1. REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

2.  REPRODUCTION IS THE ABILITY OF THE
LIVING ORGANISMS TO PRODUCE YOUNG
ONES SIMILAR TO THEMSELVES.
 ANIMAL RERODUCTION IS OF TWO MAIN
TYPES :
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

3.  THE PRODUCTION OF YOUNG ONES BY A SINGLE
PARENT WITHOUT THE FORMATION AND
FUSION OF GAMETES IS CALLED ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION TAKES PLACE BY THE
FOLLOWING PROCESSES:
 BINARY FISSION
 MULTIPLE FISSION
 BUDDING

4.  IT IS USUALLY OBSERVED IN
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS . A PARENT
CELL DIVIDES INTO TWO DAUGHTER
CELLS AND EACH CELL THUS, FORMED
GROWS TO FORM AN INDIVISUAL. IT
IS COMMON IN ORGANISMSB LIKE
BACTERIA AND AMOEBA .

6.  IT IS THE REPEATED DIVISION OF A PARENT
CELL INTO A NUMBER OF SMALL INDIVISUALS,
e.g. PLASMODIUM ( MALARIAL PARASITE )

7. THE FORMATION OF A NEW INDIVISUAL FROM A
SMALL PROTUBERANCE , THE BUD ARISING ON
THE PARENT BODY IS CALLED BUDDING ,e.g.
HYDRA AND YEAST .THE OFF SPRING REMAINS
ATTACHED TO THE PARENT DURING ITS
GROWTH. IT SEPARATES EVENTUALLY TO LIVE AS
AN INDEPENDENT ORGANISM.

9.  PRODUCTIONOF YOUNG ONES BY
THE FORMATION AND FUSION OF
SPECIAL CELLS CALLED
GAMETES, CONTRIBUTED
GENERALLY BY TWO PARENTS
, MALE AND FEMALE IS TERMED
AS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION .

10.  IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS , THE GAMETES
ARE PRODUCED BY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.
THE MALE GAMETES ARE CALLED THE SPERMS
ARE PRODUCED BY THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE
PART .
 THE FEMALE GAMETES CALLED THE EGGS OR
OVA ( SINGULAR-OVUM ) ARE PRODUCED BY
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART .

12. THE ANIMALS ARE OF THREE
TYPES ON THE BASIS OF
THE SITES OF THEIR
FERTILIZATION AND
DEVELOPMENT:

13.  PARENTS RELEASE SPERMS AND EGGS
INTO THE SURROUNDING WATER , WHERE
FERTILIZATION OCCURS AND ZYGOTES
DEVELOP INTO OFFSPRINGS. FOR T HIS
PATTERN TO SUCCEED , MALE AND FEMALE
MUST SHED THEIR GAMETES AT THE
SAME TIME AND IN LARGE NUMBERS, E.G.
FROGS.

15.  SPERMS ARE PASSED FROM THE MALE INTO
THE FEMALE BODY . THE FERTILIZATION TAKES
PLACE WITHIN THE FEMALE BODY . THE
ZYGOTE , AFTER ITS FORMATION , IS
SURROUNDED BY SOME SECRETIONS , RESERVE
FOOD AND E VEN A SHELL FOR DEVELOPMENT
AND PROTECTION OF THE GROWING EMBRYO .
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK TAKES
PLACE AFTER THE EGG HAS BEEN LAID , E.G.
HEN .

17.  BOTH FERTILIZATION AND
DEVELOPMENT TAKE PLACE IN THE
FEMALE BODY THIS MEANS THAT THE
BOTH , FORMATION OF THE ZYGOTE
AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG
ONE TAKE PLACE INSIDE THE BODY OF
THE FEMALE , E.G. HUMAN BEINGS AND
ELEPHANT .

19.  PARTHENOGENESIS IS A FORM OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION WITH FERTILIZATION.
PARTHNOGENESIS OCCURS NATURALLY IN
APHID, DAPHNIA, ROTIFERS, SOME
INVERTIBRATES AND IN MANY PLANTS. IN MANY
SOCIAL INSECTS, SUCH AS THE HONEYBEE AND
THE ANT, THE UNFERTILIZED EGGS GIVE RISE TO
THE MALE DRONES AND THE FERTILIZED EGGS TO
THE FEMALE WORKERS AND A QUEEN. IT HAS
ALSO BEEN OBSERVED IN SOME SNAKES, FISH
AND MONITOR LIZARD.

27.  MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDES A PAIR OF
TESTS, A SCROTUM, TWO SPERM DUCTS, URETHRA
AND PENIS. TESTS ARE OVAL ORGANS PRESENT IN A
SAC CALLED SCROTUM.THE SPERMS DEVELOP IN THE
TESTS. SPERMS PASS FROM THE TESTS THROUGH
THE SPERM DUCTS TO THE URETHRA. THE LAST
PART OF THE URETHRA IS SURROUNDED BY A
MUSCULAR
STRUCTURE CALLED THE PENIS. PENIS CONDUCTS
URINE AS WELL AS SEMEN BUT THE TWO CANNOT
PASS THROUGH IT AT THE SAME TIME .

