1. Week One Introduction to Computers 2023 PG Students Final.ppt

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FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
(CPT 711)
Prof. GAMBARI, Amosa Isiaka
Dean, School of Science & Technology Education
Federal University of Technology, Minna
E-mail: gambari@futminna.edu.ng

COURSE OUTLINE
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Week Module Remark
1 Introduction to Computers Lecture
2 MSW for Research Lecture
3 Research Presentation Tools Lecture
4 Basic Excel For Research Lecture
5 Internet Application Research
6 Tools For Literature Review Lecture
7 Paper Writing Tools Lecture
8 Tools For Data Analysis Practical
9 Plagiarism Checking Tools Practical
10 Research Collaboration Tools Practical
11 Conferencing Tools Practical
12 Instrument Development Tools Practical
13 Artificial Intelligence Tools For Research Practical

3
Introduction to Computers
WEEK ONE

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Introduction to ICT
 Understand the terminology and uses of Information Technology
Computer Components
 Understand the functions of various computer hardware and peripheral
Computer Input Devices
 Recognize different types of Input devices and what they can be used for
Computer Output Devices
 Recognize different types of output devices and what they can be used for
Computer Sound Input and Output Devices
 Recognize different types of sound input devices and output devices and
what they can be used for
Storage Components
 Know the terminology relating to storage components
Types of Storage
 Understand the different types of storage and their specific uses and
capacities
Operating Systems
 Know the basic features and terminology of Operating Systems
Starting Windows ...
Objectives

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What is Information Technology (IT)?
 An Information Technology (IT) system processes, stores, and/or transfers
(communicates) information
 Information can take many different forms such as text, numbers, pictures,
sound, video, and multimedia
 To transfer information, IT systems use computers, telecommunications
networks, and other electronic devices
 Because of the importance of communications in IT, the term Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) is often preferred to IT
 Since IT involves many different and often highly specialized areas, it is
often seen as a very daunting subject
 However, the basis of ICT is simply to help us to improve the way we deal
with information in all areas of our lives
What is ICT used for?
 ICT is used in business, academia, industry, government, heath care, etc.
 It is also an important part of our everyday activities
Introduction to ICT

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Computers enable us to process information and perform specific
tasks much more quickly than we could do ourselves
ICT systems are very Flexible and can be made to perform a
variety of different tasks
ICT networks (e.g., Internet) allow us to distribute and share
information quickly, and over a very long distance
Many developments in IT are designed to make our lives easier
 But people expectations of what they (and others) can achieve
are often leading to unrealistic demands being placed on people
and the technology around them
We live in an "Information Society“
 The effective use of information is regarded as the defining
element of the 20th – 21st centuries, as important as the
industrial revolution before it
Introduction to ICT (2)

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 The main components used to build a personal computer and
other types of microcomputers are:
 Computers are made up of many components
 Internal Components
that is, they are located inside the computer case
 External Components
Some are connected externally, using ports
A port is a kind of plug, usually located at the back of the
computer
Components located outside the computer's case are
referred to as peripheral devices
 Because they use components, PCs are customizable
Computer Components (1)

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 You can add internal or external components for specific tasks, such
as playing sound, and choose more powerful components to make a
high performance PC
 Or you can specify less powerful, less expensive components for a
basic office computer
 This means that PCs vary quite widely in terms of performance (the
speed at which a computer performs different tasks), cost, and the
sort of applications (software) that they can run.
 Computer components can be divided into the following categories:
Microprocessors process instructions and perform calculations.
Storage devices (memory and disks) hold data.
Input devices (mouse and keyboard) let the user enter data.
Output devices (monitor, speakers, and printer) (display data).
Network devices (network card, modem) allow computers to
transfer data to and from other computers.

