Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. I hope this ppt will help u to learn about software testing.

1. Submitted by,
C.PRIYANKA KARANCY,
M.TECH,CCE,
REG. NO. PR13CS2013.

2. INTRODUCTION TO TESTING AS
AN ENGINEERING ACTIVITY

3. The software development implies that the following
approaches.
 The development process is well understood;
 Projects are planned.
 Life cycle models are defined and adhered to.
 Standards are in place for product and process.
 Measurements are employed to evaluate product and
process quality.
 Components are reused.
 Validation and verification processes play a key role in
quality
 determination;
 engineers have proper education, training, and certification.

4. Type Purposes Activities Roles
1 Test Products Test Development,
Test Execution.
Testers: Extension
of Development.
2 Measure Products Test oversight,
reporting results.
Measurers;
Quality Hurdle.
3 Measure Processes Metrics. Information
Engineers.
4 Define Processes Process and Risk
Management.
Quality and
Process Engineers.
5 Guidance Resource Quality Reference. Quality Engineers.

5.  Validation is the process of evaluating a software
system or component during, or at the end of, the
development cycle in order to determine whether it
satisfies specified requirements.
 Verification is the process of evaluating a software
system or component to determine whether the
products of a given development phase satisfy the
conditions imposed at the start of that phase.

7. Testing is generally described as a group of procedures
carried out to evaluate some aspect of a piece of
software.
Debugging, or fault localization is the process of
 locating the fault or defect,
repairing the code,
retesting the code.

8. Benefits of test process improvement are the following:
 smarter testers
 higher quality software
 the ability to meet budget and scheduling goals
 improved planning
 the ability to meet quantifiable testing goals

9. Maturity goals
Each maturity level, except 1, contains certain maturity goals.
For an organization to reach a certain level, the corresponding
maturity goals must be met by the organization.
Maturity subgoals
Maturity goals are supported by maturity subgoals
ATRs
Maturity subgoals are achieved by means of ATRs.
ATRs address issues concerning implementation of activities and
tasks.
ATRs also address how an organization can adapt its practices so
that it can move in-line with the TMM model.
ATRs are refined into “views” from the perspectives of three
groups:
Managers
Developers and test engineers
Customers (user/client).

11. Level 1 – Initial
There are no maturity goals to be met at this level.
Testing begins after code is written.
An organization performs testing to demonstrate that
the system works.
No serious effort is made to track the progress of
testing.
Test cases are designed and executed in an ad hoc
manner.
In summary, testing is not viewed as a critical, distinct
phase in software development.

12. Level 2 – Phase Definition: The maturity goals are as follows:
Develop testing and debugging goals.
Some concrete maturity subgoals that can support this goal are as follows:
Organizations form committees on testing and debugging.
The committees develop and document testing and debugging goals.
Initiate a test planning process. (Identify test objectives. Analyze risks. Devise
strategies. Develop test specifications. Allocate resources.)
Some concrete maturity subgoals that can support this goal are as follows:
Assign the task of test planning to a committee.
The committee develops a test plan template.
Proper tools are used to create and manage test plans.
Provisions are put in place so that customer needs constitute a part of the
test plan.
Institutionalize basic testing techniques and methods.
The following concrete subgoals support the above maturity subgoal.
An expert group recommends a set of basic testing techniques and
methods.
The management establishes policies to execute the recommendations.

