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(Evaluation and Generation of Computer)
2.1. ifjp; (Introduction)
dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl yxHkx 3]000 o"kZ iqjkuk gS orZeku le; esa iz;qDr dEI;wVj iz.kkf.k;k¡
bysfDVªkfud rduhd ij vk/kkfjr e’kkhuksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gSaA dEI;wVj ,d ,slh e'khu gS
tks funsZ'kksa ij dk;Z djrh gS ;g ekuo efLr"d dh rjg Lo;a dk;Z djus dh {kerk ugh j[krh
bls ftrus funsZ'k fn;s tkrs gS ;g mruk gh dk;Z djrh gSA ysfdu blds ckn Hkh ;g ekuo
tkfr ds dk;Z {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ lgk;d dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gS A
2.2. dEI;wVj dh fo'ks"krk;sa
bldh dbZ fo'ks"krk;as gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1-xfr (Speed).dEI;wVj dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk rhozxfr gSA- dEI;wVj ,d cgqr gh QkLV
fMokbZl gSA ;g dqN gh lsdaM esa dbZ yk[k lk/kkj.k dSydqys'ku dks dj ldrk gS A ;s dEI;wVj dh
LihM dks feyh lsdaM ] ekbZØks lsd.M ] uSuks lsdaM esa ekik tkrk gS A jsYos ;k gokbZ vkj{k.k dh
tkudkjh ysuk gks ;k Bank Balance ns[kuk gks bldh tkudkjh rqjUr fey tkrh gS A ekSle
ls lacaf/kr lgh Hkfo";ok.kh dEI;wVj dh rhoz xfr dh otg ls gh laHko gS A
2-'kq)rk (Accuracy).dEI;wVj dh ,D;wjslh cgqr T;knk gksrh gS] ;g viuk dke fcuk fdlh xYrh
ds djrk gS rFkk bldh ,D;wjslh 100 izfr'kr gksrh gS A;fn buds ifj.kke v'kq) gksrs gS rks og ;k
rks ;kaf=d xM+cM+h ;k mi;ksxdrkZ (User) dh gksrh gSA ;s xyrh xyr izksxzke] xyr MkVk ;k
v'kq) vkdM+ks dh otg ls gksrh gSA
dEI;wVj dh
fo'ks"krk;sa
xfr
'kq)rk
lap;u
{kerk
Lopk
yu
l{kerk
lkoZHkkSfedrk
fo'oluh;rk
;kn djus dh
{kerk
3-lap;u {kerk(Storage Capacity).,d dEI;wVj dh MkVk dh laxzg {kerk cgqr mPp gksrh
gSA dEI;wVj yk[kksa 'kCnksa dks cgqr de txg esa laxzghr (stored) djds j[k ldrk gS ;g lHkh
izdkj ds data, picture, program, games rFkk voice dks dbZ o"kksZ rd laxzghr djds
j[k ldrk gS rFkk vius mi;ksx esa lwpuk dqN gh lsdaM esa izkIr dj ldrs gS rFkk vius
mi;ksx es yk ldrs gS blds vykok ;fn processing gsrq data computer dh xfr ds
vuqlkj miyC/k u gks rks mls igys laxzghr (stored) fd;k tk ldrk gS A
4-Lopkyu (Automation). dEI;wVj viuk lkjk dke yxHkx Lopkfyr :i ls djrk gS
ysfdu Lopkyd dk dEI;wVj ds fy, ,d fof'k"V vFkZ gSA dEI;wVj ,d Lopfyr e'khu izksxzke
ds funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA ,d ckj ;fn xyrh jfgr funsZ'kksa (instructions) o
MkVk dks dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa Mky fn;k tk;s rks og fcuk fdlh ekuo lgk;rk ds Lor% gh
,d ds ckn ,d dk;Z djrk tkrk gS tSls mls funZs'k fn;s tk;s A vkSj tc rd okafNr ifj.kke
(accurate result) izkIr u gks tk;s A tSls %& ekdZ'khV cukus ds fy;s ;fn izR;sd LVwMsUV us
6 lctsDVksa esa ijh{kk nh gS] rks mldk VksVy fudkyus ds fy;s igys ,d lctsDV ds vad
fy[kus ds ckn Enter caVu nckus ds ckn nwljs lctsDV dk vad fy[kk tkrk gS] ;fn Øe 6
ckj djuk gks rks ,d dSYdqys'ku }kjk vf/kd le; yxsxkA ysfdu ;fn blh dk;Z dks dEI;wVj
ds }kjk djk;k tk;s rks flQZ lHkh lctsDV ds uEcj dEI;wVj esa buiqV djus ds fy;s le;
yxsxkA
5-l{kerk (Diligence).dEI;wVj dh ,d vksj cM+h fo'ks"krk gS mldh yxkrkj dk;Z djrs jgus
dh {kerkA ;g ekuo dh rjg Fkdku vkSj cksfj;r eglwl ugh djrk vkSj fcuk :ds gh ;g
viuh xfr vkSj 'kq)rk ls dk;Z djrk jgrk gSA dEI;wVj tfVy vkSj nqgjk;s tkus okys
(repetitive) dk;Z vPNh rjg dk;Z dj ldrk gS vkSj mlesa dksbZ =`fV (error) Hkh ugh
NksM+rk A ;g yacs le; rd ,d gh dk;Z dks djrs gq;s Fkdrk ugh gS vkSj ykijokgh Hkh ugh
cjrrk D;ksfd ;g ,d e'khu gS A
6-lkoZHkkSfedrk (Varsatility). dEI;wVj dk egRo cgqeq[kh (verstile) gSA ;g fofHkUu dk;Z
bles laxzghr funsZ'kksa (intructions) ds vk/kkj ij dj ldrk gSA dEI;wVj viuh lkoZHkkSfed
okys xq.k ds dkj.k cM+h rsth ls ikiqyj gks jgk gSA dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh ;a= dk uke u jgdj
vkVksesfVd e'khu ds xzqi dk uke gks x;k gSA dEI;wVj dks igys xf.krh; dk;ksZa dks djus ds
fy;s cuk;k x;k Fkk ysfdu /khjs /khjs ;g O;olkf;d dk;ksZa ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yk;k tkus yxk
gS A tSls- dEI;wVj ds lkFk fizaVj yxkdj lHkh izdkj dh tkudkjh dks dbZ vyx&vyx
fMtkbZuksa esa fjiztsaV fd;k tk ldrk gSA dEI;wVj dks Qksu ykbZu esa tksM+us ij lkjh nqfu;k esa
buQkesZ'ku dks vknku&iznku fd;k tk ldrk gS A dEI;wVj esa dbZ vyx&vyx izdkj ds xsEl
[ksys tk ldrs gSa A
dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh ;a= dk uke u jg dj automatic machines ds lewg dk uke gks x;k
gSA dEI;wVj dks igys xf.krh; dk;ksZ dk laiUu djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k Fkk A ysfdu
/khjs&/khjs ;g O;olkf;d dk;ksZ ds fy;s vf/kd iz;ksx esa yk;k tkus yxk gSA
7- fo'oluh;rk (Realiability).dEI;wVj dh LVksj djus dh {kerk] ,D;wjslh rFkk ;kn j[kus
dh 'kfDr vf/kd gksrh gS vFkkZr dEI;wVj esa ;k dEI;wVj ls tqM+h gqbZ lkjh fØ;k,¡ fo'oluh;
gksrh gSaA rks dEI;wVj esa ;k dEI;wVj ls tqM+h gqbZ lkjh fØ;k;sa fo'oluh; gksrh gS vkSj ;g o"kksZ
rd dk;Z djrs gq;s Fkdrk ugh gSA 10 o"kZ ls vf/kd le; ds ckn Hkh ;g viuh eseksjh esa ls
MkVk dks fcuk fdlh ijs'kkuh ds rqjUr ges ns ldrk gSA
8. ;kn djus dh {kerk (Power of Remembrance). ,d O;fDr vius thou esa cgqr lkjh
ckrsa djrk gS rFkk flQZ egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gS oks Hkh dqN le; ds fy;s] ysfdu
dEI;wVj lkjh ckrksa dks pkgs og egRoiw.kZ gks ;k u gks dks vius esa LVksj djds j[krk gS rFkk
ckn esa Hkh dHkh Hkh fdlh lwpuk dks vko';drk iM+us ij miyC/k djkrk gS A
2.3. dEI;wVj dh lhek;sa ( Limitations of Computers)
1- Kku ,oa cqf)erk dh deh. dEI;wVj fn;s x;s dk;ksZ dks flQZ funsZ'kksa ds Øekuqlkj gh rhozrk
,oa 'kq)rk ls dj ldrk gs A blesa O;ogkfjd Kku ,oa cqf)erk dh deh gksrh gSA dEI;wVj
ls lwpuk;sa izkIr djus ds fy;s mls lgh lwpuk;sa nsuk vko';d gS og fdlh Hkh NksVh ls
NksVh xyrh dks Lor% lq/kkjus esa vleFkZ gSA
2- vuqHko Kku vkSj psruk. dEI;wVj euq"; dh rjg vuqHko ugh dj ldrk mlesa psruk dk
vkHkko gksrk gSA euq"; vius vuqHko Kku vkSj psruk ls dbZ dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
3- QSlys ugh ys ldrk. dEI;wVj vius vki esa dksbZ QSlys ugh ys ldrk u gh vius vki
