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Introduction to Machine Learning

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Rahul Jain
Rahul Jain

A short presentation for beginners on Introduction of Machine Learning, What it is, how it works, what all are the popular Machine Learning techniques and learning models (supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, reinforcement learning) and how they works with various Industry use-cases and popular examples.

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Introduction to Machine Learning September 2014 Meetup Rahul Jain @rahuldausa Join us @ For Solr, Lucene, Elasticsearch, Machine Learning, IR http://www.meetup.com/Hyderabad-Apache-Solr-Lucene-Group/ http://www.meetup.com/DataAnalyticsGroup/ Join us @ For Hadoop, Spark, Cascading, Scala, NoSQL, Crawlers and all cutting edge technologies. http://www.meetup.com/Hyderabad-Programming-Geeks-Group/
Agenda • Introduction • Basics • Classification • Clustering • Regression • Use-Cases 2
Quick Questionnaire How many people have heard about Machine Learning How many people know about Machine Learning How many people are using Machine Learning
About • subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI) • name is derived from the concept that it deals with “construction and study of systems that can learn from data” • can be seen as building blocks to make computers learn to behave more intelligently • It is a theoretical concept. There are various techniques with various implementations. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning
In other words… “A computer program is said to learn from experience (E) with some class of tasks (T) and a performance measure (P) if its performance at tasks in T as measured by P improves with E”
Terminology • Features – The number of features or distinct traits that can be used to describe each item in a quantitative manner. • Samples – A sample is an item to process (e.g. classify). It can be a document, a picture, a sound, a video, a row in database or CSV file, or whatever you can describe with a fixed set of quantitative traits. • Feature vector – is an n-dimensional vector of numerical features that represent some object. • Feature extraction – Preparation of feature vector – transforms the data in the high-dimensional space to a space of fewer dimensions. • Training/Evolution set – Set of data to discover potentially predictive relationships.
Let’s dig deep into it… What do you mean by Apple
Learning (Training) Features: 1. Color: Radish/Red 2. Type : Fruit 3. Shape etc… Features: 1. Sky Blue 2. Logo 3. Shape etc… Features: 1. Yellow 2. Fruit 3. Shape etc…
Workflow
Categories • Supervised Learning • Unsupervised Learning • Semi-Supervised Learning • Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning • the correct classes of the training data are known Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
Unsupervised Learning • the correct classes of the training data are not known Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
Semi-Supervised Learning • A Mix of Supervised and Unsupervised learning Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
Reinforcement Learning • allows the machine or software agent to learn its behavior based on feedback from the environment. • This behavior can be learnt once and for all, or keep on adapting as time goes by. Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
Machine Learning Techniques
Techniques • classification: predict class from observations • clustering: group observations into “meaningful” groups • regression (prediction): predict value from observations
Classification • classify a document into a predefined category. • documents can be text, images • Popular one is Naive Bayes Classifier. • Steps: – Step1 : Train the program (Building a Model) using a training set with a category for e.g. sports, cricket, news, – Classifier will compute probability for each word, the probability that it makes a document belong to each of considered categories – Step2 : Test with a test data set against this Model • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier
Clustering • clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar to each other • objects are not predefined • For e.g. these keywords – “man’s shoe” – “women’s shoe” – “women’s t-shirt” – “man’s t-shirt” – can be cluster into 2 categories “shoe” and “t-shirt” or “man” and “women” • Popular ones are K-means clustering and Hierarchical clustering
K-means Clustering • partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering http://pypr.sourceforge.net/kmeans.html
Hierarchical clustering • method of cluster analysis which seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters. • There can be two strategies – Agglomerative: • This is a "bottom up" approach: each observation starts in its own cluster, and pairs of clusters are merged as one moves up the hierarchy. • Time complexity is O(n^3) – Divisive: • This is a "top down" approach: all observations start in one cluster, and splits are performed recursively as one moves down the hierarchy. • Time complexity is O(2^n) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering
Regression • is a measure of the relation between the mean value of one variable (e.g. output) and corresponding values of other variables (e.g. time and cost). • regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. • Regression means to predict the output value using training data. • Popular one is Logistic regression (binary regression) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression
Classification vs Regression • Classification means to group the output into a class. • classification to predict the type of tumor i.e. harmful or not harmful using training data • if it is discrete/categorical variable, then it is classification problem • Regression means to predict the output value using training data. • regression to predict the house price from training data • if it is a real number/continuous, then it is regression problem.
Let’s see the usage in Real life
Use-Cases • Spam Email Detection • Machine Translation (Language Translation) • Image Search (Similarity) • Clustering (KMeans) : Amazon Recommendations • Classification : Google News continued…
Use-Cases (contd.) • Text Summarization - Google News • Rating a Review/Comment: Yelp • Fraud detection : Credit card Providers • Decision Making : e.g. Bank/Insurance sector • Sentiment Analysis • Speech Understanding – iPhone with Siri • Face Detection – Facebook’s Photo tagging
Classification in Action isn’t it easy?
it’s not (Snapshot of Spam folder) Not a Spam Not a Spam
NER (Named Entity Recognition) http://nlp.stanford.edu:8080/ner/process
Similar/Duplicate Images Remember Features ? (Feature Extraction) Can be : • Width • Height • Contrast • Brightness • Position • Hue • Colors Credit: https://www.google.co.in/ Check this : LIRE (Lucene Image REtrieval) library - https://code.google.com/p/lire/
Recommendations http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/10/an-analysis-of-the-amazon-shopping-experience/
Popular Frameworks/Tools • Weka • Carrot2 • Gate • OpenNLP • LingPipe • Stanford NLP • Mallet – Topic Modelling • Gensim – Topic Modelling (Python) • Apache Mahout • MLib – Apache Spark • scikit-learn - Python • LIBSVM : Support Vector Machines • and many more…
Advanced concepts (related to IR) • Topic Modelling • Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) • Latent semantic analysis (LSA/LSI) - Semantic Search • Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) • Summarization (without Training)
Solr/Lucene Meetup • Case study of Rujhaan.com (A social news app ) • Saturday, Sep 27, 2014 10:00 AM • IIIT Hyderabad • URL: http://www.meetup.com/Hyderabad- Apache-Solr-Lucene-Group/events/203434032/ OR • Search on Google … Topics of Talk  Crawler(Crawler4j)  MongoDB  Solr  Nginx, ApacheTomcat  Redis  Machine Learning 1. Classification - Classification of News, Tweets - Lingpipe 2. Clustering, - Similar Items - carrot2 (Near Future: Hadoop and Apache Spark ) 3. Summarization - Extracting the main text with Automatic Summary of article 4. Topics Extraction from text
Questions ? 34
Thanks! @rahuldausa on twitter and slideshare http://www.linkedin.com/in/rahuldausa Interested in Search/Information Retrieval ? Join us @ http://www.meetup.com/Hyderabad-Apache-Solr-Lucene-Group/ 35