13. Level 3 – Integration: The maturity goals are as follows:
Establish a software test group.
Concrete subgoals to support the above are:
An organization-wide test group is formed with leadership,
support, and $$.
The test group is involved in all stages of the software
development.
Trained and motivated test engineers are assigned to the
group.
The test group communicates with the customers.
Establish a technical training program.
Integrate testing into the software lifecycle.
Concrete subgoals to support the above are:
The test phase is partitined into several activities: unit,
integration, system, and acceptance testing.
Follow the V-model.
Control and monitor the testing process.
Concrete subgoals to support the above are:
Develop policies and mechanisms to monitor and control test
projects.
Define a set of metrics related to the test project.
Be prepared with a contingency plan

14. Level 4 – Management and Measurement: The maturity goals are:
Establish an organization-wide review program.
Maturity subgoals to support the above are as follows.
The management develops review policies.
The test group develops goals, plans, procedures, and recording
mechanisms for carrying out reviews.
Members of the test group are trained to be effective.
Establish a test management program.
Maturity subgoals to support the above are as follows.
Test metrics should be identified along with their goals.
A test measurement plan is developed for data collection and analysis.
An action plan should be developed to achieve process improvement.
Evaluate software quality.
Maturity subgoals to support the above are as follows.
The organization defines quality attributes and quality goals for products.
The management develops policies and mechanisms to collect test
metrics to support the quality goals.

15. Level 5 –Optimization, Defect Prevention and Quality Control: The maturity
goals are as follows:
Application of process data for defect prevention
Maturity subgoals to support the above are as follows.
Establish a defect prevention team.
Document defects that have been identified and removed.
Each defect is analyzed to get to its root cause.
Develop an action plan to eliminate recurrence of common defects.
Statistical quality control
Maturity subgoals to support the above are as follows.
Establish high-level measurable quality goals. (Ex. Test case execution
rate, defect arrival rate, …)
Ensure that the new quality goals form a part of the test plan.
The test group is trained in statistical testing and analysis methods.

16.  2.1 Basic Definition
 Errors: An error is a mistake, misconception, or
misunderstanding on the part of a software developer.
 Faults (Defects)
 A fault (defect) is introduced into the software as the result
of an error. It is an anomaly in the software that may cause
it to behave incorrectly, and not according to its
specification.
 Failures
 A failure is the inability of a software system or component
to perform its require functions within specified
performance requirements.

17.  A test case in a practical sense is a test-related item which
contains the following information:
1. A set of test inputs. These are data items received from an
external source by the code under test. The external source can
be hardware, software, or human.
2. Execution conditions. These are conditions required for
running the test, for example, a certain state of a database, or a
configuration of a hardware device.
3. Expected outputs. These are the specified results to be
produced by the code under test.

18. Test
A test is a group of related test cases, or a group of related
test cases and test Procedures.
Test Oracle
A test oracle is a document, or piece of software that allows
testers to determine whether a test has been passed or failed.
Test Bed
A test bed is an environment that contains all the hardware
and software needed to test a software component or a
software system.

19.  1. Quality relates to the degree to which a system,
system component, or process meets specified
requirements.
 2. Quality relates to the degree to which a system,
system component, or process meets customer or user
needs, or expectations.
Metric:
 A metric is a quantitative measure of the degree to
which a system, system component, or process
possesses a given attribute.

20.  The software quality assurance (SQA) group is a team
of people with the necessary training and skills to
ensure that all necessary actions are taken during the
development process so hat the resulting software
conforms to established technical requirements.
 REVIEW:
A review is a group meeting whose purpose is to
evaluate a software artifact or a set of software
artifacts.

21.  Principle 1. Testing is the process of exercising a
software component using a selected set of test cases,
with the intent of (i) revealing defects, and (ii)
evaluating quality.
 Principle 2. When the test objective is to detect
defects, then a good test case is one that has a high
probability of revealing a yet undetected defect(s).

22. Principle 3. Test results should be inspected meticulously.
Principle 4. A test case must contain the expected output or result.
Principle 5. Test cases should be developed for both valid and
invalid input conditions.
Principle 6. The probability of the existence of additional defects in
a software component is proportional to the number of defects already
detected in that component.
Principle 7. Testing should be carried out by a group that is
independent of the development group.
Principle 8. Tests must be repeatable and reusable.
Principle 9. Testing should be planned.
Principle 10. Testing activities should be integrated into the software
life cycle.
Principle 11. Testing is a creative and challenging task.