dksbZ lwpuk ns ldrk gSA ekuo ds leku vizR;kf'kr (unexpected) ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fodYi
dEI;wVj ugh fudky ldrk A
4- inksa (steps) dk ikyu djds fØ;k. dEI;wVj fdlh y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy;s ifjfer
¼fuf'pr½ la[;k ds inksa (steps) dk ikyu djds fØ;k (process) djrk gS izR;sd step
Li"V gksuk pkfg;s vkSj lHkh steps Øekuqlkj gksus pkfg;s A
dEI;wVj ds ,sls devices tks dEI;wVj ds vanj lwpuk igaawpkrs gSa] buiqV devices dgykrs gSA
dEI;wVj ds ftl fgLls esa lHkh izdkj dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS mls lasVªy izkslflax ;wfuV dgrs
gSaA tks lwpuk dEI;wVj dks nh tkrh gS mls dEI;wVj ,d fo'ks"k LFkku j[k ysrk gSa] bls ge
dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dgrs gSaA x.kuk djus ds ckn dEI;wVj ftu devices ds ek/;e ls ifj.kke
ge rd igqapkrk gS mUgsa vkmViqV dgrs gSaA
2.4. dEI;wVj dk dzfed fodkl (Evolution of Computer )
dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl yxHkx 3]000 o"kZ iqjkuk gS orZeku le; esa iz;qDr dEI;wVj iz.kkf.k;k¡
bysfDVªkfud rduhd ij vk/kkfjr e’kkhuksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gSaA
(i).vcsdl (Abacus). tcfd phu esa ,d x.kuk ;a= (calculating machine) vcsdl dk
vfo"dkj gqvk A tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.2 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ;g ,d ;kaf=d fMokbl
(Mechianical device) gSA
fp´ &1.2 vcsdl (Abacus)
(ii). ,afMx e'khu (Adding Machine). lu~ 1642 esa lcls igyk ;kaf=d x.kuk ;a= rS;kj
fd;k x;k Fkk] ikLdykbu uked bl x.kuk ;a= dks Cyst ikLdy us rS;kj fd;k FkkA blds
ckn lu~ 1973 esa teZu xf.krK o nk’kZfud xkWVQzsM oku yscuht us ikLdykbu dk u;k :i
rS;kj fd;k] ftls jsdfuax e’khu dgrs gSaA ikLdykbu x.kuk ;a= flQZ tksM+ ,oa ?kVkus dh
fØ;k djus esa l{ke Fkk tcfd jsdfuax e’khu tksM+ o ?kVkus ds vykok xq.kk rFkk Hkkx dh
lafØ;k,¡ Hkh lQyrkiwoZd lEikfnr djrh FkhA
(iii). jsdfuax e'khu (Reckoning machine). lu~ 1673 esa teZu xf.krK o nk'kZfud xzkVÝsM
oku yscuht (Gottfried Von Leibniz) us ikLdykbu dk fodflr :i rS;kj fd;k ftls ^
jsdfuax e'khu * (Reckoning machine) dgrs gS A tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.3 esa n'kkZ;k x;k
gSa ;g e'khu vadks ds tksM+ o ckdh ds vykok xq.kk o Hkkx dh fØ;k Hkh dj ldrh FkhA
fp´ &1.3 jsdfuax e'khu
(iv). fMQjsUl baftu (difference engine and Analytical engine). lu~ 1822 esa pkYlZ cSost
us fMQjsUl baftu uked ,d x.kuk ;a= dk vfo"dkj fd;kA pkYlZ cSost us vius fMQjsal
baftu dks fodflr djds lu~ 1833 esa ,d uohu laLdj.k fodflr fd;k] ftldk uke
,ukfyfVdy baftu FkkA tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.4 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ,ukfyfVdy baftu esa
funsZ’kksZ dks laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA pkYlZ cSost ds bl ,ukfyfVdy baftu us dEI;wVj
foKku ds ewy fl)kar dks izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk] blhfy;s dEI;wVj dks Qknj vkWQ dEI;wVj
lkbal dgk tkrk gSA
fp´ &1.4 fMQjsUl baftu (difference engine and Analytical engine).
(v). Punch card. lu~ 1896 esa gksysfjFk us punch card ;a= cukus dh ,d daiuh (Tabulating
Machine Company) LFkkfir dhA lu~ 1911 esa bl daiuh dk vU; daiuh ds lkFk feydj
ifjofrZr uke Computer Tabulating Company gks x;k A lu~ 1924 esa bl daiuh dk uke
iqu% ifjofrZr gksdj International Business Machine (IBM) gks x;k A
(vi). Mark I & A.BC. IBM ds Dr. Haward Aiken us 1944 eas ,d e'khu dks fodflr
fd;k vkSj bldk uke Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator j[kkA ckn es bl e'khu
dk uke Mark I j[kk x;k A ;g fo'o dk lcls igyk fo|qr ;kaf=d dEI;wVj
(Electromechanical Computer) Fkk A lu~ 1945 esa Atanasoft us ,d electronic machine dks
fodflr fd;k ftldk uke A.B.C. j[kk x;k A A.B.C. 'kCn Atanasoft Berry Computer dk
laf{kIr :i gSA ABC lcls igyk electronic digital computer FkkA
2.5 dEI;wVj dh ihf<+;k¡ (Generation of Computer )
bysfDVªkWfud dEI;wVj ds fodkl dks lu~ 1946 ls vc rd ik¡p ihf<+;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk
ldrk gSA izR;sd ubZz ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr u;s izkslslj] ifjiFk vkSj vU; iqtksZa
ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gsA
1. izFke ih<+h ¼1946 & 1955½. izFke bysDVªkWfud dEI;wVj lu~ 1946 esa vfLrRo esa vk;k
ftldk uke bysfDVªkWfud U;wesfjdy bUVhxzsVsj ,.M dSydqysVj (ENIC) FkkA bldk vfo"dkj ts-
ih-bZdVZ rFkk bZ-MCY;w eks’kys us fd;k FkkA bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh
fd bles Vaccume tube dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.5 esa n'kkZ;k
x;k gSa Vaccume tube ml le; miyC/k ,dek= electronic vo;o FkkA vr% buds
mi;ksx igyk electronic computer cuuk laHko gqvk ftlesa fu;a=.k ,d dsUæh; bdkbZ
CPU ds }kjk gksrk FkkA
fp´ 1.5 izFke ih<+h dEI;wVj
ENIC, EDVAC, UNIVAC vkfn izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj FksA
izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa
1. ;s ml le; lcls rhcz x.kd FksA
2. ;g dEI;wVj vius le; ds lcls rst xfr ds x.kuk midj.k Fks A
3. ;g x.kuk;sa feyh lsdsaM esa djus esa l{ke FksA
dEI;wVj dh ihf<+;k¡
izFke ih<+h
¼1946 & 1955½
f}rh; ih<+h
(1956 - 1964)
r`rh; ih<+h
(1965-75)
prqFkZ ih<+h
(1976-81)
ikapoh ih<+h
4. bles Primary input or output ds fy;s punchcard dk dEI;wVj flLVe es mi;ksx gksrk
FkkA ;s e’khuh Hkk"kk esa dk;Z djrs Fks] tgk¡ lHkh funsZ’k rFkk MkVk 0 ,oa 1 ds :Ik esa fn;s tkrs
FksA
5. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k
6. vkdkj esa cgqr cM+s FksA
7. vfo’oluh; FksA
1. fuokZr V~;qc (Vacccume Tube) ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k budk Hkkj vf/kd gksrk FkkA
2. bls pykus ds fy;s vf/kd fo|qrh; ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh Fkh ftlls vf/kd Å"ek
mRiUu gksrh FkhA
3. Vaccume tube ty tkus ij ckj & ckj cnyuk gksrk Fkk A
4. bu dEI;wVj dh vk;q de gksrh Fkh A
5. yxkrkj j[k&j[kko vko';d Fkk A
6. ;g de Hkjksls ean gksrs Fks A
2. f}rh; ih<+h (1956 - 1964). f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa es eq[; rkfdZd iqtkZ (main logic
element) Vaccume tube ds LFkku ij VªkaftLVj (Transistor) yxk;k tkus yxkA tSlk dh
