1. SUBMITTED TO: PROF ABDUL
BASIT HASHMI
SUBMITTED BY : MANAHIL
ULFAT
26th Feb 2024
MONDAY
2. INTRODUCTION
• An operating system (OS) is the
fundamental software that manages a
computer's hardware resources and
provides essential services to software
applications. It serves as the
intermediary between the computer's
hardware and the user's software,
facilitating communication and
coordination between the two.
Operating System 2
3. • Resource Allocation: Operating systems manage
hardware resources such as CPU time, memory
space, and peripheral devices, ensuring efficient
utilization by various applications and users.
• Process Management: They facilitate the creation,
scheduling, and termination of processes, enabling
multitasking and allowing multiple programs to run
concurrently.
• Security and Protection: Operating systems
implement security measures such as user
authentication, access control, and data encryption
to safeguard against unauthorized access and
ensure the integrity and confidentiality of system
resources and data.
• User Interface: They offer graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) or command-line interfaces
(CLIs) to facilitate user interaction with the
computer system, making it easier to perform
tasks and access resources.
• Error Handling: Operating systems detect and
handle errors that occur during system operation,
providing mechanisms for error recovery and
ensuring system stability and reliability.
• Performance Monitoring and Optimization:
They offer tools for monitoring system
performance, diagnosing bottlenecks, and
optimizing system configurations to enhance
overall efficiency and responsiveness.
Operating System 3
4. Operating System 4
1. Process Management: Creating, scheduling, and terminating
processes to execute tasks efficiently, managing their execution,
and allocating system resources.
2. Memory Management: Allocating and deallocating memory for
processes, managing memory hierarchy (such as virtual memory),
and optimizing memory usage for performance.
3. File System Management: Creating, organizing, accessing, and
managing files and directories, handling file permissions, and
ensuring data integrity and reliability.
4. Device Management: Managing communication with peripheral
devices, handling device drivers, and providing an interface for
device access and control.
5. User Interface Management: Providing a user-friendly interface
for interaction, including graphical user interfaces (GUIs) or
command-line interfaces (CLIs), and managing user input and
output operations.
5. Operating System 5
6. Security and Access Control: Implementing security measures
such as user authentication, access control lists (ACLs), and
encryption to protect system resources and data.
7. Networking: Supporting network protocols and services,
managing network connections, and facilitating communication
between computers and devices.
8. Error Handling and Recovery: Detecting and handling errors that
occur during system operation, providing mechanisms for error
recovery, and ensuring system stability and reliability.
9. Performance Monitoring and Optimization: Monitoring system
performance, diagnosing performance issues, and optimizing
system configurations to enhance overall efficiency and
responsiveness.
10. Virtualization and Containerization: Providing virtualization
capabilities to create and manage virtual machines or containers,
enabling workload isolation, resource allocation, and efficient
resource utilization.
7. Operating System 7
1. DOS (Disk Operating System): DOS is a simple, single-user operating
system primarily used in early personal computers, characterized by its
command-line interface and minimalistic functionality for managing disk
operations and executing programs.
2. Windows: Windows is a widely-used family of operating systems developed
by Microsoft, known for its graphical user interface (GUI), multitasking
capabilities, and extensive support for software applications, offering a diverse
range of features for personal and business computing.
3. Mac OS: Mac OS is the operating system developed by Apple Inc. for their
Macintosh line of computers, distinguished by its sleek user interface,
seamless integration with Apple hardware and software ecosystem, and robust
multimedia capabilities.
4. UNIX: UNIX is a powerful, multi-user, multitasking operating system
originally developed in the 1970s, known for its stability, security, and flexibility,
and widely used in servers, workstations, and mainframe computers.
5. Linux: Linux is a free and open-source operating system kernel based on
UNIX principles, often used in combination with other software components to
create complete operating systems (Linux distributions), valued for its stability,
customizability, and vast ecosystem of software and community support.
8. Operating System
8
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
1. Batch Processing OS: Executes tasks in batches without user interaction, optimizing
resource usage and throughput for repetitive tasks, commonly used in early mainframe
environments.
