1. Ideology : Scholar Academic Ideology
QUESTION ANSWERS (Phrases or Quotes) REFERENCE
Aims: What is the purpose of • Preserving the existence of the discipline by guaranteeing Page 39
education? that there exist members of discipline who will carry their
traditions
• Building literacy of the disciplines of knowledge within the
general population so that the public will benefit from the
knowledge discovered by the disciplines.
• Believes that the benefits of preserving the culture’s way of
knowing by extending the discipline are central to the
preservation of civilization and the extension of the world
of knowledge within the minds of students is defined
mission of the school.
Student: What is the nature of student? • View the student as immature member of an academic Page 42
discipline who is capable of acculturation within that
discipline as a result of a result of learning its content and
ways of thinking.
• Minds at the bottom of the hierarchy who are capable of
being raised to higher level within the hierarchy.
Learning : What is the role of the • Students are viewed as being drawn into the discipline and Page 43
learner? have enormous capacity to learn and will absorb ideas like
sponges if properly taught, motivated and encouraged.
• Learning result of an intentional activity initiated by the
teacher and deliberately aimed at the student.

2. Teaching: What is the role of the • Educator conceive of themselves as working within their Page 176
teacher? academic disciplines in such a way that their own
curriculum construction endeavours coincide with those of
their academic community
• Primary mediators between the curriculum and the students
where they interpret, present a discipline to students rather
than creating new knowledge.
Knowledge : What is knowledge? • Knowledge gives people the ability to understand their Page 40
world.
• Knowledge takes the form of both “content” and “ process”
• Knowledge can be transmitted from one human to another
or retained in the mind of the people transmitted.
Evaluation : What does evaluation look • Formative evaluation takes place while a curriculum is Page 40
like? being developed, it provides information that allows the
curriculum to be revised.
• Summative evaluation measures how well the curriculum
reflects the discipline and prepares the student for further
work in the discipline.

3. Ideology : Social Efficiency Ideology
QUESTION ANSWERS (Phrases or Quotes) REFERENCE
Aims: What is the purpose of • Education is a process of changing behavior of people. Page 176
education? • The educators need to carry out the task efficiently and
scientifically
• It emphasis on how they accomplish the task rather than in
which task they accomplish.
Student: What is the nature of student? • View the student as immature member of an academic Page 42
discipline who is capable of acculturation within that
discipline as a result of a result of learning its content and
ways of thinking.
• Minds at the bottom of the hierarchy who are capable of
being raised to higher level within the hierarchy.
Learning : What is the role of the • Students are viewed as being drawn into the discipline and Page 43
learner? have enormous capacity to learn and will absorb ideas like
sponges if properly taught, motivated and encouraged.
• Learning result of an intentional activity initiated by the
teacher and deliberately aimed at the student.
Teaching: What is the role of the • Educator conceive of themselves as working within their Page 176
teacher? academic disciplines in such a way that their own
curriculum construction endeavors coincide with those of
their academic community
• Primary mediators between the curriculum and the students

4. where they interpret, present a discipline to students rather
than creating new knowledge.
Knowledge : What is knowledge? • Knowledge gives people the ability to understand their Page 40
world.
• Knowledge takes the form of both “content” and “ process”
• Knowledge can be transmitted from one human to another
or retained in the mind of the people transmitted.
Evaluation: What does evaluation look • Evaluate curricula and students with respect to an a priori Page 187
like? standard based in normative values. The scholars evaluate
in order to scientifically determine quality control.
• Binary criterion that determines acceptance or rejection of
what they evaluate.

5. Ideology : Learner centered Ideology
QUESTION ANSWERS (Phrases or Quotes) REFERENCE
Aims: What is the purpose of • To stimulate and nurture growth in students, teachers and Page 116
education? other involved in education.
• Educational environment designed by curriculum
develops; initiate the direction of growth, and making
meaning for themselves by understanding their personal
involvement.
Student: What is the nature of student? • Students are unique individual who naturally create Page 117
meaning and knowledge through interaction with their
environment.
• Capacity to grow, their motivation to learn, ability to make
meaning due to their innate capabilities and exploratory
inclinations and impulses.
Learning : What is the role of the • Learning takes place naturally and is congruent with Page 120
learner? people’s nature.
• Learner interacts with the world around them and makes
meaning for themselves out of those interactions.
• Learners have different learning style and learning is
facilitated by relationship of openness, trust and mutual
respect.
Teaching: What is the role of the • To facilitate students growth by presenting them with Page 185
teacher? experience from which they make meaning, and the
intervene between students and their experience in order to
facilitate their growth.

6. • Experiences and modes of invention are chosen within the
curriculum to match students’ individual needs.
Knowledge : What is knowledge? • Knowledge is not viewed as a universal ,abstract, Page 126
impersonal quantity.
• Emphasis the learning person rather that knowledge ,the
quality od people’s conceptual structures and meaning
making abilities rather than the knowledge of objectivity
reality that they possess.
Evaluation: What does evaluation look • Evaluate curricula and students with respect to an a priori Page 187
like? standard based in normative values. The scholars evaluate
in order to scientifically determine quality control.
• Binary criterion that determines acceptance or rejection of
what they evaluate.

7. Ideology : Social Reconstruction Ideology
QUESTION ANSWERS (Phrases or Quotes) REFERENCE
Aims: What is the purpose of • Eliminate undesirable aspects of their culture Page 133
education? • Reconstruct their culture in such a way that its members
will attain maximum satisfaction of their material and
spiritual needs.
• Education can overcome many problems faced by the
society.
Student: What is the nature of student? • Product of society ,as social actor and a contributing Page 158
members of society who can aid in its construction.
• Use their freedom and power to mold today’s society and
can support appropriate visions of a future good society.
Learning : What is the role of the • Active assimilation of new experience into learners’ meaning Page 160
learner? structure in such a way as to force those meaning structure to
accommodate to the new experience.
• Learning is based on what one already knows about the world,
and it is meaningful only when it can be accommodated to one’s
overall conception of reality.
• As active agent in assimilating and accommodating experience
in such a way that it makes sense to the learner.
Teaching: What is the role of the • Bring aspects of society that function outside the school into the Page 185
teacher? school so that they can be used to educate children while they
are in school
• Bring endeavors that take place during school time outside the
school so that children can have firsthand experiences in their
community.

8. Knowledge : What is knowledge? • Gives ability to interpret and reconstruct their society Page 177
• Knowledge originates and exists in the subjective minds of
individuals and is dependent on the subjective meaning of
those individuals.
• Knowledge is idiosyncratic to the individual who possess it
in that each individual understands knowledge in his or her
own unique way, which is not easily accessible.
• Knowledge is useful and thus important because it allows
individuals to act to bring into existence a society better
than the present one.
Evaluation: What does evaluation look • Subjective and holistic approach to evaluating curricula Page 172, Page 187
like? and students in relation to the social situation in which they
exist.
• Takes account of the social environment in which the
curriculum is examined and involves taking account of
both the students’ performance and the student’s ability to
perform.
• Evaluation and feedback are for the purpose of aiding
students in reconstructing themselves so that they can turn
aid in the reconstruction of society.
Reference
Schiro, M. (2008). Conflicting Visions and Enduring Concerns .Curriculum Theory . SAGE Publication