fp´ Øekad&1.5 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ftls William Shadekey us lu~ 1947 esa fodflr fd;k
FkkA bls f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa eq[; dEiksusaV ds :i iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
fp´ 1.5 r`rh; ih<+h dEI;wVj
Transistor dk dk;Z vaccume tube ds leku Fkk ysfdu bldh dk;Z djus dh xfr vf/kd
Fkh rFkk ;g vkdkj esa NksVk o vf/kd fo'oluh; FkkA VªkaftLVj yxkrkj fo|qr ds laogu ls
de xje gksrk FkkA vkSj fo|qr ds [kir Hkh de gksrh Fkh A Transistor germanium semi-
conductor material ls cuk gksrk Fkk bl ih<+h es ,d vkSj cM+k vfo"dkj gqvk magnetic
core dk tks storage ds fy;s mi;ksx gksrk FkkA cgqr vf/kd large random access memory
100 KB ds fy;s ;s magnetic core use gksrh FkhA bl ih<+h esa storage ds fy;s magnetic
disk dk vfo"dkj Hkh gqvkA
f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa
1. f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk nl xquk rhcz xfr ls dk;Z
djrs FksA
2. f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk cgqr NksVs FksA
3. ;|fi izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk buls Å"ek dk mRltZu de gksrk Fkk fQj Hkh
gok dh BaMd vko’;d FkhA
4. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk buesa fo|qr dh [kir de gksrh FkhA
5. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk ;s vf/kd fo’oluh; gksrs Fks ,oa gkMZos;j j[k&j[kko Hkh
de FkkA
6. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk budh laxzg.k {kerk vf/kd gksrh FkhA
7. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk budk mi;ksx vklku Fkk] vr% O;kid O;olkf;d
mi;ksx gqvkA
f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k
1. gok dh BaMd vko’;d FkhA
2. fu;fer j[k&j[kko vko’;d FkkA
3. O;olkf;d dk;Z cgqr dfBu ,oa vR;ar eagxs FksA
3. r`rh; ih<+h (Third Generation 1965-75) bl tujs'ku dk dk;Zdky 1965 ls 1975 rd dk
gSA tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.6 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa eq[; VsDukykWth ds
fy;s VªkaftLVj dh txg baVhxzsVsM lfdZV dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftls fd 1943 esa H. Johnson us
Develop fd;k Fkk A bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa dEI;wVj ds vkWijsV'ku dks daVªksy djus ds fy;s
vkWijsfVax flLVe dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk A
fp´ 1.6 r`rh; ih<+h dEI;wVj
bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa oMZ izkslsflax lk¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftls fd lk/kkj.k VkbZfiax ds
fy;s rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk A FkMZ tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa feuh dEI;wVj dk vfo"dkj fd;k x;k gS A
r`rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa
1. ;s f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ls vf/kd 'kfDr’kkyh Fks ,oa yxHkx ,d fefy;u funsZ’k izfr
lsds.M dh xfr ls x.kuk djus esa l{ke FksA
2. ;s f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds vkdkj dh rqyuk esa cgqr NksVs gksrs Fks] vr% de LFkku ?ksjrs
FksA
3. ;|fi f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk buls Å"ek dk mRltZu de gksrk Fkk fQj Hkh gok
dh BaMd vko’;d FkhA
4. }rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk fo}qr [kir cgqr de gksrh FkhA
5. }rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk vf/kd fo’oluh; Fks] gkMZos;j ds j[k&j[kko esa [kpZ de
gksrk FkkA
6. }rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk budh laxzg.k {erk rhoz ,oa vf/kd FkhA
7. ;g iw.kZr;kk O;ogkfjd mi;ksx dh e’khu gksrh Fkh] buls oSKkfud ,oa O;olkf;d nksuks rjg
ds dk;Z laikfnr fd;s tkrs FksA
8. Vkbe’ks;fjax vkWijsfZVax flLVe iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk Fkk ,oa bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dks dbZ
mi;ksxdrkZ ,d lkFk mi;ksx dj ldrs FksA
r`rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k
1. r`rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k
2. dbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa gok dh BaMd vko’;d FkhA
3. vkbZlh fpi fuekZ.k esa mPp Lrjh; rduhd dh vk’;drk FkhA
4. prqFkZ ih<+h (Fourth Generation 1976-81). prqFkZ ih<+h esa dEI;wVj ds bysDVªkfud
ifjiFk dks de ls de txg es rS;kj djus iz;kl fd;k x;kA blds fy;s vkbZ- lh- (IC) dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k tks vkdkj eas NksV rFkk xfr esa rst vkSj lLrs FkssA bl izdkj ,y- ,l- vkbZ-
lh (LSIC Large Scale Integrated Circuit) fpi dh vko';drk gqbZA tSlk dh fp´
Øekad&1.7 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa vc ,d gh silicon inkFkZ ls cuh fpi tks Åaxyh ds uk[kqu
ds vkdkj ds cjkcj gksrh gS ij yk[kksa ifjiFk (Circuit) gksrs FksA
fp´ 1.7 prqFkZ ih<+h dEI;wVj
prqFkZ ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa
1. vR;ar NksVk vkdkj A
2. vf/kd fo'oluh;rk A
3. vf/kd izkslsflax xfr A
4. de m"ek mRiUu djuk A
5. Air condition dh vko';drk ugh A
6. j[k j[kko vklku A
7. lkekU; :i ls cgqr mi;ksxh A
8. vR;f/kd lLrs A
prqFkZ ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k
LSI chips dks rS;kj djus esa mPp sophisticated technology dh vko';drk A
5.dEI;wVj dh ikapoh ih<+h (Third Generation Present ½. dEI;wVj dh ikapoh ih<+h
orZeku esa py jgh gS tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.8 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj esa
Lo;a lkspus dh {kerk AI (Artificial Intelligency ) ds }kjk iSnk dh tkrh gS dEI;wVj dks
lHkh {ks=ksa esa dk;Z dj ldus es ;ksX; cuk;k tk jgk gSA
fp´ 1.8 ikapoh ih<+h dEI;wVj
ikapoh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa
1- ekuo voice le>uk A
2- ;wtj }kjk iwNs x;s iz'uksa ds mRrj cqf)erk ls nsuk A
3- ,d lkFk dbZ dk;Z djuk A
4- euq"; ls lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa laca/k LFkkfir djuk A
5- Internet dk vfo"dkj ftlls ,d dEI;wVj nwljs dEI;wVj ls vklkuh ls lacaf/kr
dj ldrk gSA
6- Multimedia dk mi;ksx vf/kdrk lsA
7- lcls egRoiw.kZ xBu (Architechure) data logic information processing
ds LFkku ij Knowledge information processing system ij vk/kkfjr gksuk A
2.6. dEI;wVj ds izdkj (Classification of computers)
dEI;wVj dks fuEufyf[kr 3 vk/kkj ij oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gSA