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Introduction to Machine Learning

  • 1. Introduction to Machine Learning September 2014 Meetup Rahul Jain @rahuldausa Join us @ For Solr, Lucene, Elasticsearch, Machine Learning, IR http://www.meetup.com/Hyderabad-Apache-Solr-Lucene-Group/ http://www.meetup.com/DataAnalyticsGroup/ Join us @ For Hadoop, Spark, Cascading, Scala, NoSQL, Crawlers and all cutting edge technologies. http://www.meetup.com/Hyderabad-Programming-Geeks-Group/
  • 2. Agenda • Introduction • Basics • Classification • Clustering • Regression • Use-Cases 2
  • 3. Quick Questionnaire How many people have heard about Machine Learning How many people know about Machine Learning How many people are using Machine Learning
  • 4. About • subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI) • name is derived from the concept that it deals with “construction and study of systems that can learn from data” • can be seen as building blocks to make computers learn to behave more intelligently • It is a theoretical concept. There are various techniques with various implementations. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning
  • 5. In other words… “A computer program is said to learn from experience (E) with some class of tasks (T) and a performance measure (P) if its performance at tasks in T as measured by P improves with E”
  • 6. Terminology • Features – The number of features or distinct traits that can be used to describe each item in a quantitative manner. • Samples – A sample is an item to process (e.g. classify). It can be a document, a picture, a sound, a video, a row in database or CSV file, or whatever you can describe with a fixed set of quantitative traits. • Feature vector – is an n-dimensional vector of numerical features that represent some object. • Feature extraction – Preparation of feature vector – transforms the data in the high-dimensional space to a space of fewer dimensions. • Training/Evolution set – Set of data to discover potentially predictive relationships.
  • 7. Let’s dig deep into it… What do you mean by Apple
  • 8. Learning (Training) Features: 1. Color: Radish/Red 2. Type : Fruit 3. Shape etc… Features: 1. Sky Blue 2. Logo 3. Shape etc… Features: 1. Yellow 2. Fruit 3. Shape etc…
  • 10. Categories • Supervised Learning • Unsupervised Learning • Semi-Supervised Learning • Reinforcement Learning
  • 11. Supervised Learning • the correct classes of the training data are known Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
  • 12. Unsupervised Learning • the correct classes of the training data are not known Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
  • 13. Semi-Supervised Learning • A Mix of Supervised and Unsupervised learning Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
  • 14. Reinforcement Learning • allows the machine or software agent to learn its behavior based on feedback from the environment. • This behavior can be learnt once and for all, or keep on adapting as time goes by. Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
  • 16. Techniques • classification: predict class from observations • clustering: group observations into “meaningful” groups • regression (prediction): predict value from observations
  • 17. Classification • classify a document into a predefined category. • documents can be text, images • Popular one is Naive Bayes Classifier. • Steps: – Step1 : Train the program (Building a Model) using a training set with a category for e.g. sports, cricket, news, – Classifier will compute probability for each word, the probability that it makes a document belong to each of considered categories – Step2 : Test with a test data set against this Model • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier
  • 18. Clustering • clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar to each other • objects are not predefined • For e.g. these keywords – “man’s shoe” – “women’s shoe” – “women’s t-shirt” – “man’s t-shirt” – can be cluster into 2 categories “shoe” and “t-shirt” or “man” and “women” • Popular ones are K-means clustering and Hierarchical clustering
