The document describes polynomial interpolation and Lagrange polynomial interpolation. It defines a function f(x) using values at points x0, x1, ..., xn. The Lagrange polynomial is a linear combination of basis polynomials using the function values as coefficients to exactly interpolate the given data points.
11. 5
y = ax + b
2
!
y = ax + bx + c y = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 3 + dx1 + e
!
12. a b c d e
y = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 3 + dx1 + e
f (x1 ) = ax14 + bx13 + cx12 + dx1 + e
!
f (x 2 ) = ax 2 4 + bx 2 3 + cx 2 2 + dx 2 + e
4 3 2
f (x 3 ) = ax 3 + bx 3 + cx 3 + dx 3 + e
4 3 2
f (x 4 ) = ax 4 + bx 4 + cx 4 + dx 4 + e
f (x 5 ) = ax 5 4 + bx 5 3 + cx 5 2 + dx 5 + e
13.
14. f (x) = a1 + a2 (x " x1 ) + a3 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 ) +L
+an +1 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(L)(x " x n )
a1 n+1
15. f (x) = a1
+a2 (x " x1 )
+a3 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )
! +a4 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )
+a5 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )
!
16. x=x
f (x) = a1
+a2 (x " x1 ) 0
3
f (xx1 ) = a1
+a (x " x )(x " )
1 2 0
+a4 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 ) 0
+a5 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 ) 0
!
!
17. x=x2
f (x) = a1
+a2 (x " x1 )
f (x ) = a + a2 (x 2 " x1 )
2 1
+a3 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 ) 0
a1 a2
+a4 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 ) 0
+a5 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 ) 0
!
18. x=x3
f (x) = a1
+a2 (x " x1 )
f (x ) = a + a (x " x ) + a3 (x 3 " x1)(x 3 " x 2 )
3+a (x " x 2)(x3" x 1
1
3 1 2)
a1 a2 a3
+a4 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 ) 0
+a5 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 ) 0
!
19. a1 n+1
f (x) = a1 + a2 (x " x1 ) + a3 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 ) +L
+an +1 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(L)(x " x n )
f (x1 ) = a1
! f (x 2 ) = a1 + a2 (x 2 " x1 )
f (x 3 ) = a1 + a2 (x 3 " x1 ) + a3 (x 3 " x1 )(x 3 " x 2 )
M
f (x n +1 ) = a1 + a2 (x n +1 " x1 ) + a3 (x n +1 " x1 )(x n +1 " x 2 ) +L
+an +1 (x n +1 " x1 )(x n +1 " x 2 )(L)(x n +1 " x n )
20.
21. n
f (x) = %
$ j "k (x # x j )
f (x k )
k =0 $ j "k (x k # x j )
!
22.
23.
24. n
f (x) = %
$ j "k (x # x j )
f (x k )
k =0$ j "k (x k # x j )
(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )L(x " x n )
= f (x 0 )
(x 0 " x1 )(x 0 " x 2 )(x 0 " x 3 )L(x 0 " x n )
(x " x 0 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )L(x " x n )
+ f (x1 )
(x1 " x 0 )(x1 " x 2 )(x1 " x 3 )L(x1 " x n )
+LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )L(x " x n "1 )
+ f (x n )
(x n " x 0 )(x n " x1 )(x n " x 2 )L(x n " x n "1 )
25. (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
f (x) = f (x 0 )
(x 0 " x1 )(x 0 " x 2 )(x 0 " x 3 )(x 0 " x 4 )(x 0 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x1 )
(x1 " x 0 )(x1 " x 2 )(x1 " x 3 )(x1 " x 4 )(x1 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
f (x 2 )
+
x
(x 2 " x 0 )(x 2 " x1 )(x 2 " x 3 )(x 2 " x 4 )(x 2 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x 3 )
(x 3 " x 0 )(x 3 " x1 )(x 3 " x 2 )(x 3 " x 4 )(x 3 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x 4 )
(x 4 " x 0 )(x 4 " x1 )(x 4 " x 2 )(x 4 " x 3 )(x 4 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )
+ f (x 5 )
(x 5 " x 0 )(x 5 " x1 )(x 5 " x 2 )(x 5 " x 3 )(x 5 " x 4 )
26. (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
f (x) = f (x 0 ) f(x0)
(x 0 " x1 )(x 0 " x 2 )(x 0 " x 3 )(x 0 " x 4 )(x 0 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x1 )
(x1 " x 0 )(x1 " x 2 )(x1 " x 3 )(x1 " x 4 )(x1 " x 5 )
+ f (x) = f (x )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
0
(x 2 " x 0 )(x 2 " x1 )(x 2 " x 3 )(x 2 " x 4 )(x 2 " x 5 )
f (x 2 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x 3 )
(x 3 " x 0 )(x 3 " x1 )(x 3 " x 2 )(x 3 " x 4 )(x 3 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x 4 )
(x 4 " x 0 )(x 4 " x1 )(x 4 " x 2 )(x 4 " x 3 )(x 4 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )
+ f (x 5 )
(x 5 " x 0 )(x 5 " x1 )(x 5 " x 2 )(x 5 " x 3 )(x 5 " x 4 )
!