23.  The term defect and its relationship to the terms
error and failure in the context of the software
development domain.
 Sources of defects are Education,
Communication, Oversight, Transcription,
Process.

25. Defect classes and the defect repository.
1 . Functional Description Defects.
2 . Feature Defects
Features may be described as distinguishing
characteristics of a software component or system.
3 . Feature Interaction Defects
4 . Interface Description Defects

26.  Design defects occur when system components,
interactions between system components, interactions
between the components and outside
software/hardware, or users are incorrectly designed.
 This covers defects in the design of algorithms, control,
logic, data elements, module interface descriptions, and
external software/hardware/user interface descriptions.

27.  Algorithmic and Processing Defects
 Control, Logic, and Sequence Defects
 Data Defects
 Module Interface Description Defects
 Functional Description Defects
 External Interface Description Defects.

28.  Coding defects are derived from errors in implementing the code.
Coding defects classes are closely related to design defect classes
especially if pseudo code has been used for detailed design.
 Algorithmic and Processing Defects
 Control, Logic and Sequence Defects
 Typographical Defects
 Initialization Defects
 Data-Flow Defects
 Data Defects
 Module Interface Defects
 Code Documentation Defects
 External Hardware, Software Interfaces Defects

29.  Test Harness Defects
 Test Case Design and Test Procedure Defects

30.  The Smart Tester:
Software components have defects, no matter how
well our defect prevention activities are implemented.
Developers cannot prevent/eliminate all defects during
development.
 Test Case Design Strategies
A smart tester who wants to maximize use of time
and resources knows that she needs to develop what we
will call effective test cases for execution-based testing.

31.  Black box testing approach uses only the input and
the output on the basis of designing test cases.
 infinite time and resources are not available to
exhaustively test all possible inputs.
 The goal for the smart tester is to effectively use the
resources available by developing a set of test cases
that gives the maximum yield of defects for the time
and effort spent.

32.  Each software module or system has an input domain from
which test input data is selected. If a tester randomly selects
inputs from the domain, this is called random testing.
 Issues in random testing:
 Are the three values adequate to show that the module
meets its specification when the tests are run?
 Should additional or fewer values be used to make the most
effective use of resources?
 Are there any input values, other than those selected, more
likely to reveal defects?
 Should any values outside the valid domain be used as test
inputs?

33.  If a tester is viewing the software-under-test as a black
box with well-defined inputs and outputs, a good
approach to selecting test inputs is to use a method
called equivalence class partitioning.
 Equivalence class partitioning results in a partitioning
of the input domain of the software under test. The
technique can also be used to partition the output
domain, but this is not a common usage.

34. 1. It eliminates the need for exhaustive testing, which is not
feasible.
2. It guides a tester in selecting a subset of test inputs with a
high probability of detecting a defect.
3.It allows a tester to cover a larger domain of
inputs/outputs with a smaller subset selected from an
equivalence class.

35.  1. ‘‘If an input condition for the software-under-test is specified
as a range of values, select one valid equivalence class that
covers the allowed range and two invalid equivalence classes,
one outside each end of the range.’’
 2. ‘‘If an input condition for the software-under-test is specified
as a number of values, then select one valid equivalence class
that includes the allowed number of values and two invalid
equivalence classes that are outside each end of the allowed
number.’’

36. 3. ‘‘If an input condition for the software-under-test is specified as a set
of valid input values, then select one valid equivalence class that
contains all the members of the set and one invalid equivalence class
for any value outside the set.’’
4.‘‘If an input condition for the software-under-test is specified as a
“must be” condition, select one valid equivalence class to represent
the “must be” condition and one invalid class that does not include
the “must be” condition.’’
5. ‘‘If the input specification or any other information leads to the belief
that an element in an equivalence class is not handled in an identical
way by the software-under-test, then the class should be further
partitioned into smaller equivalence classes.’’

