1. uqyïuoa
v1.02
wdpdrYS,SNdjh t;=udKka wjxl iajdñmqreIfhl= muKla fkdj t;=udKkaf.a
wkq.dñlhskago t;=udf.a cSjk ms<sfj; wkq.ukh lsÍug Èßu;a
túg kì ;=udKka fuf,i Wmfoia ÿkaky' l< y' # zz úYajdijka;hskaf.ka jvd;a mßmQ¾K úYajdijka;hd
# zz´ wdhsId æ ikaiqkajkak" wdpdrYS,S jkak' ukao h;a w,a,dya ´kEu jkafka jvd;au iodpdr iïmkak mqoa.,hdh' Tjqkaf.kq;a jvd;a
fohl§ wdpdrYS,SNdjh w.h lrkafka h'ZZ
;jo t;=udKka # zzwka wh iu`. wdpdrYS,S jkak æ ukaoh;a hï
fohl wdpdrYS,S nj ;snqfKa kï" th ;j ÿrg;a w,xldrj;a
lrkafka h' kuq;a wdpdrYS,Snj fkdue;s kï" th wiïmQ¾K jkafka
hym;a wh jkafka ;u ìßkaoEjrekag fyd`oska i,lk mqoa.,hdh'ZZ
mßmQ¾K WodyrKh
kì;=ud
h'ZZ hehs mejiqfõ h'
Tn fuf;la ÿr lshjd we;af;a uqyïuoa
^Tyqg iduh Wodfõjd&
;=udKka ish cSú;h .; l< wdldrh zz^ò uqyïuoa æ&
ksy;udkSNdjh zztfiau ms<sn`o f;dr;=re ì`ola muKS' Tyqf.a ienúkau Tng
kì ;=udKka tk úg ñksiqka yqka uyd ldreKsl ohdj iy fifkyi .ek ÿka WodyrK b;du;a Wiia
ia:dkj,ska ke`.sg t;=udKka yg .re ^foúhka&f.a ^fyd`o& jy,qka kQ;k ckudOH u`.ska bia,duhg pß;hla
lsÍug mqreÿj isá w;r Tjqkaj
t;=uKka úiska j<lajkq ,eîh'
jkafka fï fmdf<da ;,fha
ksy;udkSj ießirkakkah'
úreoaOj f.khk m%pdr j,g ijka ÿka
iuyrekag ;s.eiaiSula f.k §ug jqjo
we;af;ahZZ
l=¾-wdkh ^68#4& fuu mqoa.,hdj
Tjqkg wkqjK ñksiqka bv we;'
t;=uka ieuúgu bv we;s ia:dkhl
ys`o.;a;d ñi" Wiia fyda úfYaI
ia:dkhla fiõfõ ke;' t;=udKka
.eryQ úg" Tjqka zTng
iduh w;a fõjdæZ hehs
bia,duh ms<snoj jgyd .ekSug flfkl= tys uQ,dY%j,g fl,skau
hdu b;du;a jeo.;ah # l=¾-wdkfha joka yd uqyïuoa ;=udKkaf.a
Tn oek.; hq;=hs
lsisúfgl;a ;udj lemS fmkaùug mji;sZZ' ls%hdjka ne,sh hq;=h' kuq;a jerÈ l%shdjka lrk uqia,sïjreka lsysm
úfYaI jia;% fyda m<`okd l=¾-wdkh ^25#63& fofkl= foi n,d bia,duh hkq fuh hhs úksYaph lsÍu ljqreka
Wmfhda.S�lr�.;Af;A ke;' fyda úiska fkdl< hq;a; ls'
t;=udKka ÿmam;a ñksiqka iu`. ks;r .ejiqky' t;=udKka
jeäysáhka iu`. ks;r l;d nfiys fhÿKq w;r" jekaoUqjkag
fndfyda fihska Wmldr l<y' t;=udKka ñksiqka w;r isák úg"
uqia,sï fkdjk lsysm fofkl=f.a u;hka
