form 5 biology topic reproduction and growth

1. reproduction and growth
learning objectives:
1. analysisng gamete formation
2. analysing the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle
3. understanding the early development of zygotes in human
4. appreciating the constribution of science and technology to
human reproduction
5. synthesising the concept of sexual reproduction in flowering
plant
6. understanding growth in multicellular organisms
7. understanding the growth curve
8. understanding primary and secondry growth in plants

2. analysing gamete formation
learning outcomes:
1. explain the necessity for organisms to
repproduce
2. state types of reproduction
3. explain the necessaties for formation of
gametes
4. describe formation of sperm in humans
5. describe formation of ovum in humans
6. compare the formation of sperm with that of
ovum

3. necessity for organisms to
reproduce
1. reproduction is important because:
• for the continuation of the spesies in
habitats
• to produce new individuals that can
contribute to variation
• to replace those die because of disease,
old age or fall prey to predators
• to passing down the genes from parents
to the next generation

4. types of
reproduction
sexual
reproduction
asexual
reproduction

5. sexual reproduction
• occurs in vertebrates
• it involves in the production and fusion of
• two gametes to form a zygote

6. asexual reproduction
• occurs in
invertebrates
• involves binary fusion
• budding
• fragmentation

7. necessity for the formation of gametes

8. formation of sperms in humans
The male reproductive organ

9. spermatogenesis

10. spermatogenesis
• is a process of sperms formation in a
smeniferous tubules of testes

11. • the cross section of seminiferous
tubules shows a layer of cell
• called primordial germ cells
• which undergo mitotic division to form
spermatogonia
• spermatogonia undergo mitosis for
several times
• during foetus development until the
childhood phases
• to form primary spermatocytes

14. • when the male child reaches puberty
stage
• some of the primaryspermatocyte
undergo spermatogenesis
• each primary spermatocyte undergoes
meiosis 1
• to form secondary spermatocytes

15. • each secondary spermatocytes
divides again during meiosis 2
• to produce spermatids
• each spermatids develops into
sperms
• through cell differentiation and
growth
• 4 spermatid are formed for every
primar spermatocyte

20. • spermatogonium(2n) repeated mitosis---->
• primary spermatocyte (2n) -----> meiosis I
----> secondary spermatocyte II (n) ----->
meiosis II -------> spermatid ( n) ------> cell
differentiation and growth ----->sperm (n)

21. formation of ovum in humans
The female reproductive organ

22. sistem pembiakan perempuan

23. ovum

24. peringkat folikel dalam ovari

25. oogenesis
• is a process of ovum formation in the ovary
• in a foetus ovary, there are a lot of oogonium
cells
• oogonium develops to form primary oocyte
• each primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of
follicle cells
• which are called primary follicle
• ( at birth, a human female body has as much as
2 million of primary oocyte in their ovaries)

26. • primary follicle divides through
meiosis 1 and stops at prophase 1
• when a female childhood reach puberty
stage,
• only one primary follicle matures
completely to form a secondary follicle

27. • secondary follicles starts meiosis 2
which progress until metaphase 2
• and develops to form graafian follicle
• at intervals of 28 days, the Graafian
follicle merges with the wall of
ovary

28. • the ovarian wall and Graafian follicle
then rupture ,
• releasing the secondary oocyte and the
first polar body into the fallopian tube
• this stage called ovulation
• if the sperm penetrates the secondary
oocyte during fertilization,
• meiosis 2 will be completed to formed
• an ovum and second polarbody

29. • if there is no sperm penetration occur,
secondary oocyte will break down
during menstruation

34. Analysing the role of hormones in the
mestrual cucle
learning outcomes:
1. state what menstruation is
2. relate menstruation to mestrual cycle
3. state the importance of the meenstrual cycle
4. state the hormones involve in mestrual cycle
5. relate the hormonal levels to the development of follicles, ovulation,
formation of corpus luteum
6. relate hormonal level to the thickness of the endometrium
7. explain the role of hormones in regulating menstrual cycle
8. state the premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
9. state what menopause is

35. menstruation and menstrual cycle
menstruation:
• the breakdown of the endometrium wall
• and the discharge of blood , epithelial
tissues and mucus through the vagina