37.  Equivalence class partitioning gives the tester a
useful tool with which to develop black box based-test
cases for the software-under-test. The method
requires that a tester has access to a specification of
input/output behavior for the target software.
 The test cases developed based on equivalence class
partitioning can be strengthened by use of an another
technique called boundary value analysis.

38.  C a u s e - a n d - E f f e c t G r a p h i n g
Cause-and-effect graphing is a technique that can be used to
combine conditions and derive an effective set of test cases that
may disclose inconsistencies in a specification.
 S t a t e T r a n s i t i o n T e s t i n g
State transition testing is useful for both procedural and
object-oriented development. It is based on the concepts of states
and finite-state machines, and allows the tester to view the
developing software in term of its states, transitions between
states, and the inputs and events that trigge state changes.

39.  Designing test cases using the error guessing
approach is based on the tester’s/developer’s past
experience with code similar to the code-under
test, and their intuition as to where defects may
lurk in the code.
 Code similarities may extend to the structure of
the code, its domain, the design approach used, its
complexity, and other factors.

40.  As software development evolves into an
engineering discipline, the reuse of software
components will play an increasingly important
role.
 Reuse of components means that developers
need not reinvent the wheel; instead they can
reuse an existing software component with the
required functionality.

41.  Black box methods have ties to the other maturity goals at
TMM level 2.
 The defect/problem fix report should contain the following
information:
• project identifier
• the problem/defect identifier
• testing phase that uncovered the defect
• a classification for the defect found
• a description of the repairs that were done
• the identification number(s) of the associated tests
• the date of repair
• the name of the repairer.

42. S T R A T E G I E S A N D M E T H O D S
F O R T E S T C A S E D E S I G N -II

43.  Testers need a framework for deciding which structural
elements to select as the focus of testing, for choosing
the appropriate test data, and for deciding when the
testing efforts are adequate enough to terminate the
process with confidence that the software is working
properly.
 Such a framework exists in the form of test adequacy
criteria.

44. The application scope of adequacy criteria also includes:
(i) helping testers to select properties of a program to focus on during
test;
(ii) helping testers to select a test data set for a program based on the
selected properties;
(iii) supporting testers with the development of quantitative objectives
for
testing;
(iv) indicating to testers whether or not testing can be stopped for that
program.
A program is said to be adequately tested with respect to a given
criterion if all of the target structural elements have been exercised
according to the selected criterion.

45.  The application of coverage analysis is typically
associated with the use of control and data flow
models to represent program structural elements
and data.
 The logic elements most commonly considered
for coverage are based on the flow of control in a
unit of code.

46.  Logic-based white box–based test design and use of
test data adequacy/coverage concepts provide two
major payoffs for the tester: (i) quantitative coverage
goals can be proposed, and (ii) commercial tool support
is readily available to facilitate the tester’s work.
 The tester must decide, based on the type of code,
reliability requirements, and resources available which
criterion to select, since the stronger the criterion
selected the more resources are usually required to
satisfy it.

47.  The cyclomatic complexity attribute is very
useful to a tester.
 The complexity value is usually calculated from
the control flow graph (G) by the formula
 V(G) =E -N +2
 The value E is the number of edges in the control
flow graph and N is the number of nodes.

48.  Additionally, use of software logic and control
structures to guide test data generation and to
evaluate test completeness there are alternative
methods that focus on other characteristics of the
code.
 To satisfy the all def-use criterion the tester must
identify and classify occurrences of all the
variables in the software under test.

49.  Loops are among the most frequently used
control structures. Experienced software
engineers realize that many defects are
associated with loop constructs.
 Loop testing strategies focus on detecting
common defects associate with these
structures.

50.  Mutation testing is another approach to test data
generation that requires knowledge of code
structure, but it is classified as a fault-based
testing approach.
 It considers the possible faults that could occur in
a software component as the basis for test data
generation and evaluation of testing effectiveness.