i) Application ii) Purpose iii) Size
1. Application ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj (based on Application).
Application ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSa &
i) Analog Computer
ii) Digital Computer
iii) Hybrid Computer
(i)Analog Computer :-Analog Computer ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa tks fQftdy ;wfuV
tSls izslj]] VsEijspj] ysaFk dks ekidj buds ifjeki vadksa esa O;Dr djrs gSaA ;s dEI;wVj fdlh
dkUVsaV dk ifjeki dEizslj ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSa A tSls %& ,d FkekZehVj dksbZ x.kuk ugha
djrk cfYd ;g ikjs ls lacaf/kr izlkj dh rqyuk djds 'kjhj ds rkieku dks ekirk gS A
,ukykWx dEI;wVj dsoy vuqekfur ifjeki gh nsrs gSa rFkk budh ,D;wjslh cgqr de gksrh gS A
(ii)Digital Computer :-;s dEI;wVj ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa tks fMftV] 'kwU; o ,d ¼0]1½ ij
vkèkkfjr gksrs gSa A fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk vkSj izksxzke dks ¼0]1½ esa ifjofrZr djds mudks
bysDVªkfud :i esa ys vkrk gSA fMftVy dEI;wVj esa fjtYV dSydqys'ku ds vk/kkj ij izkIr
gksrk gS rFkk bu dEI;wVjksa dh ,D;wjslh cgqr T;knk gksrh gS A
(iii)Hybrid Computer :-Hybrid Computer esa ,ukWykWx rFkk fMftVy dEI;wVj ds xq.k
ik;s tkrs gSaA gkbZfczM dk vFkZ gksrk gS vusd xq.kksa dk feJ.k A tSls & dEI;wVj dh ,ukykWx
fMokbZl fdlh jksxh ds rkieku rFkk CyM izslj dks ekirh gS A ;s ifjeki ckn esa fMftVy Hkkx
ds }kjk vadksa esa cny tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, tSls ekMe dk mi;skx baVjusV es fd;k tkrk
gS A
2. mís'; ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj (Based on purpose). dEI;wVj dks nks mís';ksa ds
fy;s ge LFkkfir dj ldrs gSA lkekU; (General) fof'k"V (Special) A bl izdkj dEI;wVj
mís'; ds vk/kkj ij fuEu nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %&
v- lkekU; mís'kh; dEI;wVj (General Purpose Computers)
c- fof'k"V mís'kh; dEI;wVj (Special Purpose Computers )
(i). lkekU; mís'kh; dEI;wVj (General Purpose Computers). ;s ,sls dEI;wVj gS ftuesa
vusd izdkj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksrh gS ysfdu ;s dk;Z lkekU; gksrs gSA ;s dEI;wVj
lkoZHkkSfed (Versatile) gksrs gSA ;s business ¼O;kikj ls lacaf/kr½ data ;k tfVy xf.krh;
QkewysZ (Complex Mathematical formulas ) ij izkslsl dj ldrs gSA lkekU; mís'kh;
dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk vkSj izksxzkel dks LVksj dj ldrk gSA D;ksfd ;g cgqr
vf/kd versatile gS vkSj cgqr ls O;olk;ksa (Businesses) eas budk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
(ii). fof'k"V mís'kh; dEI;wVj (Special Purpose Computers ). ;s ,sls dEI;wVj gS ftUgs
fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS buds lh-ih-;w- dh {kerk ml dk;Z ds vuq:i
gksrh gS ftlds fy;s mUgs rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA buesa ;fn vusd lh-ih-;w- dh vko';drk gks rks
budh lajpuk vusd lh-ih-;w- okyh dj nh tkrh gS A
Special purpose computer es general purpose computer ds Hkh cgqr lkjs xq.k
(features) gksrs gSA ysfdu ;g cgqr gh fof'k"V (Special) data processing task dks
support djrs gSA Special purpose computers numeric data vkSj iw.kZr% fu;af=r
Lor% fufeZr izfØ;k (Completely control automated manufacturing process) dks
iwjk djus ds fy;s fMtkbZu fd;s tkrs gSA
Ex :- STD Billing System / Stores Billing System
3. vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj (Based on size). Size ds vk/kkj ij
computer dks pkj izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
i) Micro Computer
ii) Mini Computer
iii) Mainframe Computer
iv) Supper computer
i)Micro Computer:- ekbØks dEI;wVj dks lkekU; Hkk"kk esa NksVk dEI;wVj (Small
Computer) Hkh dgrs gSA ftldks ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk;k tk
ldrk gS ;g single silicon chip ij vk/kkfjr (Based) gS ftls Microprocssor dgrs gSA
ekbØks dEI;wVj ,d desk ij ;k czhQdsl esa Hkh j[ks tk ldrs gSaA ekbØks dEI;wVj dher es
lLrs vkSj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gS blfy;s ;s O;fDrxr mi;ksx ds fy;s ?kj ;k ckgj fdlh Hkh
dk;Z{ks= esa yxk;s tk ldrs gS budks nks catagories esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS A
ilZuy dEI;wVj ( Personal Computer (PC) ) gkse dEI;wVj (Home Computer)
v- Personal Computer & ;g O;kikj vkSj O;olkf;d dk;ksZ ds fy;s mi;ksx fd;s tkrs
gSA PCs fofHkUu izdkj ds vkdj esa vkrs gS &
i. Pocket ii. Laptop & Desktop
Home Computer & budk mi;ksx lkekU;r% euksjatu (Entertainment) basic
education vkSj home management ds fy;s gksrk gSA ;g PC ds leku gh fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS cl varj blds monitor esa gksrk gS tks fd home television set ds leku gksrk gSA
(ii). Mini Computer :-Mini Computer Medium Size ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSaA ;s ekbZØks
dEI;wVj dh rqyuk esa vkdkj esa cM+s rFkk vf/kd dk;Z {kerk okys gksrs gSaA feuh dEI;wVj dh
dher ekbZØks dEI;wVj ls vf/kd gksrh gS rFkk bUgsa Leky ;k ehfM;e Ldsy dh rqyuk esa
mi;ksx ds fy;s yxk;k tkrk gSA bu dEI;wVjksa esa ,d ls vf/kd lh-ih-;w- gksrs gSa rFkk budh
eseksjh rFkk LihM ekbØks dEI;wVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA feuh dEI;wVj esa ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr
dk;Z dj ldrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds fy;s igyk feuh dEI;wVj ih-Mh-ih&8 ds uke ls cuk FkkA
(iii). Mainframe Computer :-esuQzse dEI;wVj lkbZt esa feuh dEI;wVj ls cM+s gksrs gSa
A budh LihM feuh dEI;wVj dh vis{kk T;knk gksrh gS A bl dEI;wVj esa Hkh ,d ls vf/kd lh-
ih-;w- yxs gksrs gSa rFkk bu dEI;wVj dks pykus ds fy;s 5 ls 10 ;wtj dh vko';drk gksrh gS A
esuQzse dEI;wVj dh LVksjst dSikflVh feuh dEI;wVj dh vis{kk cgqr T;knk gksrh gSA esuQzse
dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx cM+h&2 baMLVªht ;k vkxsZukbZts'ku esa fd;k tkrk gSA budk mi;ksx eq[;r%
isjksy ¼osru cukuk½ rFkk cMs+ dSydqys'ku ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A
(iv)Super Computer :-Super Computer Size esa lcls cM+s dEI;wVj gksrs gSa
ftudh LihM feyh baLVªD'ku izfr lsdaM gksrh gSA bu dEI;wVjksa dh LVksjst dSikflVh lcls
T;knk gksrh gS rFkk buesa ,d ls vf/kd lh-ih-;w- dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu dEI;wVjksa dks
pykus ds fy;s ,d lkFk yxHkx 10 ls 20 ;wtj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bu dEI;wVj dk