36. menstrual cycle
• the monthly cycle of ovulation and menstruation
• that occur in the uterus when a female reaches
puberty
• in most female, it takes about 28 days but vary
between different female
• the activity of menstrual cycle are closely
associated with menstruation and
• it is regulated by hormone
• it is a cycle of chnges that prepare uterus lining
• for the possible implantation of a fertilised ovum

37. the hormone involved in mestrual
cycle
• 2 groups of hormones involved:
group 1:
• control the changes in the ovaries
• FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone)
• LH (Luteinising hormone)
group 2:
• control the changes in uterus
• oestrogen
• progesterone

38. HORMONE PLACE OF SECRETION FUNCTIONS
FSH PITUITARY GLAND
STIMULATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOLLICLES
IN THE OVARY
LH PITUITARY GLAND
•STIMULATES OVULATION
•STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS
LUTEUM
•PROMOTES SECRETION OF PROGESTERONE
OESTROGEN
FOLLICLE CELLS OF THE
OVARY
•PROMOTES REPAIR OF THE ENDOMETRIUM
•STIMULATES FURTHER GROWTH OF FOLLICLES
•POSITIVE FEEDBACK ACTION ON SECRETION OF
FSH AND LH
PROGESTERONE CORPUS LUTEUM
•STIMULATES THE ENDOMETRIUM TOBECOME
THICK , FOLDED AND HIGHLY VASCULAR
•FOR THE IMPLANTATION OF AN EMBRYO
•INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF FSH AND LH TO
PREVENT
•THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRAAFIAN
FOLLICLES AND OVULATION

39. • the Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
(GnRH) secreted by the hypothalamus
• stimulates the Pituitary Gland to release
FSH and LH in the bloodstream to ovary
• FSH - stimulates the development of
follicles
• as the maturing follicle enlarges, it
secretes greater amount of oestrogen

40. • the high level of oestrogen cause a rise in
secretion FSH and LH
• LH- stimulates the completion of meiosis I
by changing primary oocyte to secondary
oocyte
• remaining follicle tissue developes in
corpus luteum
• corpus luteum- secretes larger amount of
progesterone
• but smaller amount of oestrogen

41. • oestrogen and progesterone- stimulate the
endometrium to become thicker
• and rich in blood vessels , in the
preparaton for implantation of fertilized
ovum
• if fertilization does not occur, the corpus
uteum starts to disintegrate
• the level of oestrogen and progesterone
drops

42. • endometrium breaks down and
disintegrates
• begin the menstrual flow on about 28th
day of the cycle
• if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum
will not degenerate
• means the level of oestrogen and
progesterone continue to rise
• endomentrium continue to grow and
nourish the embryo

43. • corpus luteum continue to secretes
oestrogen and progesterone two to three
month after fertilization
• after that, it is taken over by plasenta untul
the baby is born

48. pitutary gland
FSH
Stimulates the development
of follicle graaf
OVARY
OESTROGEN
LH
OVULATION
CORPUS
LUTEUM
PROGESTERONE
promotes the repair
of the endometrium
UTERUS

49. Stimulates the
endometrium to become
thick for the implantation
of an ebryo

50. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
(PMS)
• PMS is a cyclical disorder of severe
physical, mental and emotional distress
• related to menstrual cycle
• occurs in a week or two before
menstruation
• PMS could be due to the imbalance in
oestrogen and progesterone

51. common physical symptom
• headaches, fatigue, feel bloated
• breast tenderness, abdominal pain
• sleep distrubance, appetite changes
• food cravings

52. common emotional symptoms
• irritability, tension, depression
• confusion, anxiety, crying
• oversensetivity , mood swings
• alternating anger and lack of
concentration

53. menopause
• time when the menstrual cycle stop
• between the ages of 45 and 55 years
WHY?
• it is a normal change in woman's life
• woman's body slowly produces less hormones
oestrogen and progesterone
• causes the mestrual cycle to be irregular
• mestrual flows become shorter and finally stop
• ovaries stop producing follicles and ova

54. symptoms:
• decrease in bone densityand lead to
osteoporosis
• mood changes, weight gain, hair loss
• difficulty in sleeping, depression,
headaches
• hot flushes, night sweats