29.  THE FEMALE REPRODUTION SYSTEM
 THE FEMALE REPRODUTION SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
OVARIES, A PAIR OF OVIDUCTS, UTERUS AND
VAGINA.
 THE MAIN FUNCTION OF FEMALE REPRODUTION
SYSTEM ARE TO PRODUSE EGGS, RECEIVE THE
SPERMS, PROVIDE THE SITE FOR FERTILIZATION,
ATTACHMENT OF THE GROWING EMBRYO TO THE
UTERUS & DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETUS.

30. OVARIES PRODUCE EGGS. AN EGG REACHES
THE OVIDUCT WHERE A SPERM FUSES
WITH THE EGG AND A ZYGOTE IS FORMED.
IT IS THIS ZYGOTE THAT DIVIDES AND
DEVELOPS TO FORM A YOUNG ONE .OVARIES
ALSO PRODUCE HORMONES THAT
CONTROL THE PRODUCTION OF OVA.
THESE HORMONES ARE ALSO RESPONSIBLE
FOR MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY.

32.  IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) IS A PROCESS
BY WHICH OVA ARE FERTILIZED BY SPERMS
OUTSIDE THE FEMALE BODY. THE FERTILIZED
EGG IS THEN TRANSFERRED TO THE UTERUS
OF A WOMAN WITH THE INTENT TO
ESTABLISH A SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY. THE
FIRST ‘TEST TUBE BABY ‘, LOUISE BROWN
WAS BORN IN 1978 .

33.  Lesley and John Brown were a young couple from Bristol
who had been unable to conceive for nine years. Lesley
Brown had blocked Fallopian tubes. Having gone from
doctor to doctor for help to no avail, she was referred to Dr.
Patrick Steptoe in 1976. On November 10, 1977, Lesley Brown
underwent the very experimental in vitro fertilization
procedure. The process had been a success! Though some
wondered if the success had been more luck than
science, continued success with the process proved that
Dr. Steptoe and Dr. Edwards had accomplished the first of
many "test-tube" babies.


35.  FERTILIZATION TAKES PLACE IN THE INITIAL PART
OF THE OVIDUCT. THE SPERM AND OVUM FUSE
THIS FUSION OF THE SPERM AND EGG IS CALLED
FERTILIZATION. SINCE IT TAKES PLACE INSIDE THE
BODY OF THE FEMALE, SO IT IS TERMED AS
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION. DURING THIS PROCESS,
THE NUCLEUI, OF THE SPERM AND EGG ALSO FUSE
TO FORM A SINGLE NUCLEUS. THE RESULTANT
SINGLE CELL FORMED AFTER FERTILIZATION IS
CALLED A ZYGOTE .THUS , ZYGOTE CONTAINS
NUCEAR PART OF THE FATHER AND OF THE MOTHER.
THAT IS WHY, THE CHILD HAS SOME
CHARACTERSTICS OF THE FATHER AND SOME OF THE
MOTHER.

37.  IN HENS, FERTILIZATION IS INTERNAL AS IT TAKES PLACE INSIDE
THE BODY OF THE FEMALE. BUT UNLKE HUMANS, THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG ONE TAKES PLACE OUTSIDE THE
BODY OF THE FEMALE BIRD. AFTER FERTILIZATION, THE ZYGOTE
STARTS DIVIDING AND TRAVELS DOWN THE OVIDUCT. AS IT
TRAVELS DOWN, A NUMBER OF PROTECTIVE LAYERS ARE
FORMED AROUND IT. THE EGG SHELL IS ONE OF THE PROTECTIVE
LAYERS AND IT IS DEPOSITED AROUND THE EGG IN THE
LOWER PART OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE HEN, JUST BEFORE IT
IS LAID.THE SHELL IS MADE OF CALCITE, A CRYSTALLINE
FORM OF CALCIUM CARBONATE.

38.  THE EMBRYO DEVELOPS INSIDE THE EGG FOR 21 DAYS,
UNTIL A CHICK IS FULLY DEVELOPED. DURING THIS PERIOD,
THE EGGS REQUIRE A SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE THAT IS
PROVIDED BY THE HEN BY SITTING ON THESE EGGS. THEN
THE EGG SHELL IS BROKEN AND THE CHICK COMES
OUT.THIS IS CALLED HATCHING.

39.  IN A LIFE CYCLE OF AN AMPHIBIAN, EGGS ARE LAID IN WATER.
A TADPOLE THEN EMERGES FROM THE EGG, AND SWIMS FREELY
IN WATER. THE TADPOLE HAS GILLS, A TAIL AND A SMALL
CIRCULAR MOUTH. THE TADPOLE GROWS UNTIL IT BEGINS
METAMORPHOSIS. METAMORPHOSIS BEGINS WITH THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIND LEGS, FOLLOWED BY THE FRONT
LEGS. THE LUNGS DEVELOP, AND THE TADPOLE BEGINS TO SWIM
TO THE SURFACE OF THE WATER TO BREATHE. THE INTESTINE
SHORTENS TO ADAPT TO A CARNIVOROUS DIET. IN FROGS, THE
TAIL IS ABSORBED BY THE BODY DURING THE LAST STAGES OF
METAMORPHOSIS. A TAILED TADPOLE CHANGES INTO A TAIL -
LESS FROG.

42. THANKYOU