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 The Motherboard
A motherboard (or system
board) Is a large printed
circuit board with connections
for all the other components
in the computer
The motherboard allows the
components to exchange data
It also houses the power
supply
The type of motherboard
determines the types of CPU,
memory, and hard disk and
other peripherals that can be
installed in the computer

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 The System Case
The motherboard (and other internal
components) is housed within a
protective case, usually made of metal
and plastic and often referred to as the
"box."
The design of the case can affect how
many expansion cards and components
can be added to the computer
Some cases are designed to be easy to
open and access to make maintenance
of the computer simpler

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Computer Devices (1)
Ports and Peripheral Devices
A hardware port is a socket designed to allow the
connection of extra devices, often outside the
system case
Such devices are referred to as peripherals
Typical peripheral devices include the mouse,
keyboard, monitor, and printer
Even though they are located outside the case,
such devices are often essential tar operating the
computer
Some parts are attached directly to the
motherboard.
Others may be attached to an expansion card
plugged into the motherboard
Traditionally, parts were always positioned at the
back of the system case

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However, in many modern designs, some ports (notably
USB and Fire wire connectors) may be provided on the
front of the case, far easy access
On a portable or laptop computer, ports are usually located at
the hack and sides of the case
Ports used to connect the newest generation of USB memory
devices are often referred to as slots
Ports and connecting cables are always one of two genders:
male connectors have pins; female connectors have holes.
There are many different types of port, each requiring a
different type of connector
Input Device
An input device is any device that is used to supply
information to a computer
A few examples at input devices are given below.

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Keyboard
The most common input device is
the keyboard, which is used both for
text-based data input and for
selecting commands.
Keyboards usually have the
following:
 Keys for the letters of the alphabet
 Keys for punctuation symbols
 Numbered keys or a numeric
keypad (or both)

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 Mouse
 Computers are usually operated through a
graphical user interface (GU[). This means that the
user selects a command from the computer's
screen display by moving a pointer and clicking an
icon.
 A mouse is the device usually used to control the
movement of the pointer on the screen
 A mouse is used by moving it across a mouse mat
or other flat surface. This moves a ball on the
bottom of the mouse, The movement of the ball
sends a signal to the computer. Software interprets
this signal and performs an operation, such as
moving a cursor or drawing a line.
 A mouse has two or more buttons on top of it, the
function of which depend upon the software being
used.

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Storage Components (1)
Memory and disks are the components used to store data for
processing
Units of measure (i.e., capacity of storage) are bits, Bytes,
megabytes, and gigabytes
A bit
 a binary or logical 1 or 0, which is the lowest unit of measure of
information
A Byte
 is a chunk of bits (combination of bits) used to represent a
information (e.g., character)
 There are usually eight bits in a byte
 E.g., 01000001 is used to represent the letter A in binary code
 Bytes are commonly abbreviated with a capital B and bits are
abbreviated with lower-case b, but not always
 More often, hardware and software are described as being a
certain number of bits

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 This refers to how much information the hardware or software can
process at any one time
 E.g., if a CPU is a 32-bit processor, it means that the CPU can
process 32 bits of data in each clock cycle
 Popular Measures
1. Kilobyte (denoted as KB)
 A kilobyte (KB) Is 1024 bytes,
 The size of a data file is often measured in kilobytes
 Why is kilobyte not “1000” bytes?
2. Megabyte (denoted as MB)
 A megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes (1024 kilobytes)
 A megabyte (MB) is often used to measure the amount of main
memory or the size of a collection of files within a Folder
 A megabyte is about as much data as 500 pages of double-
spaced text

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3. Gigabyte (denoted as GB)
 A gigabyte (GB) is equivalent to 1,024 MB
 The memory capacity of most storage devices, such as hard
drives, is measured in gigabytes (GB)
4. Terabyte (denoted as TB)
 Terabyte (TB) is equivalent to 1,024 GB
 Hard drive arrays on corporate file servers are quickly
approaching terabyte capacities