55. understanding the early
development of zygote in humans
learning outcomes:
1. describe what fertilisation is
2.describe in simple terms the early development of a
zygote
3. name the two main stages in the development of a
zygote in preparationfor implantation
4. describe the formation of twins
5. compare identical twins with fraternal twins
5. state the functions of the placenta in foetal development
6. explain the advantages of foetus having a separate
circulatory systems from that of the mother

56. fertilisation
• it is a union of nuclei of a sperm and an
ovum to produce zygote
• occurs inside the fallopion tubes
• of the millions of sperms ejaculated,
• only a few hundred will survive the
journey to reach fallopion tubes
• from these, only one sperm is succeds
to fertilize the ovum
• the woman is said to be pregnant

58. • once the sperms succeds in entering the
secondary oocyte, meiosis II is
completed

60. the early development of a zygote

63. STAGES EXPLANATION
FERTILiSATION
•approximately after 36 hours , zygote is formed
•begins to divide repeatedly by mitosis as it travels along the
fallopion tube
Development
of embryo
•mitotic divisionrepeatedly to formed ambryo with two cell, four,
eight and the solid mass of cells called morula
blastocyst.
blastula
the morula with about 100 cells. it is a fluid filled sphere
implantation
•seven days after fertilization, the blastula attaches itself to the
endometrium
•the inner cell mass develops into the embryo
the trophoblast will develop into the foetal portion of placenta

64. • zygotes ( 4 days divides mitosis
repeatedly) --> solid ball (morula) --->
(develop into )hollow ball ( blastula )-->
blastocyst
• morula and blastula ( 2 main stages in
preparation for implantation)

65. the formation of twins

69. comparison between identtical
twins with fraternal twins
similarities
1.embryos formed are the result of
fertilisation
2.both grow by mitosis for embryo
development

70. differences
one ovum is fertilized by
one sperm
fertilisation
two ova are released at
the same time
each ovum is fertilised by
sperm
the zygote is splited into
two separate embryos
FORMATION OF ZYGOTE
2 zygotes formed which
divide and develop into
two separate embryos
both twins have same
genetic constitution
Genetic constitution
both twins do not share
same genetic
both embryo share one
placentae
have their own umbilical
cord
number of placentae
both embryo has its own
placetae and umbilical cord
both are of the same sex
males or females
sex
both twins maybe the
same sex or different sex
both twins share the same
physical characteristics
physical characteristic
both twins do not share
the same physical
characteristic

71. identical twins

72. fraternal twins

73. fraternal twins

74. siamese twins

75. • siamese twins are identical twins
• which do not separate completely during
embryonic development
• they are attached (joined) at certain parts of the
body such as head, abdomen or hips
• they may also share some internal organs
• they can be separated surgically and have
greater chance for survival
• if they do not share major internal organs such
as heart, brain or lung

79. the imprtance of having separate
circulatory system
1. prevents the mixing of blood groups of mother
and the foetus which may cause blood
agglutination and death
2. prevents certain harmful bacteria and toxins
from entering the foetus
3. prevents the action of chemicals in mother blood
from harming the development feotus
4. ensures that the fine blood vessels of the foetus
do not burst as a result of high blood pressure

80. the constribution of science and
technology to human reproduction
learning outcome:
1.explain the contribution of science and
technology to human reproduction
2. explain some moral issues related to the
application of science and technology to human
reproduction
3. what sexually transmitted disease are
4. give examples of sexually transmitted disease

81. constribution on infertility
• due to either the male or female partner
being sterile
common cause:
• blocked fallopian tubes
• failure of an embryo to implant itself to
endometrium
• the inability to produce ova
• blocked sperm ducts or vas deferens
• low sperm count

82. overcome with
• artificial insemination
• sperm bank
• surrogate mother
• invitro fertilisation ( IVF)
• GIFT
• ZIFT
• cloning

83. artificial insemination (AI)
• The sperms of men with low sperm count
are collected over a period of time
• the wife caan be inseminated with the
husband's sperms from a sperm bank
• the sperms are injected directly into the
fallopion tube

85. sperm bank
• a donor sperms are
frozened in liquid nitrogen
at temperature -196
degree
• and kept in sperm bank
• a woman is inseminated
by sperms obtained from
a sperm bank