mi;ksx ekSle foHkkx dh tkudkjh Kkr djus rFkk vkarfj{k foKku esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& lqij dEI;wVj ds uke & CRAY-X, PARAM, PARAM-10000
Introduction of computer in hindi  II

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Introduction of computer in hindi II

  • 1. (Evaluation and Generation of Computer) 2.1. ifjp; (Introduction) dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl yxHkx 3]000 o"kZ iqjkuk gS orZeku le; esa iz;qDr dEI;wVj iz.kkf.k;k¡ bysfDVªkfud rduhd ij vk/kkfjr e’kkhuksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gSaA dEI;wVj ,d ,slh e'khu gS tks funsZ'kksa ij dk;Z djrh gS ;g ekuo efLr"d dh rjg Lo;a dk;Z djus dh {kerk ugh j[krh bls ftrus funsZ'k fn;s tkrs gS ;g mruk gh dk;Z djrh gSA ysfdu blds ckn Hkh ;g ekuo tkfr ds dk;Z {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ lgk;d dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gS A 2.2. dEI;wVj dh fo'ks"krk;sa bldh dbZ fo'ks"krk;as gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS %& 1-xfr (Speed).dEI;wVj dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk rhozxfr gSA- dEI;wVj ,d cgqr gh QkLV fMokbZl gSA ;g dqN gh lsdaM esa dbZ yk[k lk/kkj.k dSydqys'ku dks dj ldrk gS A ;s dEI;wVj dh LihM dks feyh lsdaM ] ekbZØks lsd.M ] uSuks lsdaM esa ekik tkrk gS A jsYos ;k gokbZ vkj{k.k dh tkudkjh ysuk gks ;k Bank Balance ns[kuk gks bldh tkudkjh rqjUr fey tkrh gS A ekSle ls lacaf/kr lgh Hkfo";ok.kh dEI;wVj dh rhoz xfr dh otg ls gh laHko gS A 2-'kq)rk (Accuracy).dEI;wVj dh ,D;wjslh cgqr T;knk gksrh gS] ;g viuk dke fcuk fdlh xYrh ds djrk gS rFkk bldh ,D;wjslh 100 izfr'kr gksrh gS A;fn buds ifj.kke v'kq) gksrs gS rks og ;k rks ;kaf=d xM+cM+h ;k mi;ksxdrkZ (User) dh gksrh gSA ;s xyrh xyr izksxzke] xyr MkVk ;k v'kq) vkdM+ks dh otg ls gksrh gSA dEI;wVj dh fo'ks"krk;sa xfr 'kq)rk lap;u {kerk Lopk yu l{kerk lkoZHkkSfedrk fo'oluh;rk ;kn djus dh {kerk
  • 2. 3-lap;u {kerk(Storage Capacity).,d dEI;wVj dh MkVk dh laxzg {kerk cgqr mPp gksrh gSA dEI;wVj yk[kksa 'kCnksa dks cgqr de txg esa laxzghr (stored) djds j[k ldrk gS ;g lHkh izdkj ds data, picture, program, games rFkk voice dks dbZ o"kksZ rd laxzghr djds j[k ldrk gS rFkk vius mi;ksx esa lwpuk dqN gh lsdaM esa izkIr dj ldrs gS rFkk vius mi;ksx es yk ldrs gS blds vykok ;fn processing gsrq data computer dh xfr ds vuqlkj miyC/k u gks rks mls igys laxzghr (stored) fd;k tk ldrk gS A 4-Lopkyu (Automation). dEI;wVj viuk lkjk dke yxHkx Lopkfyr :i ls djrk gS ysfdu Lopkyd dk dEI;wVj ds fy, ,d fof'k"V vFkZ gSA dEI;wVj ,d Lopfyr e'khu izksxzke ds funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA ,d ckj ;fn xyrh jfgr funsZ'kksa (instructions) o MkVk dks dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa Mky fn;k tk;s rks og fcuk fdlh ekuo lgk;rk ds Lor% gh ,d ds ckn ,d dk;Z djrk tkrk gS tSls mls funZs'k fn;s tk;s A vkSj tc rd okafNr ifj.kke (accurate result) izkIr u gks tk;s A tSls %& ekdZ'khV cukus ds fy;s ;fn izR;sd LVwMsUV us 6 lctsDVksa esa ijh{kk nh gS] rks mldk VksVy fudkyus ds fy;s igys ,d lctsDV ds vad fy[kus ds ckn Enter caVu nckus ds ckn nwljs lctsDV dk vad fy[kk tkrk gS] ;fn Øe 6 ckj djuk gks rks ,d dSYdqys'ku }kjk vf/kd le; yxsxkA ysfdu ;fn blh dk;Z dks dEI;wVj ds }kjk djk;k tk;s rks flQZ lHkh lctsDV ds uEcj dEI;wVj esa buiqV djus ds fy;s le; yxsxkA 5-l{kerk (Diligence).dEI;wVj dh ,d vksj cM+h fo'ks"krk gS mldh yxkrkj dk;Z djrs jgus dh {kerkA ;g ekuo dh rjg Fkdku vkSj cksfj;r eglwl ugh djrk vkSj fcuk :ds gh ;g viuh xfr vkSj 'kq)rk ls dk;Z djrk jgrk gSA dEI;wVj tfVy vkSj nqgjk;s tkus okys (repetitive) dk;Z vPNh rjg dk;Z dj ldrk gS vkSj mlesa dksbZ =`fV (error) Hkh ugh NksM+rk A ;g yacs le; rd ,d gh dk;Z dks djrs gq;s Fkdrk ugh gS vkSj ykijokgh Hkh ugh cjrrk D;ksfd ;g ,d e'khu gS A 6-lkoZHkkSfedrk (Varsatility). dEI;wVj dk egRo cgqeq[kh (verstile) gSA ;g fofHkUu dk;Z bles laxzghr funsZ'kksa (intructions) ds vk/kkj ij dj ldrk gSA dEI;wVj viuh lkoZHkkSfed okys xq.k ds dkj.k cM+h rsth ls ikiqyj gks jgk gSA dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh ;a= dk uke u jgdj vkVksesfVd e'khu ds xzqi dk uke gks x;k gSA dEI;wVj dks igys xf.krh; dk;ksZa dks djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k Fkk ysfdu /khjs /khjs ;g O;olkf;d dk;ksZa ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yk;k tkus yxk gS A tSls- dEI;wVj ds lkFk fizaVj yxkdj lHkh izdkj dh tkudkjh dks dbZ vyx&vyx fMtkbZuksa esa fjiztsaV fd;k tk ldrk gSA dEI;wVj dks Qksu ykbZu esa tksM+us ij lkjh nqfu;k esa buQkesZ'ku dks vknku&iznku fd;k tk ldrk gS A dEI;wVj esa dbZ vyx&vyx izdkj ds xsEl [ksys tk ldrs gSa A
  • 3. dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh ;a= dk uke u jg dj automatic machines ds lewg dk uke gks x;k gSA dEI;wVj dks igys xf.krh; dk;ksZ dk laiUu djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k Fkk A ysfdu /khjs&/khjs ;g O;olkf;d dk;ksZ ds fy;s vf/kd iz;ksx esa yk;k tkus yxk gSA 7- fo'oluh;rk (Realiability).dEI;wVj dh LVksj djus dh {kerk] ,D;wjslh rFkk ;kn j[kus dh 'kfDr vf/kd gksrh gS vFkkZr dEI;wVj esa ;k dEI;wVj ls tqM+h gqbZ lkjh fØ;k,¡ fo'oluh; gksrh gSaA rks dEI;wVj esa ;k dEI;wVj ls tqM+h gqbZ lkjh fØ;k;sa fo'oluh; gksrh gS vkSj ;g o"kksZ rd dk;Z djrs gq;s Fkdrk ugh gSA 10 o"kZ ls vf/kd le; ds ckn Hkh ;g viuh eseksjh esa ls MkVk dks fcuk fdlh ijs'kkuh ds rqjUr ges ns ldrk gSA 8. ;kn djus dh {kerk (Power of Remembrance). ,d O;fDr vius thou esa cgqr lkjh ckrsa djrk gS rFkk flQZ egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gS oks Hkh dqN le; ds fy;s] ysfdu dEI;wVj lkjh ckrksa dks pkgs og egRoiw.kZ gks ;k u gks dks vius esa LVksj djds j[krk gS rFkk ckn esa Hkh dHkh Hkh fdlh lwpuk dks vko';drk iM+us ij miyC/k djkrk gS A 2.3. dEI;wVj dh lhek;sa ( Limitations of Computers) 1- Kku ,oa cqf)erk dh deh. dEI;wVj fn;s x;s dk;ksZ dks flQZ funsZ'kksa ds Øekuqlkj gh rhozrk ,oa 'kq)rk ls dj ldrk gs A blesa O;ogkfjd Kku ,oa cqf)erk dh deh gksrh gSA dEI;wVj ls lwpuk;sa izkIr djus ds fy;s mls lgh lwpuk;sa nsuk vko';d gS og fdlh Hkh NksVh ls NksVh xyrh dks Lor% lq/kkjus esa vleFkZ gSA 2- vuqHko Kku vkSj psruk. dEI;wVj euq"; dh rjg vuqHko ugh dj ldrk mlesa psruk dk vkHkko gksrk gSA euq"; vius vuqHko Kku vkSj psruk ls dbZ dk;Z dj ldrk gSA 3- QSlys ugh ys ldrk. dEI;wVj vius vki esa dksbZ QSlys ugh ys ldrk u gh vius