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Types of Storage (1)
 Memory is one of the most essential parts of the
computer
 From the moment you turn your computer on until
the time you shut it clown, your CPU is constantly
using memory
 There are 3 types of storage used by the computer
when storing data
1. Read-only Memory (ROM)
 ROM stores the data necessary to start the
computer and identify its component
 ROM is non-volatile or persistent memory that
holds permanent information, such as the BIOS
software that enables the components in the
computer to communicate with each other
 Data stored In ROM is not deleted when the
computer is switched off
 It cannot usually be deleted or overwritten in
the course of normal computer operations

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2. Random Access Memory (RAM)
 RAM stores data while it is being processed. E.g., RAM is
required to run software while the computer is powered
 RAM, is volatile or non-persistent memory, is a temporary memory
store
 Data held in RAM is only stored while the computer is switched on
 E.g., when you create a document (such as a letter), the
document is stored in your computer's RAM, until you save it to
disk
 RAM holds data required by the CPU, which cannot store large
amounts of data itself
 RAM is important because it enables the CPU to get data quickly
 E.g., when a software application is started, the data needed to
run the program is copied from the main disk into RAM, where the
CPU can access it

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3. Storage Disks or Drives
 Disk drives invented in the 1950s, are used to store and
transfer data files
 Magnetic disks or drives are used to preserve data when the
computer is turned off and to move and backup data
 When data is entered into a computer, it must be saved as a
file to preserve it when the computer is switched off
 Also, software applications need to install files on the main
disk drive in the computer in order to run
 The most important type of long term storage component in
the desktop computer is the hard disk, which is used to
store the software and data on which the computer runs

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 Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the
magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexible
plastic film found in tapes and floppies
 The magnetic disk can be easily erased and
rewritten, and it will "remember" the magnetic
flux patterns stored for many years.
 Many computers will also have removable disk
drives to install software and backup data files
 Disk capacity is principally a question of
capacity: how much data can be stored an the
disk?
 Disk performance is determined by other
factors including the seek time (the time it takes
to find data on the drive) and the transfer rate
(the speed at which data can be moved to and
from a disk)

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 Other Magnetic Media
 Other magnetic disk devices, such as Iomega Zip
and Jaz clicks, are also available
 These disks tend to offer much less capacity than a
hard disk (although much more than a floppy disk)
 The main advantage is that the disks can be
removed and transferred elsewhere.
 One of the most popular external magnetic storage
options available today is the Universal Serial Bus
(USB) flash drive
 These can store hundreds of times the information
found on a standard floppy, and don't need a
special reader
 Instead, USB drives pop into a standard USB port
on the desktop or laptop computer

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Operating Systems (1)
What is an Operating System (OS)?
 It is a system program that carries out the functions
summarized below:
1. Process management
2. Memory management
3. Input/output control system
4. File Management
Operating system provides a set of basic features that all software
applications must use
It maintains a degree of compatibility between applications
Selection of a particular OS is usually determined by compatibility with
other systems, but cost, user preference, and customizability can be
important factors
Software enables the computer's hardware to perform useful tasks,
such as creating, displaying and printing a letter

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Operating Systems (2)
 Software enables the computer's hardware to perform useful
tasks, such as creating, displaying, and printing a letter.
 Software can be divided into two important classes
 operating systems and
 applications

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Starting Windows ... (1)
 Upon “login in”, the system loads the Windows Desktop
 Enables working with the Windows Operating System
(OS) platform with very little hassle and minimal technical
knowledge
 Components/Parts of the Windows Desktop
1. The Start Menu
 Provides a launch point for all programs or applications
 Clicking the start icon [xx] displays a list of options
 The programs (e.g., Microsoft Word) is a sub-list the
Programs menu
 Customizing the Start Menu
 Click Start  Settings  Taskbar and Start Menu (Windows
2000)
 Click Start Control Panel Taskbar & Start Menu
(Windows
XP)