t;=udKkaj fkdo;a flfkl=g t;=udj fjkalr y`ÿkd.ekSu t;rï uyd;aud .dkaê( bka§h ksoyia jHdmdrfha b;d jeo.;a
myiq ld¾hhla fkdúh' wdOHd;añl fuka u foaYmd,k kdhlfhl= jk t;=ud fuf,i
Èkla�t;=ud�ish wkq.dñlhska wu;d�fuf,i mejiSh# zzTn,d mejiSh# zzTjqka ish`M ndOl ì`o oud ch .;af;a lvqj ksid fkdj"
ish,af,dau ksy;udkS úh hq;= njg foúhkajykafia�udyg oekqï § th uqyïuoa kì;=udf.a ksryxldr nj" pdï nj yd mßmQ¾K
we;' lsisfjl=;a fjk;a flfkl=j mSvdjg m;a fkdl< hq;=h' mrd¾:ldónjhs' tfukau" fmdfrdkaÿ j,g ;enQ buy;a ie,ls,a,hs'
tfukau flfkl=g flfkl= wd;au j¾Kkdjo fkdl< hq;=h'ZZ t;=udf.a i.hskag iy wkq.dñlhskag ;snQ ;Sj% ,eÈhdjhs' t;=udf.a
úSr;ajh" t;=udf.a ks¾Nh nj" ;u foúhka flfrys ;enQ mQ¾K
t;=udKkaf.a ksy;udkS nj fl;rïo lsjfyd;a" ñksiqka Tyqj úYajdih iy t;=udf.a O¾u ¥; fufyjr hs'ZZ
keu§ug mgka .kq we;ehs t;=udKka ìh jQy' ula ksido h;a
fcda¾ca n¾kdâ fYda - ì%;dkH kdgH rplfhl= jk t;=ud fufia
keuÿug iqÿiaid foúhkajykafia muKla jk fyhsks'
mejiSh# zz wo wm f,dalhg uqyïuoaf.a jeks is; we;s mqoa.,fhl=
zz ußhï ;=ñhf.a mq;a Bid ^wff,& ;=udj ls%ia;shdkqjka m%Yxid
w;HjYH ú we;' uOH;k hq.fha isá wd.ñl mqoa.,hka Tjqkaf.a
l<dla fuka udj m%Yxid lrñka iSudj blaujd fkdhkak'ud
kQ.;alu iy wúpdrd;aul ye`.Sï ksid fudyqj Tjqka ujd fmka
foúhkajykafiaf.a fiajlfhl= muKs' tneúka udj
jQfha b;d w`ÿre pß;hla f,i yd l%sia;shdks O¾ufha i;=frl=
foúhkajykafiaaf.a fiajlhd yd foúhkajykafia ¥;hd hhs
f,ihs' kuq;a fï ñksidf.a cSú; l:dj foi u`ola tî ne,q miq"
wduka;%Kh lrkak'ZZ
t;=udf.a cSjk .uk b;d wdYap¾hu;a" úYauhckl tlla nj ug
wdo¾Yu;a iajdñmqreIhd ye`.=Ks' bkamiq" t;=ud lsisÈfkl l%sia;= oyfï i;=frl= fkdfjhs
hk ks.ukhg tf<Uqfkñ' tfiau Tyq ukqIH j¾.hdf.a
.e,jqïlre f,i ye`oskaúu fjkqjg" udf.a u;h wkqj" Tyqf.a w;g
kì ;=udKkaf.a m%sh ìß`o wdhsId ;=ñh" ish uq`M f,dfjysu md,kh Ndr Èh hq;=h' túg Tyq ish`M m%Yak
Wodr iajdñmqreIhd .ek zz ;jo Tjqka
ksrdlrKh lr" ñksiqkaf.a tlu wNs,dIh jk iduh yd i;=g
fufia�mjid�we;' zzt;=udKka ks;ru ^Tnf.a
wdrCId lr §ug j. n,d .kq we;'ZZ
f.or jev lghq;=j,§ Woõ Wmldr l<y' j,a,Nhka& iu`.