27. (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
f (x) = f (x 0 ) 0
(x 0 " x1 )(x 0 " x 2 )(x 0 " x 3 )(x 0 " x 4 )(x 0 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x1 ) f(x1)
(x1 " x 0 )(x1 " x 2 )(x1 " x 3 )(x1 " x 4 )(x1 " x 5 )
+ f (x) = f (x )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
(x 2 " x 0 )(x 2 " x1 )(x 2 " x 3 )(x 2 " x 4 )(x 2 " x 51)
f (x 2 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x 3 )
(x 3 " x 0 )(x 3 " x1 )(x 3 " x 2 )(x 3 " x 4 )(x 3 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x 4 )
(x 4 " x 0 )(x 4 " x1 )(x 4 " x 2 )(x 4 " x 3 )(x 4 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )
+ f (x 5 )
(x 5 " x 0 )(x 5 " x1 )(x 5 " x 2 )(x 5 " x 3 )(x 5 " x 4 )
!
28. (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
f (x) = f (x 0 ) 0
(x 0 " x1 )(x 0 " x 2 )(x 0 " x 3 )(x 0 " x 4 )(x 0 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x1 ) 0
(x1 " x 0 )(x1 " x 2 )(x1 " x 3 )(x1 " x 4 )(x1 " x 5 )
+ f (x) = f (x )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
(x 2 " x 0 )(x 2 " x1 )(x 2 " x 3 )(x 2 " x 4 )(x 2 " x 52)
f (x 2 ) f(x2)
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 4 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x 3 )
(x 3 " x 0 )(x 3 " x1 )(x 3 " x 2 )(x 3 " x 4 )(x 3 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 5 )
+ f (x 4 )
(x 4 " x 0 )(x 4 " x1 )(x 4 " x 2 )(x 4 " x 3 )(x 4 " x 5 )
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )(x " x 4 )
+ f (x 5 )
(x 5 " x 0 )(x 5 " x1 )(x 5 " x 2 )(x 5 " x 3 )(x 5 " x 4 )
!
29. f (x) = f (x 0 )
f (x) = f (x1 )
f (x) = f (x 2 )
f (x) = f (x 3 )
! f (x) = f (x 4 )
! f (x) = f (x 5 )
!
30. P(x) = a1 + a2 (x " x1 ) + a3 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 ) +L
+an +1 (x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(L)(x " x n )
(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )L(x " x n )
P(x) = f (x 0 )
(x 0 " x1 )(x 0 " x 2 )(x 0 " x 3 )L(x 0 " x n )
! (x " x 0 )(x " x 2 )(x " x 3 )L(x " x n )
+ f (x1 )
(x1 " x 0 )(x1 " x 2 )(x1 " x 3 )L(x1 " x n )
+LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
(x " x 0 )(x " x1 )(x " x 2 )L(x " x n "1 )
+ f (x n )
(x n " x 0 )(x n " x1 )(x n " x 2 )L(x n " x n "1 )
31. f (x) = ax + b
f (x 2 ) " f (x1 ) a " x1
a=
x 2 " x1
b = f (x1 ) " a # x1 !
f (x) = ax + f (x1 ) " a # x1
= a(x " x1 ) + f (x1 )
f (x 2 ) " f (x1 )
= (x " x1 ) + f (x1 )
x 2 " x1
32. f (x 2 ) " f (x1 )
f (x) = (x " x1 ) + f (x1 )
x 2 " x1
x " x1 x " x1
= f (x 2 ) " f (x1 ) + f (x1 )
x 2 " x1 x 2 " x1
x " x1 # x " x1 &
= f (x 2 ) + f (x1 )$1 " '
x 2 " x1 % x 2 " x1 (
x " x1 # (x 2 " x1 ) " (x " x1 ) &
= f (x 2 ) + f (x1 )$ '
x 2 " x1 % x 2 " x1 (
x2 " x x " x1
= f (x1 ) + f (x 2 )
x 2 " x1 x 2 " x1
!