2. Multiprogramming OS: Allows multiple programs to reside in memory
simultaneously, maximizing CPU utilization and enhancing system efficiency by
switching between tasks swiftly.
3. Multitasking OS: Enables concurrent execution of multiple tasks or processes,
allowing users to interact with multiple applications simultaneously, enhancing
productivity and responsiveness.
4. Time-Sharing OS: Shares CPU time among multiple users or processes, providing
each with a fair share of CPU cycles in short time slices, enabling interactive
computing and user responsiveness.
9. 9
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
5. Real-Time OS: Provides guaranteed response times for critical tasks, ensuring timely
execution of processes in applications such as control systems, where meeting deadlines is
crucial for system operation.
6. Multiprocessor OS: Manages and coordinates multiple processors within a single system,
distributing tasks across processors to improve performance and scalability.
7. Parallel Processing OS: Utilizes multiple processors to execute tasks simultaneously,
accelerating computation and data processing tasks by dividing them into smaller units
processed concurrently.
8. Distributed OS: Coordinates multiple interconnected computers or nodes, enabling them to
work together as a single, cohesive system, sharing resources and providing distributed
computing capabilities.
9. Embedded OS: Tailored for specific hardware platforms, embedded operating systems
manage the operation of embedded systems, such as smartphones, IoT devices, and
industrial machinery, optimizing performance and power efficiency.
Operating System
10. 1. Process Management: OS oversees the creation,
scheduling, and termination of processes, allocating system
resources like CPU time and memory to ensure efficient task
execution.
2. Memory Management: It handles memory allocation and
deallocation, organizing available memory space, and managing
virtual memory, optimizing system performance and ensuring
effective memory utilization.
3. File Management: OS manages files and directories,
providing operations for creation, deletion, reading, and writing
files, ensuring data organization, integrity, and accessibility.
4. I/O Management: It controls input and output operations,
coordinating communication between the computer and
peripheral devices, ensuring data transfer efficiency and device
compatibility.
Operating System 10
11. 5. Secondary Storage Management: OS manages secondary
storage devices like hard drives and SSDs, handling storage
allocation, file system maintenance, and data retrieval to ensure
reliable and efficient data storage.
6. Network Management: It supports network protocols and
services, facilitating communication between devices, managing
network connections, and ensuring secure and reliable data
exchange.
7. Protection System: OS implements security mechanisms to
protect system resources and data from unauthorized access or
modification, enforcing access control policies and ensuring
system integrity.
8. Command Interpreter: Also known as a shell, it provides a
command-line interface for users to interact with the OS,
interpreting and executing user commands, managing
processes, and accessing system resources.
Operating System 11
12. Operating System
12
Single-User Operating System:
1. Focus on Individual User: Designed to cater to the needs of a single user at a time, typically
found on personal computers and devices.
2. Limited Resource Sharing: Resources such as CPU, memory, and peripherals are
dedicated to a single user, allowing full access and control over system resources.
3. Simple File Access Control: File access permissions are typically straightforward, with the
user having full control over their files and directories.
4. Limited Security Measures: Security measures are often basic since the system is not
required to manage multiple user accounts and privileges extensively.
5. User-Centric Interface: Emphasis on providing a user-friendly interface tailored to the
preferences and requirements of a single user, often customizable.
13. Operating System
13
Multi-User Operating System:
1. Supports Concurrent Users: Designed to facilitate the simultaneous use of the system by
multiple users, commonly found in servers and mainframe computers.
2. Resource Sharing: Resources such as CPU, memory, and peripherals are shared among
multiple users, with mechanisms in place to allocate and manage resources fairly.
3. Sophisticated File Access Control: Implements robust access control mechanisms,
supporting multiple user accounts with different levels of access permissions to files and
directories.
4. Advanced Security Features: Implements comprehensive security measures to protect
system resources and data, including user authentication, access control lists, and encryption.
5. Centralized Administration: Provides tools and utilities for system administrators to manage
user accounts, monitor system usage, and enforce security policies centrally.
6. Network Capabilities: Often includes network services and protocols to facilitate
communication and collaboration among users, enabling remote access and file sharing.