vki dksbZ lwpuk ns ldrk gSA ekuo ds leku vizR;kf'kr (unexpected) ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fodYi dEI;wVj ugh fudky ldrk A 4- inksa (steps) dk ikyu djds fØ;k. dEI;wVj fdlh y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy;s ifjfer ¼fuf'pr½ la[;k ds inksa (steps) dk ikyu djds fØ;k (process) djrk gS izR;sd step Li"V gksuk pkfg;s vkSj lHkh steps Øekuqlkj gksus pkfg;s A dEI;wVj ds ,sls devices tks dEI;wVj ds vanj lwpuk igaawpkrs gSa] buiqV devices dgykrs gSA dEI;wVj ds ftl fgLls esa lHkh izdkj dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS mls lasVªy izkslflax ;wfuV dgrs gSaA tks lwpuk dEI;wVj dks nh tkrh gS mls dEI;wVj ,d fo'ks"k LFkku j[k ysrk gSa] bls ge dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dgrs gSaA x.kuk djus ds ckn dEI;wVj ftu devices ds ek/;e ls ifj.kke ge rd igqapkrk gS mUgsa vkmViqV dgrs gSaA 2.4. dEI;wVj dk dzfed fodkl (Evolution of Computer ) dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl yxHkx 3]000 o"kZ iqjkuk gS orZeku le; esa iz;qDr dEI;wVj iz.kkf.k;k¡ bysfDVªkfud rduhd ij vk/kkfjr e’kkhuksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gSaA
  • 4. (i).vcsdl (Abacus). tcfd phu esa ,d x.kuk ;a= (calculating machine) vcsdl dk vfo"dkj gqvk A tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.2 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ;g ,d ;kaf=d fMokbl (Mechianical device) gSA fp´ &1.2 vcsdl (Abacus) (ii). ,afMx e'khu (Adding Machine). lu~ 1642 esa lcls igyk ;kaf=d x.kuk ;a= rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk] ikLdykbu uked bl x.kuk ;a= dks Cyst ikLdy us rS;kj fd;k FkkA blds ckn lu~ 1973 esa teZu xf.krK o nk’kZfud xkWVQzsM oku yscuht us ikLdykbu dk u;k :i rS;kj fd;k] ftls jsdfuax e’khu dgrs gSaA ikLdykbu x.kuk ;a= flQZ tksM+ ,oa ?kVkus dh fØ;k djus esa l{ke Fkk tcfd jsdfuax e’khu tksM+ o ?kVkus ds vykok xq.kk rFkk Hkkx dh lafØ;k,¡ Hkh lQyrkiwoZd lEikfnr djrh FkhA (iii). jsdfuax e'khu (Reckoning machine). lu~ 1673 esa teZu xf.krK o nk'kZfud xzkVÝsM oku yscuht (Gottfried Von Leibniz) us ikLdykbu dk fodflr :i rS;kj fd;k ftls ^ jsdfuax e'khu * (Reckoning machine) dgrs gS A tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.3 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ;g e'khu vadks ds tksM+ o ckdh ds vykok xq.kk o Hkkx dh fØ;k Hkh dj ldrh FkhA fp´ &1.3 jsdfuax e'khu (iv). fMQjsUl baftu (difference engine and Analytical engine). lu~ 1822 esa pkYlZ cSost us fMQjsUl baftu uked ,d x.kuk ;a= dk vfo"dkj fd;kA pkYlZ cSost us vius fMQjsal baftu dks fodflr djds lu~ 1833 esa ,d uohu laLdj.k fodflr fd;k] ftldk uke ,ukfyfVdy baftu FkkA tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.4 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ,ukfyfVdy baftu esa
  • 5. funsZ’kksZ dks laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA pkYlZ cSost ds bl ,ukfyfVdy baftu us dEI;wVj foKku ds ewy fl)kar dks izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk] blhfy;s dEI;wVj dks Qknj vkWQ dEI;wVj lkbal dgk tkrk gSA fp´ &1.4 fMQjsUl baftu (difference engine and Analytical engine). (v). Punch card. lu~ 1896 esa gksysfjFk us punch card ;a= cukus dh ,d daiuh (Tabulating Machine Company) LFkkfir dhA lu~ 1911 esa bl daiuh dk vU; daiuh ds lkFk feydj ifjofrZr uke Computer Tabulating Company gks x;k A lu~ 1924 esa bl daiuh dk uke iqu% ifjofrZr gksdj International Business Machine (IBM) gks x;k A (vi). Mark I & A.BC. IBM ds Dr. Haward Aiken us 1944 eas ,d e'khu dks fodflr fd;k vkSj bldk uke Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator j[kkA ckn es bl e'khu dk uke Mark I j[kk x;k A ;g fo'o dk lcls igyk fo|qr ;kaf=d dEI;wVj (Electromechanical Computer) Fkk A lu~ 1945 esa Atanasoft us ,d electronic machine dks fodflr fd;k ftldk uke A.B.C. j[kk x;k A A.B.C. 'kCn Atanasoft Berry Computer dk laf{kIr :i gSA ABC lcls igyk electronic digital computer FkkA 2.5 dEI;wVj dh ihf<+;k¡ (Generation of Computer ) bysfDVªkWfud dEI;wVj ds fodkl dks lu~ 1946 ls vc rd ik¡p ihf<+;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA izR;sd ubZz ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr u;s izkslslj] ifjiFk vkSj vU; iqtksZa ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gsA
  • 6. 1. izFke ih<+h ¼1946 & 1955½. izFke bysDVªkWfud dEI;wVj lu~ 1946 esa vfLrRo esa vk;k ftldk uke bysfDVªkWfud U;wesfjdy bUVhxzsVsj ,.M dSydqysVj (ENIC) FkkA bldk vfo"dkj ts- ih-bZdVZ rFkk bZ-MCY;w eks’kys us fd;k FkkA bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd bles Vaccume tube dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.5 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa Vaccume tube ml le; miyC/k ,dek= electronic vo;o FkkA vr% buds mi;ksx igyk electronic computer cuuk laHko gqvk ftlesa fu;a=.k ,d dsUæh; bdkbZ CPU ds }kjk gksrk FkkA fp´ 1.5 izFke ih<+h dEI;wVj ENIC, EDVAC, UNIVAC vkfn izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj FksA izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa 1. ;s ml le; lcls rhcz x.kd FksA 2. ;g dEI;wVj vius le; ds lcls rst xfr ds x.kuk midj.k Fks A 3. ;g x.kuk;sa feyh lsdsaM esa djus esa l{ke FksA dEI;wVj dh ihf<+;k¡ izFke ih<+h ¼1946 & 1955½ f}rh; ih<+h (1956 - 1964) r`rh; ih<+h (1965-75) prqFkZ ih<+h (1976-81) ikapoh ih<+h
  • 7. 4. bles Primary input or output ds fy;s punchcard dk dEI;wVj flLVe es mi;ksx gksrk FkkA ;s e’khuh Hkk"kk esa dk;Z djrs Fks] tgk¡ lHkh funsZ’k rFkk MkVk 0 ,oa 1 ds :Ik esa fn;s tkrs FksA 5. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k 6. vkdkj esa cgqr cM+s FksA 7. vfo’oluh; FksA 1. fuokZr V~;qc (Vacccume Tube) ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k budk Hkkj vf/kd gksrk FkkA 2. bls pykus ds fy;s vf/kd fo|qrh; ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh Fkh ftlls vf/kd Å"ek mRiUu gksrh FkhA 3. Vaccume tube ty tkus ij ckj & ckj cnyuk gksrk Fkk A 4. bu dEI;wVj dh vk;q de gksrh Fkh A 5. yxkrkj j[k&j[kko vko';d Fkk A 6. ;g de Hkjksls ean gksrs Fks A 2. f}rh; ih<+h (1956 - 1964). f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa es eq[; rkfdZd iqtkZ (main logic element) Vaccume tube ds LFkku ij VªkaftLVj (Transistor) yxk;k tkus yxkA tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.5 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ftls William Shadekey us lu~ 1947 esa fodflr fd;k FkkA bls f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa eq[; dEiksusaV ds :i iz;ksx fd;k x;kA fp´ 1.5 r`rh; ih<+h dEI;wVj Transistor dk dk;Z vaccume tube ds leku Fkk ysfdu bldh dk;Z djus dh xfr vf/kd Fkh rFkk ;g vkdkj esa NksVk o vf/kd fo'oluh; FkkA VªkaftLVj yxkrkj fo|qr ds laogu ls de xje gksrk FkkA vkSj fo|qr ds [kir Hkh de gksrh Fkh A Transistor germanium semi- conductor material ls cuk gksrk Fkk bl ih<+h es ,d vkSj cM+k vfo"dkj gqvk magnetic core dk tks storage ds fy;s mi;ksx gksrk FkkA cgqr vf/kd large random access memory