86. surrogate mother
• the sperms and ova
are obtained from the
parents
• it will transfered to the
uterus of the
surrogate mother

87. In Vitro fertilization ( IVF)
• The method is used when the fallopion tubes are blocked
• FSH is injected to stimulates the follicle development
• a fine laparoscope is used to remove secondary oocyte
from the ovary
• and is placed in a glassware which already contain sperm
with culture solution
• the sperms and ova are fused and embryos with eight cells
stage
• are inserted into the uterus through cervix for implantation
• babies conceived in this method are called test-tube
babies

91. gamete intra-fallopio transfer(GIFT)
• the sperm and secondary oocyte are mixed
up in a glass ware
• the mixture is transferred into the fallopian
tube so that the fertilization can occur

93. zygote intra-fallopio transfer (ZIFT)
• The sperm and secondary oocyte are
mixed up in a glassware
• the fertilisation is allow to occur
• the zygote formed is transferred into the
fallopion tube

95. cloning
• it involves the transfer of nucleus from a
somatic cell to an ovum which has the
nucleus removed
• the embryo is then develops in culture
solution
• it is inserted into the uterus of surrogate
mother which finally an identical baby of
the ceell donor is born

97. birth control methods
1. rhythm method
• fertile period - 3 days before and 3 days
after ovulation
• others day are save period
• avoid engaging in copulation during the
woman's fertile period
• a married couple should only have sexual
intercouse during the save period
• which will not result in pregnancy

99. 2. condom
• fitted over the erect
penis before
copulation
• prevent sperms from
entering the vagina
during ejaculation

100. 3.withdrawal method
• the penis is withdrawn
from the vagina
before the release of
semen or ejaculation

101. 4.vasectomy
• the vas deferences
are tied and cut in a
surgical operation
• the sperm are still
produced but cannot
be transferred it out

102. 5.diaphragm
• inserted into vagina to
cover the cervix
• stops sperms from
entering the uterus

103. 6. tubal ligation
• both the fallopion tubes are cut and tied in
an operation
• a released ovum cannot reach the part of
the fallopion tube where sperms are
present
• thus, the sperms cannot fertilise the ovum

105. 7.contraceptive pills
• pills with a combination of oestrogen and
progesterone
• prevents ovulation by inhibiting the
secretion of FSH and LH

106. 8.IUD (intrauterine device)
• fitted by a doctor
• can be left in the
uterus for
approximately two
years
• it will irritates the
endometrium, thus
preventing the
implantation of
embryo

107. 9. contraceptive implant
• a capsule inserted
just below the skin of
the upper arm
• progestine is secreted
in small quantities
over a period of three
to four years
• inhibits ovulation

108. 10.femidom
• it will lines the vagina
• prevents the entry of
sperm

109. 11. mucus
• the woman should examines the
discharge like mucus coimg out from the
vagina
• more mucus , dilute and elastic when
ovulation is reached
• the intercourse should be avoided at this
phase

110. moral issues to the Application of
science
• 1. should humans interfere with the natural
reproductive processes
2. in IVF, usually more than one embryo are
cultured. It is wrong to destroy the extra
embryos?
3.the use of sperms and ova from donors
raises legal and moral issues on the
parentage of the child

111. 4.the use of surrogate mothers may cause
pshycological problems to both surrogate
mother and child
as she has linkage during pregnancy
5. the selection of sperms and ova for
artificial insemination is contavenes
the law of nature and may result in a
'superior race'

112. the sexual transmitted disease
( STDs)
• disease that are spread from one person
to another through sexual contact
STDs caused by bacteria:
• Chlamydia
• Syphilis
• Gonorrhea

114. STDs caused by Virus:
• hepatitis B
• Genital herpes
• AIDS

115. • Bacterial STDs can be treated with
antibiotics
• but Viral STDs cannot
how to avoid:
• not engaging in promiscuous sexual
behaviour
• being faithful to sex partner