51. Mutation testing makes two major assumptions:
1. The competent programmer hypothesis. This states that a
competent programmer writes programs that are nearly correct.
Therefore assume that there are no major construction errors in the
program; the code is correct except for a simple error(s).
2. The coupling effect. This effect relates to questions a tester might
have about how well mutation testing can detect complex errors
since the changes made to the code are very simple.

52.  Testers are often faced with the decision of which criterion to apply
to a given item under test given the nature of the item and the
constraints of the test environment (time, costs, resources).
 Testers can use the axioms to
◦ Recognize both strong and weak adequacy criteria; a tester may
decide to use a weak criterion, but should be aware of its
weakness with respect to the properties described by the axioms;
◦ Focus attention on the properties that an effective test data
adequacy criterion should exhibit;
◦ Select an appropriate criterion for the item under test;
◦ Stimulate thought for the development of new criteria; the axioms
are the framework with which to evaluate these new criteria.

53.  The axioms are based on the following set of
assumptions:
(i) programs are written in a structured
programming language;
(ii) programs are SESE (single entry/single exit);
(iii) all input statements appear at the beginning of
the program;
(iv) all output statements appear at the end of the
program.

54.  Applicability Property
 Non-exhaustive applicability Property
 Monotonicity Property
 Inadequate Empty Set
 Antiextensionality Property
 General Multiple Change Property
 Antidecomposition Property
 Anticomposition Property
 Complexity Property
 Statement Coveraage Property

55. Use of different testing strategies and methods has the following benefits:
1. The tester is encouraged to view the developing software from several
different views to generate the test data.
2.The tester must interact with other development personnel such as
requirements analysts and designers to review their representations of the
software.
3.The tester is better equipped to evaluate the quality of the testin effort (there
are more tools and approaches available from the combination
of strategies).
4.The tester is better able to contribute to organizational test process
improvement efforts based on his/her knowledge of a variety of testing
strategies.

56.  Levels of testing include the different
methodologies that can be used while conducting
Software Testing.
 They are:
◦ Unit Test
◦ Integration Test
◦ System Test
◦ Acceptance Test

58.  This type of testing is performed by the developers
before the setup is handed over to the testing team to
formally execute the test cases.
 Unit testing is performed by the respective developers
on the individual units of source code assigned areas.
The developers use test data that is separate from the
test data of the quality assurance team.
 The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the
program and show that individual parts are correct in
terms of requirements and functionality.

59.  Testing cannot catch each and every bug in an
application. It is impossible to evaluate every
execution path in every software application. The
same is the case with unit testing.
 There is a limit to the number of scenarios and test
data that the developer can use to verify the source
code. So after he has exhausted all options there is
no choice but to stop unit testing and merge the
code segment with other units.

60.  The testing of combined parts of an application to
determine if they function correctly together is
Integration testing. There are two methods of doing
Integration Testing Bottom-up Integration testing and
Top Down Integration testing.
 The process concludes with multiple tests of the
complete application, preferably in scenarios designed
to mimic those it will encounter in customers'
computers, systems and network.

61. SNO. Integration Testing Method
1 Bottom-up integration
This testing begins with unit testing, followed by tests of
progressively higher-level combinations of units called
modules or builds.
2 Top-Down integration
This testing, the highest-level modules are tested first and
progressively lower-level modules are tested after that.

62.  This is the next level in the testing and tests the system as a whole.
Once all the components are integrated, the application as a whole is
tested rigorously to see that it meets Quality Standards. This type of
testing is performed by a specialized testing team.
 System testing is so important because of the following reasons:
 System Testing is the first step in the Software Development Life
Cycle, where the application is tested as a whole.
 The application is tested thoroughly to verify that it meets the
functional and technical specifications.
 The application is tested in an environment which is very close to the
production environment where the application will be deployed.
 System Testing enables us to test, verify and validate both the business
requirements as well as the Applications Architecture.