úfgl ;u jia;% iy fifrmamq ish;skau ohdnrj cSj;a More Information
uid w`M;ajeähd lr .;ay' t;=udKka
ksji w;= .Ey' i;=ka f.a lsß foúï mgka
Wkaj wdrCId lsÍu" wdydr ,nd §u fukau
jkakZZ'
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2. uqyïuoa ^Tyqg iduh Wodfõjd&
tlsfkldg lreKdj fukau .re;ajh olajk fuka
foúhkajykafiaf.a ¥;hd jk uqyïuoa ;=udKka b.ekajQy( zzwka
bjis,sjka;Ndjh
hkq�ljfrlao@ whg ohdj fkdolajk wfhl= yg lsisúfgl;a ohdjla fkd,efnhsZZ' zzTng kmqrla lrkafkl= yg Tn
kmqrla fkdl< hq;=h' Tn
we;euqka kì ;=udKka�fj;�meñK" foaj wúYajdijka;hskag o`vqjï
jkaokdudk l< hq;af;a tlu lrk fuka foúhkajykafiaf.ka whÈk f,i kì ;=udKkaf.ka zzhym;a l%shdjka Tjqkaf.ka CIudfjka iy
foúhkajykafiajo" foúhkajykafiag ^w,a,dyag& b,a,d isáhy' túg t;=udKka fuf,i mejiqfõh( zz ud fuys tjd whym;a l%shdjka j,g ohdfjka hq;=j lghq;= l< hq;=hZZ'
wjidk Èkho wfmaCId muKla nj;a" wjk; úh hq;af;a we;af;a Ydm lrkafkl= f,iska fkdj ohdj ,nd fokafkl= iudk jkafka ke;" W;=ïu ;ud flfrys fl<skau t,a, jQ
lrk yd wêl jYfhka Tyqg muKla nj;a lshefjk f,ihs'ZZ foh fhdojd mdmh yd kmqr ks.%y iy wmjdo j,g wjidk
foaj ¥;hd jQ uqyïuoa ;=udKka
foúhkajykafiaj fufkys
lrk ´kEu wfhl=g ksh;
foúhkajykafiaf.a mKsjqvh
ñksiqka fj; /f.k wd iudj ,nd §u fkrmd oukak" túg Tng
fuf;la l,a tosßjdÈlï m%;sl%shd lf<a fufiah'
jYfhkau foúhkaf.a ¥;hd jla;Djrekaa w;=ßka wjidk mqrel l< mqoa.,hd Tnf.a t;=udKkag m<s .ekSug fndfyda
;=< Tng wkq.ukh lsÍug jkafka uqyïuoa kì ;=udKka nj ñksiqka w;ßka uqyïuoa ;=udKka f,ka.;= i.fhl= njg m;a
jvd;au ldreKsl fukau wjia:djka ,eî ;sìh§o" tu
wk¾> wdo¾Yhla we;' uqia,sïjreka úYajdi lrhs' tu zzTjqkag ^uqia,sïjreka& jkq we;ZZ wjia:d j,ska je<lS isánjg
l=¾wdkh ^33#21& jla;Djrekaa lsysmfokd w;=ßka bjis,sjka; flfkl=�úh' iudj ,nd§ ^isÿ jQ l=¾-wdkh ^41#34&
we;euqka t;=udKkaj kskaodjg fndfydauhla bia,dóh uQ,dY%j,
wdoï" kQya" bn%dySï" bYaydla" ish,a,& wu;l lrkakehs olakg we;
m;a l<d;A" t;=udKka tu mjikak( w,a,dya Tng