  • 8. 100 KB ds fy;s ;s magnetic core use gksrh FkhA bl ih<+h esa storage ds fy;s magnetic disk dk vfo"dkj Hkh gqvkA f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa 1. f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk nl xquk rhcz xfr ls dk;Z djrs FksA 2. f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk cgqr NksVs FksA 3. ;|fi izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk buls Å"ek dk mRltZu de gksrk Fkk fQj Hkh gok dh BaMd vko’;d FkhA 4. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk buesa fo|qr dh [kir de gksrh FkhA 5. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk ;s vf/kd fo’oluh; gksrs Fks ,oa gkMZos;j j[k&j[kko Hkh de FkkA 6. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk budh laxzg.k {kerk vf/kd gksrh FkhA 7. izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk budk mi;ksx vklku Fkk] vr% O;kid O;olkf;d mi;ksx gqvkA f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k 1. gok dh BaMd vko’;d FkhA 2. fu;fer j[k&j[kko vko’;d FkkA 3. O;olkf;d dk;Z cgqr dfBu ,oa vR;ar eagxs FksA 3. r`rh; ih<+h (Third Generation 1965-75) bl tujs'ku dk dk;Zdky 1965 ls 1975 rd dk gSA tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.6 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa eq[; VsDukykWth ds fy;s VªkaftLVj dh txg baVhxzsVsM lfdZV dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftls fd 1943 esa H. Johnson us Develop fd;k Fkk A bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa dEI;wVj ds vkWijsV'ku dks daVªksy djus ds fy;s vkWijsfVax flLVe dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk A
  • 9. fp´ 1.6 r`rh; ih<+h dEI;wVj bl tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa oMZ izkslsflax lk¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftls fd lk/kkj.k VkbZfiax ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk A FkMZ tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa feuh dEI;wVj dk vfo"dkj fd;k x;k gS A r`rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa 1. ;s f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ls vf/kd 'kfDr’kkyh Fks ,oa yxHkx ,d fefy;u funsZ’k izfr lsds.M dh xfr ls x.kuk djus esa l{ke FksA 2. ;s f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds vkdkj dh rqyuk esa cgqr NksVs gksrs Fks] vr% de LFkku ?ksjrs FksA 3. ;|fi f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjks dh vis{kk buls Å"ek dk mRltZu de gksrk Fkk fQj Hkh gok dh BaMd vko’;d FkhA 4. }rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk fo}qr [kir cgqr de gksrh FkhA 5. }rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk vf/kd fo’oluh; Fks] gkMZos;j ds j[k&j[kko esa [kpZ de gksrk FkkA 6. }rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk budh laxzg.k {erk rhoz ,oa vf/kd FkhA 7. ;g iw.kZr;kk O;ogkfjd mi;ksx dh e’khu gksrh Fkh] buls oSKkfud ,oa O;olkf;d nksuks rjg ds dk;Z laikfnr fd;s tkrs FksA 8. Vkbe’ks;fjax vkWijsfZVax flLVe iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk Fkk ,oa bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dks dbZ mi;ksxdrkZ ,d lkFk mi;ksx dj ldrs FksA r`rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k 1. r`rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k 2. dbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa gok dh BaMd vko’;d FkhA 3. vkbZlh fpi fuekZ.k esa mPp Lrjh; rduhd dh vk’;drk FkhA 4. prqFkZ ih<+h (Fourth Generation 1976-81). prqFkZ ih<+h esa dEI;wVj ds bysDVªkfud ifjiFk dks de ls de txg es rS;kj djus iz;kl fd;k x;kA blds fy;s vkbZ- lh- (IC) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k tks vkdkj eas NksV rFkk xfr esa rst vkSj lLrs FkssA bl izdkj ,y- ,l- vkbZ- lh (LSIC Large Scale Integrated Circuit) fpi dh vko';drk gqbZA tSlk dh fp´
  • 10. Øekad&1.7 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa vc ,d gh silicon inkFkZ ls cuh fpi tks Åaxyh ds uk[kqu ds vkdkj ds cjkcj gksrh gS ij yk[kksa ifjiFk (Circuit) gksrs FksA fp´ 1.7 prqFkZ ih<+h dEI;wVj prqFkZ ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa 1. vR;ar NksVk vkdkj A 2. vf/kd fo'oluh;rk A 3. vf/kd izkslsflax xfr A 4. de m"ek mRiUu djuk A 5. Air condition dh vko';drk ugh A 6. j[k j[kko vklku A 7. lkekU; :i ls cgqr mi;ksxh A 8. vR;f/kd lLrs A prqFkZ ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa ds nks"k LSI chips dks rS;kj djus esa mPp sophisticated technology dh vko';drk A 5.dEI;wVj dh ikapoh ih<+h (Third Generation Present ½. dEI;wVj dh ikapoh ih<+h orZeku esa py jgh gS tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.8 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj esa Lo;a lkspus dh {kerk AI (Artificial Intelligency ) ds }kjk iSnk dh tkrh gS dEI;wVj dks lHkh {ks=ksa esa dk;Z dj ldus es ;ksX; cuk;k tk jgk gSA
  • 11. fp´ 1.8 ikapoh ih<+h dEI;wVj ikapoh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh fo’ks"krk;sa 1- ekuo voice le>uk A 2- ;wtj }kjk iwNs x;s iz'uksa ds mRrj cqf)erk ls nsuk A 3- ,d lkFk dbZ dk;Z djuk A 4- euq"; ls lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa laca/k LFkkfir djuk A 5- Internet dk vfo"dkj ftlls ,d dEI;wVj nwljs dEI;wVj ls vklkuh ls lacaf/kr dj ldrk gSA 6- Multimedia dk mi;ksx vf/kdrk lsA 7- lcls egRoiw.kZ xBu (Architechure) data logic information processing ds LFkku ij Knowledge information processing system ij vk/kkfjr gksuk A 2.6. dEI;wVj ds izdkj (Classification of computers) dEI;wVj dks fuEufyf[kr 3 vk/kkj ij oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gSA i) Application ii) Purpose iii) Size 1. Application ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj (based on Application). Application ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSa & i) Analog Computer ii) Digital Computer iii) Hybrid Computer