  • 19. K-means Clustering • partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering http://pypr.sourceforge.net/kmeans.html
  • 20. Hierarchical clustering • method of cluster analysis which seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters. • There can be two strategies – Agglomerative: • This is a "bottom up" approach: each observation starts in its own cluster, and pairs of clusters are merged as one moves up the hierarchy. • Time complexity is O(n^3) – Divisive: • This is a "top down" approach: all observations start in one cluster, and splits are performed recursively as one moves down the hierarchy. • Time complexity is O(2^n) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering
  • 21. Regression • is a measure of the relation between the mean value of one variable (e.g. output) and corresponding values of other variables (e.g. time and cost). • regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. • Regression means to predict the output value using training data. • Popular one is Logistic regression (binary regression) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression
  • 22. Classification vs Regression • Classification means to group the output into a class. • classification to predict the type of tumor i.e. harmful or not harmful using training data • if it is discrete/categorical variable, then it is classification problem • Regression means to predict the output value using training data. • regression to predict the house price from training data • if it is a real number/continuous, then it is regression problem.
  • 23. Let’s see the usage in Real life
  • 24. Use-Cases • Spam Email Detection • Machine Translation (Language Translation) • Image Search (Similarity) • Clustering (KMeans) : Amazon Recommendations • Classification : Google News continued…
  • 25. Use-Cases (contd.) • Text Summarization - Google News • Rating a Review/Comment: Yelp • Fraud detection : Credit card Providers • Decision Making : e.g. Bank/Insurance sector • Sentiment Analysis • Speech Understanding – iPhone with Siri • Face Detection – Facebook’s Photo tagging
  • 26. Classification in Action isn’t it easy?
  • 27. it’s not (Snapshot of Spam folder) Not a Spam Not a Spam
  • 28. NER (Named Entity Recognition) http://nlp.stanford.edu:8080/ner/process
  • 29. Similar/Duplicate Images Remember Features ? (Feature Extraction) Can be : • Width • Height • Contrast • Brightness • Position • Hue • Colors Credit: https://www.google.co.in/ Check this : LIRE (Lucene Image REtrieval) library - https://code.google.com/p/lire/
  • 31. Popular Frameworks/Tools • Weka • Carrot2 • Gate • OpenNLP • LingPipe • Stanford NLP • Mallet – Topic Modelling • Gensim – Topic Modelling (Python) • Apache Mahout • MLib – Apache Spark • scikit-learn - Python • LIBSVM : Support Vector Machines • and many more…
  • 32. Advanced concepts (related to IR) • Topic Modelling • Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) • Latent semantic analysis (LSA/LSI) - Semantic Search • Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) • Summarization (without Training)
  • 33. Solr/Lucene Meetup • Case study of Rujhaan.com (A social news app ) • Saturday, Sep 27, 2014 10:00 AM • IIIT Hyderabad • URL: http://www.meetup.com/Hyderabad- Apache-Solr-Lucene-Group/events/203434032/ OR • Search on Google … Topics of Talk  Crawler(Crawler4j)  MongoDB  Solr  Nginx, ApacheTomcat  Redis  Machine Learning 1. Classification - Classification of News, Tweets - Lingpipe 2. Clustering, - Similar Items - carrot2 (Near Future: Hadoop and Apache Spark ) 3. Summarization - Extracting the main text with Automatic Summary of article 4. Topics Extraction from text
  • 35. Thanks! @rahuldausa on twitter and slideshare http://www.linkedin.com/in/rahuldausa Interested in Search/Information Retrieval ? Join us @ http://www.meetup.com/Hyderabad-Apache-Solr-Lucene-Group/ 35