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2.Desktop Icons and Shortcuts
Shortcuts are links to the original program, file, folder or item
The desktop the most common place to place it
When a shortcut is deleted, the original item still exists
Shortcuts are fast ways to open programs
Action Task
To put a
shortcut on
the desktop
1. Open Windows Explorer, or the location of the item to be
placed on the desktop.
2. Click Start  Programs  Accessories, and then click
Windows Explorer
3. Right click on the Item and select Create Shortcut to
place the shortcut in the same location as the original
4. Then you can drag the shortcut onto the desktop
5. Right-click on the item, and select Send To  Desktop
(create shortcut)

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3. Using Wallpapers and Screensavers
Action Task
To Change
a Wallpaper
1. Open Display in the Control panel OR right
click on empty space on the desktop
2. Select Properties and click on the
Background
3. Select a background picture from the
wallpapers list; In the picture display list
select Center, Title, or Stretch
4. Click Pattern to open the Pattern dialog box;
select desired pattern

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3. Using Wallpapers and Screensavers
Action Task
To Set or
Change a
Screensaver
1. Select Control panel OR right click on empty
space on the desktop
2. Select Properties  Screen Saver
3. Select a Screen Saver of your choice from the
list; Click OK
4. After selecting a screen saver, it will start
automatically when your computer is idle for the
number of minutes specified in Wait.
5. Screen saver setting can be changed; to change,
click Settings  Screen Saver tab
6. Click Preview to see how the selected screen
saver (will appear on your monitor). Move your
mouse or press any key to end the preview
Starting Windows ...
(4)

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4.Understanding the Task Bar
The Taskbar displays any program you are running, the time,
and the Start Icon
It is normally positioned at the bottom of the screen
It provides a constant view of which applications are running
on the system and an easy way to switch between them.
It also provides additional information such as time, power
consumption information (on laptops), and volume control, if
you have a sound card installed.
Customizing the Taskbar
You can put a toolbar in a handier place, on your desktop or taskbar
You can even give yourself quick access to frequently accessed files
and programs, by simply dragging and dropping them on the Start
menu
You can view and add more icons to the Quick launch

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5. Using the Search Companion
 Search Assistant makes it easier to search for files and folders,
printers, people, and other computers on your network
 It even makes it easier to search on the Internet
 Search Assistant also has an indexing service that maintains an
index of all the files on your computer, making searches even faster.
 When you use Search Assistant, you can specify several search
criteria (e.g., files and folders by name, type, and size)
 You can even search for files containing specific text
 You can search for a printer with a specific name or location if you
are using Active Directory
 If you need a printer with special features, you can search for a
specific model.
 To Search, Click the Start Icon  Search ...

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6. Using Windows Explorer
 Windows Explorer is a tool used to browse the files and folders on the
computer. It opens a 2-pane window.
 Right click on the Start Icon  select Explore
 It can be evoked by a swift combination of [x] and E keys
7. Using the Run Command
 The Run Command is a very handy tool in running applications
 Click on the Start Icon  Run, and type name of a program
 E.g., mspaint (Microsoft Paint), calc (calculator), winword, powerpnt,
excel, etc

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8. Using Help and Support Centre - Getting Online Support
 Click Start  Help - (Help and Support-Windows XP)
 If you have an Internet connection, you are not limited to
other topics within the Help system; you can jump to the
WWW for additional or updated product information.
 The Help Viewer provides an integrated table of contents,
an index, and a full-text search feature so you can find
information easily
 The Help Viewer has the added benefit of allowing you to
see the table of contents, index, or search results at the
same time you are viewing a Help topic.
 The Help Viewer also includes the Favorites tab, which
you can use to bookmark topics. This enables you to
quickly display topics that you refer to often

References
Advance Digital Appreciation Programme for Tertiary
Institutions (ADAPTI). (2021). Sponsored by Digital
Bridge Institute and Nigerian Communication
Commission
Bucki, L. A., Walenbach, J., Wempen, F., Alexander, M.,
Kusleika, D. (2013). Microsoft Office 2013 Bible: The
comprehensive tutorial resources. India: Wiley India Pvt
Ltd.
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