  • 12. (i)Analog Computer :-Analog Computer ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa tks fQftdy ;wfuV tSls izslj]] VsEijspj] ysaFk dks ekidj buds ifjeki vadksa esa O;Dr djrs gSaA ;s dEI;wVj fdlh dkUVsaV dk ifjeki dEizslj ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSa A tSls %& ,d FkekZehVj dksbZ x.kuk ugha djrk cfYd ;g ikjs ls lacaf/kr izlkj dh rqyuk djds 'kjhj ds rkieku dks ekirk gS A ,ukykWx dEI;wVj dsoy vuqekfur ifjeki gh nsrs gSa rFkk budh ,D;wjslh cgqr de gksrh gS A (ii)Digital Computer :-;s dEI;wVj ,sls dEI;wVj gksrs gSa tks fMftV] 'kwU; o ,d ¼0]1½ ij vkèkkfjr gksrs gSa A fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk vkSj izksxzke dks ¼0]1½ esa ifjofrZr djds mudks bysDVªkfud :i esa ys vkrk gSA fMftVy dEI;wVj esa fjtYV dSydqys'ku ds vk/kkj ij izkIr gksrk gS rFkk bu dEI;wVjksa dh ,D;wjslh cgqr T;knk gksrh gS A (iii)Hybrid Computer :-Hybrid Computer esa ,ukWykWx rFkk fMftVy dEI;wVj ds xq.k ik;s tkrs gSaA gkbZfczM dk vFkZ gksrk gS vusd xq.kksa dk feJ.k A tSls & dEI;wVj dh ,ukykWx fMokbZl fdlh jksxh ds rkieku rFkk CyM izslj dks ekirh gS A ;s ifjeki ckn esa fMftVy Hkkx ds }kjk vadksa esa cny tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, tSls ekMe dk mi;skx baVjusV es fd;k tkrk gS A 2. mís'; ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj (Based on purpose). dEI;wVj dks nks mís';ksa ds fy;s ge LFkkfir dj ldrs gSA lkekU; (General) fof'k"V (Special) A bl izdkj dEI;wVj mís'; ds vk/kkj ij fuEu nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %& v- lkekU; mís'kh; dEI;wVj (General Purpose Computers) c- fof'k"V mís'kh; dEI;wVj (Special Purpose Computers ) (i). lkekU; mís'kh; dEI;wVj (General Purpose Computers). ;s ,sls dEI;wVj gS ftuesa vusd izdkj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksrh gS ysfdu ;s dk;Z lkekU; gksrs gSA ;s dEI;wVj lkoZHkkSfed (Versatile) gksrs gSA ;s business ¼O;kikj ls lacaf/kr½ data ;k tfVy xf.krh; QkewysZ (Complex Mathematical formulas ) ij izkslsl dj ldrs gSA lkekU; mís'kh; dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk vkSj izksxzkel dks LVksj dj ldrk gSA D;ksfd ;g cgqr vf/kd versatile gS vkSj cgqr ls O;olk;ksa (Businesses) eas budk mi;ksx gksrk gSA (ii). fof'k"V mís'kh; dEI;wVj (Special Purpose Computers ). ;s ,sls dEI;wVj gS ftUgs fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS buds lh-ih-;w- dh {kerk ml dk;Z ds vuq:i gksrh gS ftlds fy;s mUgs rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA buesa ;fn vusd lh-ih-;w- dh vko';drk gks rks budh lajpuk vusd lh-ih-;w- okyh dj nh tkrh gS A Special purpose computer es general purpose computer ds Hkh cgqr lkjs xq.k (features) gksrs gSA ysfdu ;g cgqr gh fof'k"V (Special) data processing task dks support djrs gSA Special purpose computers numeric data vkSj iw.kZr% fu;af=r
  • 13. Lor% fufeZr izfØ;k (Completely control automated manufacturing process) dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fMtkbZu fd;s tkrs gSA Ex :- STD Billing System / Stores Billing System 3. vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj (Based on size). Size ds vk/kkj ij computer dks pkj izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA i) Micro Computer ii) Mini Computer iii) Mainframe Computer iv) Supper computer i)Micro Computer:- ekbØks dEI;wVj dks lkekU; Hkk"kk esa NksVk dEI;wVj (Small Computer) Hkh dgrs gSA ftldks ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk;k tk ldrk gS ;g single silicon chip ij vk/kkfjr (Based) gS ftls Microprocssor dgrs gSA ekbØks dEI;wVj ,d desk ij ;k czhQdsl esa Hkh j[ks tk ldrs gSaA ekbØks dEI;wVj dher es lLrs vkSj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gS blfy;s ;s O;fDrxr mi;ksx ds fy;s ?kj ;k ckgj fdlh Hkh dk;Z{ks= esa yxk;s tk ldrs gS budks nks catagories esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS A ilZuy dEI;wVj ( Personal Computer (PC) ) gkse dEI;wVj (Home Computer) v- Personal Computer & ;g O;kikj vkSj O;olkf;d dk;ksZ ds fy;s mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA PCs fofHkUu izdkj ds vkdj esa vkrs gS & i. Pocket ii. Laptop & Desktop Home Computer & budk mi;ksx lkekU;r% euksjatu (Entertainment) basic education vkSj home management ds fy;s gksrk gSA ;g PC ds leku gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS cl varj blds monitor esa gksrk gS tks fd home television set ds leku gksrk gSA (ii). Mini Computer :-Mini Computer Medium Size ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSaA ;s ekbZØks dEI;wVj dh rqyuk esa vkdkj esa cM+s rFkk vf/kd dk;Z {kerk okys gksrs gSaA feuh dEI;wVj dh dher ekbZØks dEI;wVj ls vf/kd gksrh gS rFkk bUgsa Leky ;k ehfM;e Ldsy dh rqyuk esa mi;ksx ds fy;s yxk;k tkrk gSA bu dEI;wVjksa esa ,d ls vf/kd lh-ih-;w- gksrs gSa rFkk budh eseksjh rFkk LihM ekbØks dEI;wVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA feuh dEI;wVj esa ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr dk;Z dj ldrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds fy;s igyk feuh dEI;wVj ih-Mh-ih&8 ds uke ls cuk FkkA
  • 14. (iii). Mainframe Computer :-esuQzse dEI;wVj lkbZt esa feuh dEI;wVj ls cM+s gksrs gSa A budh LihM feuh dEI;wVj dh vis{kk T;knk gksrh gS A bl dEI;wVj esa Hkh ,d ls vf/kd lh- ih-;w- yxs gksrs gSa rFkk bu dEI;wVj dks pykus ds fy;s 5 ls 10 ;wtj dh vko';drk gksrh gS A esuQzse dEI;wVj dh LVksjst dSikflVh feuh dEI;wVj dh vis{kk cgqr T;knk gksrh gSA esuQzse dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx cM+h&2 baMLVªht ;k vkxsZukbZts'ku esa fd;k tkrk gSA budk mi;ksx eq[;r% isjksy ¼osru cukuk½ rFkk cMs+ dSydqys'ku ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A (iv)Super Computer :-Super Computer Size esa lcls cM+s dEI;wVj gksrs gSa ftudh LihM feyh baLVªD'ku izfr lsdaM gksrh gSA bu dEI;wVjksa dh LVksjst dSikflVh lcls T;knk gksrh gS rFkk buesa ,d ls vf/kd lh-ih-;w- dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu dEI;wVjksa dks pykus ds fy;s ,d lkFk yxHkx 10 ls 20 ;wtj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bu dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx ekSle foHkkx dh tkudkjh Kkr djus rFkk vkarfj{k foKku esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k %& lqij dEI;wVj ds uke & CRAY-X, PARAM, PARAM-10000