hdl=í" hQiq*a" uQid" odjqoa" iqf,hsudka" Bid ^ish`M fokd u;u iduh mqoa.,hdg iudj ÿkay" tu iudj Èh hq;=h hehs Tn
mqoa.,hd l=ßre jqjo" t;=udKka úmf;a§ bjis,sjka; úh hq;= hehs t;=udKka wkq.dñlhskag b.ekaúh'
w;a fõjdæ& wd§ka ye`oskaúh yel' wfmaCId lrkafka keoao
;j ;j;a bjis,sjka; jQy' zzjvd Yla;s iïmkak jkafka ;u n,fhka ñksiqka ch .kakd
@ ulaksido h;a w,a,dya
uQid ;=ud yg ;õrd;h ^keu;s Y=oaO jQ uq,a foaj O¾uh& my< l<d t;=udKka yg i;=rkag tfrysj mqoa.,hd fkdj" ;ud fldamhg m;a wjia:dfõ§ ;udj md,kh
ksrka;rfhkau wkqlïmd
fia" Bid ^fÊiq& ;=ud yg bkacS,h ^f.diafm,a hhs wo wmg olakg tlg tl lsÍug n,h ;snqKo lr.kakd mqoa.,dhhZZ'
iy.;h" mru ohdnrhZZ'
,efnk ixialrKh fkdj" Y=oaO jQ foaj O¾uh& my< l<d fia" Tjqkag ks;ru iudj ,nd §ug l=¾-wdkh ^24#22&
O¾uh�meyeÈ<s lr fmkajd §ug uqyïuoa ;=udKka yg l=¾-wdkh W;aiql jQy' bjis,sjka; úh hq;=h hkafkka woyia lrkafka uqia,sïjrfhl= ;udg
my< l< nj uqia,sïjreka úYajdi lr;s' t,a,jk i;=re m%ydr yuqfõ ksYaYíoj iy wkdrCIdldÍ f,i isàu
uqyïuoa ;=udKka yg úreoaOj l< l%shdj fl;rï oreKq jqjo thg fkdfõ' kì ;=udKka ta ms<sn`oj fufia mejiQy' # zz i;=rd yuqúug
jrla" uqyïuoa kì;=udKka .ek úia;r lrk fuka t;=udKkaf.a iudj ,nd ÿkay' idkqlïms;Ndjhg yd iudj ,nd §ug fyd`ou wdYd fkdlrkak' kuq;a Tn i;=rdj yuqjQfha kï" bjis,su;a jkak
ìß`o jQ wdhsId ;=ñhf.ka b,a,Sula l< wjia:dfõ §" weh mejiqfõ WodyrKh t;=udKkah ( zz^Ts uqyïuoa æ& Tnf.a iudj §fï .;sh ^tkï i;=rd bÈßfha iúu;a jkak&'ZZ
zzt;=udKka weúÈk l=¾-wdkhhSZZ hkqfjks' tkï t;=udKka b;d mj;ajdf.k hkak' ldreKsl jkakg kshu lrkak' wkqjK ckhd
iqmßlaIdldßj l=¾-wdkfha W;=ï b.ekaúï ish cSú;hg iQCIuj w;ayer oukak'ZZ l=¾-wdkh ^7#199&
wE`odf.k l%shdjg kexjQ njhs' fï W;=ï b.ekaúï t;=udKka W;=ï
ls%hdjka njg mßj¾;kh l< wdldrh wms wdo¾Yhg�f.k
iudkd;au;djh wdpdrYS,SNdjh
fmkajkafkuq'
ohdfõ fufyhqu zz;jo wms
zzienúkau
foúhkajykafia bÈßfha ish,af,dau
iudk nj uqyïuoa ;=udKka
b.ekajQy'
uqyïuoa ;=udKka iu. wjqreÿ
oyhla muK fiajh l<
t;=udKkaf.a wkq.dñlfhla
zzw,a,dyaf.a lreKdfjka"
Tn ñksiqkg b;d