63.  Functional testing
 Performance testing
 Stress testing
 Configuration testing
 Security testing
 Recovery testing

64.  This is arguably the most importance type of testing as it is conducted by
the Quality Assurance Team who will gauge whether the application meets
the intended specifications and satisfies the client.s requirements. The QA
team will have a set of pre written scenarios and Test Cases that will be
used to test the application.
 More ideas will be shared about the application and more tests can be
performed on it to gauge its accuracy and the reasons why the project was
initiated. Acceptance tests are not only intended to point out simple
spelling mistakes, cosmetic errors or Interface gaps, but also to point out
any bugs in the application that will result in system crashers or major
errors in the application.
 By performing acceptance tests on an application the testing team will
deduce how the application will perform in production. There are also legal
and contractual requirements for acceptance of the system.

65.  This test is the first stage of testing and will be performed
amongst the teams (developer and QA teams). Unit testing,
integration testing and system testing when combined are
known as alpha testing. During this phase, the following
will be tested in the application:
 Spelling Mistakes
 Broken Links
 Cloudy Directions
 The Application will be tested on machines with the lowest
specification to test loading times and any latency
problems.

66. Beta test is performed after Alpha testing has been successfully
performed. In beta testing a sample of the intended audience tests
the application. Beta testing is also known as pre-release testing.
In this phase the audience will be testing the following:
 Users will install, run the application and send their feedback to
the project team.
 Typographical errors, confusing application flow, and even
crashes.
 Getting the feedback, the project team can fix the problems
before releasing the software to the actual users.
 The more issues you fix that solve real user problems, the higher
the quality of your application will be.
 Having a higher-quality application when you release to the
general public will increase customer satisfaction.

67.  The development, documentation, and
institutionalization of goals and related policies is
important to an organization.
 The goals/policies may be business-related,
technical, or political in nature.
 They are the basis for decision making; therefore
setting goals and policies requires the
participation and support of upper management.

68.  1.Business goal: to increase market share 10% in the
next 2 years in the area of financial software.
 2. Technical goal: to reduce defects by 2% per year
over the next 3 years.
 3. Business/technical goal: to reduce hotline calls by
5% over the next 2 years.
 4. Political goal: to increase the number of women and
minorities in high management positions by 15% in the
next 3 years.

69.  A plan is a document that provides a framework or
approach for achieving a set of goals.
 Test plans for software projects are very complex and
detailed documents.
 The planner usually includes the following essential high-level
items.
 Overall test objectives.
 What to test (scope of the tests).
 Who will test
 How to test
 When to test
 When to stop testing

72.  Test Item Transmittal Report is not a component of the test plan,
but is necessary to locate and track the items that are submitted
for test. Each Test Item Transmittal Report has a unique
identifier.
 It should contain the following information for each item that is
tracked.
 Version/revision number of the item;
 Location of the item;
 Persons responsible for the item (e.g., the developer);
 References to item documentation and the test plan it is related
to;
 Status of the item;
 Approvals—space for signatures of staff who approve the
transmittal.

73.  The test plan and its attachments are test-related
documents that are prepared prior to test execution.
There are additional documents related to testing that
are prepared during and after execution of the tests.
 The test log should be prepared by the person
executing the tests. It is a diary of the events that take
place during the test.
 Test Log Identifier
Each test log should have a unique identifier.

75.  Working with management to develop testing and debugging policy
and goals.
 Participating in the teams that oversee policy compliance and
change management.
 Familiarizing themselves with the approved set of testing/debugging
goals and policies, keeping up-to-date with revisions, and making
suggestions for changes when appropriate.
 When developing test plans, setting testing goals for each project at
each level of test that reflect organizational testing goals and
policies.
 Carrying out testing activities that are in compliance with
organizational policies.

76. THANK YOU 