı noqatlar menen);
13.
- poligonometriyada artıqsha
ólshewler sanı hám sol sebepli shártli teńlemeler sanı birdey muǵdardaǵı punktlerge iye bolǵan triangulyatsiyaga qaraǵanda talay kem, yaǵnıy hámme zat teń bolsa, poligonometriya tarmaǵı triangulyatsiya tarmaǵına qaraǵanda kemrek anıq boladı.
14.
Paydalanilg’an a’debiyatlar: 1. Mámleket
geodeziya tarmaqların qurıw tuwrısındaǵı tiykarǵı qaǵıydalar. M.: Jer Astı Baylıqları, 1974. 180 S. 2.Rossiya Federatsiyasining mámleket geodeziya tarmaǵı tuwrısındaǵı tiykarǵı qaǵıydalar, M.: TSNIIGAiK, 2004 jıl 14 s. 3. I, II, III, Iv klasslardı tegislew boyınsha kórsetpeler.- M: Jer Qa'ri, 1974 Jıl. 160 S. 4. Selixanovich A. I. universitetler ushın Geodeziya boyınsha sabaqlıq.- M: Jer Qa'ri, 1982 Jıl. 300 S. 5. Laboratoriya jumısı ushın stilistik kórsetpeler " poligonometrik tarmaqlardı izbe-iz jaqınlasıw usılı menen teńlestirish" /komp. I. A. Basov / Tulgu. Tula, 1994 jıl. 19 s.
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