keuÿug" Wmjdihg yd odkudk lsÍug w,a,dyaf.a ne,afuka iEu ñksfil=u wdrïNjQfha wdoï mejiQ wkaoug" uqyïuoa wdpdrYS,Sh' Tn wkqlïmdjla
^foúhka& Tn
^ild;h f.úug&" ñksiqkag werhqï lsÍu Tn,d w;=ßka jvd;au ;=udf.ks' t;=ud ueá ksiaidrKhlska ;=udKka Tjqka iu`. ks;ru ke;s oeä yoj;lska hqla;j
^uqyïuoa&j uq`M uy;a
muKla fkdj" hful=f.a isf;ys foúhka f.!rjkSh wh jkafka ks¾udKh lr we;' wrdìjrfhl= wdpdrYS,Sj lghq;= lr we;' Tjqkg kmqre jQfha kï"
ukqIH j¾.hdgu
ms<sn`oj úYajdih wka whg ie<lSfï§ o Tnf.ka jQ oeyeñka hZZ' wrdì fkdjk mqoa.,fhl=g jvd fyda Tjqka Tn jgd isg flfuka
ohdjla njg ñi" zzud hula l< úg" th flfia
biau;= úh hq;= nj kì ;=udKka l=¾-wdkh ^49#13& l`M ñksfil= iqÿ ñksfil=g jvd úisr hkakg bv ;snqKsZZ'
fjk wka fohlg l<doehs t;=udKka úuiqfõ
b.ekaúh' zzTnf.ka jvd;au Wiiajka;hd fyda tlsfkld w;r Wia my;a l=¾-wdkh ^3#159&
tjd ke;af;uqZZ' ke;' tfiau ud hula fkdl<
jkafka" Tn,d w;ßka Wiiau pß;fhka l=¾-wdkh ^21(107& jkafka Tjqka ;=< we;s foaj
fyì mqoa.,hdhZZ' Nla;sfhka muKS' úg ud th fkdlsÍug fya;=jo
t;=udKka úuiqfõ ke;'
úYAjdih yd l%shdj w;r iïnkaOh ms<sn`oj wjOdrKh lrk kì zzfoúhkajykafia Tnj úksYaph lrkafka Tnf.a rEmhg fyda Tnf.a ukqIHhskaf.ka jvd;au
;=udKkaf.a lshuka fndfydauhla we;' WodyrKhla jYfhka# zzTn,d Okhg fyda fkdj Tnf.a is;=ú<s yd l%shdjka j,gh'ZZ ysff;IS mqoa.,hd t;=udKka
w;=ßka foúhkajykafiaj yd wjidk Èkh úYajdi lrkakkaf.ka h'ZZ
lsisfjl=;a ish wi,ajeishdg mSvdjla fkdl< hq;=hs' tfiau uqyïuoa ;=udKkaf.a wkq.dñlfhla ;j;a wkq.dñlfhl=g zzl`M
foúhkajykafiaj iy wjidk Èkh .ek úYajdih lrkakka ish ldka;djf.a mq;dZZ hehs wm%ikak wkaoñka wduka;%Kh lf<ah' túg Èkla" tla wfhl= t;=udKkag wjuka l< ksidfjka t;=udKkaf.a
wd.ka;=lhdg ks¾f,daNsj i;aldr l< hq;=hs' tfiau foúhkajykafiaj t;=udKka fldamhg m;a ú fufia mejiQy # zzfudyqf.a ujf.a ld< ìß`o fldamhg m;a ú isáhd h'
iy wjidk Èkh .ek úYajdi lrkakka hym;a jQ fohla l;d l< j¾Kh ksid Tn fudyqj my;a fldg i<lkafkyso @ Tn ;=< ;ju;a
hq;=h" fkd tfia kï ksYaYíoj isáh hq;=hZZ' bia,duhg fmr yqka ñksiqkaf.a wkqjK ,laIK we;af;ah'ZZ