116. 4.5 the concept of sexual
reproduction in flowering plants
learning outcomes:
1.identify male and female structures in a flower
2.describe the formation of pollen grains
3.describe the formation of embryo sac in the
ovule
4.describe the formation of pollen tube, zygote and
triploid nucleus
5.conceptualise double fertilisation
6. relate the structure of a fruit to flowering plants
7. explain the importance of double fertilization of
the survival of flowering plants

117. identify male and female structure
in a flower
male reproductive organ - stamen
• stamen consist of two main parts: anther
and filament
female reproductive organ - carpel
or pistil
• the carpel divided into 3 parts: stigma,
style and ovari

118. PARTS STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION
stamen (male) anther
produces pollen grains
(male gametes )
filament
a stalk which supports the
anther
carpel or pistil ( female) stigma
at the top of the style to
which pollen grains landed
style
a stalk that joins stigma
and ovary
ovary contains the ovule

119. Bab 4 Pembiakan dan Pertumbuhan
4.5 Pembiakan Seks Dalam Tumbuhan Berbunga
Biologi Tingkatan 5
Keratan Membujur Sekuntum Bunga
anter
stil
ovari
ovul
filamen
stigma
Pistil /
karpel
stamen

120. Bab 4 Pembiakan dan Pertumbuhan
4.5 Pembiakan Seks Dalam Tumbuhan Berbunga
Biologi Tingkatan 5
Struktur Anter
 Pundi debunga dihasilkan di dalam anter.
 Setiap anter mengandungi 4 pundi debunga.
 Setiap pundi debunga mengandungi sel induk debunga atau sel induk
mikrospora yang diploid (2n).
anter
Sel induk debunga(2n)
Pundi debunga

121. formation of pollen grains
• pollens ( male gametes) are produced in
the anther
• each anther consists of four pollen sacs
• in each pollen sac are hundreds of pollen
mother cells ( 2n)

122. • each pollen mother cell undergoes
meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells or
megaspores (n)
• the nucleus of each megaspore (n)
divides by mitosis to form 2 nuclei:
• the tube nucleus
• the generative nucleus ( form 2
male gametes)

124. formation of embryo sac in the
ovule ( development of ovule)
• ovule develops from the tissues of carpel
in the ovary
• Inside the ovule is a diploidcell
• Known as embryo sac mother cell or
megaspore (2n)

126. Embryo sac mother cell(2n)
• Embryo sac mother cell (2n) divided by
meiosis to form 4 haplid cells known as
megaspores
• Three of megaspores degenerate / die
only one survive
• The surviving cells then enlarges
• The nucleus divides mitotic ally three
times to produce 8 haploid cells

127. Among the eight nuclei:
• Three nuclei migrate to one end of the cell
to form antipodal cells
• Two nuclei move to the centre of the cell
and are called polar nuclei
• Three migrate to the opening of the ovule
that is micropyl
• One of them develops into egg cell/ovum
(female gamete) flanked by 2 synergid
cells

129. Germination of pollen grains
and double fertilisation
Pollination:
• is a process where the pollen grains from
anther are transferred
• to stigma of a same flower or different
flower

133. • A mature pollen grains consist of 2 nuclei:
• The tube nucleus and the generative
nucleus ( 2 male nuclei)

135. • When a pollen grain reaches the stigma,
• The secretion of sucrose solution (sugary
liquid) on the stigma
• Stimulates the pollen grain to germinate
and form a tube known as pollen tube
• through the tissues of style into an ovule

137. After pollination
• The pollen tube grows down the style
towards the ovary
• The tube nucleus controls the direction of
growth of the pollen tube

139. • During the growth of the pollen tube,
• The generative nucleus divides mitotically
to produce two male gametes nuclei

141. • The 2 male nuclei follow the tube nucleus
down the pollen tube
• Until they reach the micropyle and enter
the ovule for fertilisation

144. What is double fertilization?
• When pollen tube reaches the ovary, it
penetrates the ovule through the
micropyle
• The tube nucleus disintegrates , then two
male gamete enter the embryo sac
1.One male gamete nucleus fuses with the
egg cell to form a diploid zygote
• Produce one or two cotyledons

145. 2. The other male gamete nucleus fuses
with two polar nuclei
• To form a triploid nucleus (3n)=
endosperm
• To store food for developing embryo
Above process is called double fertilisation

147. • Synergid and antipodal cells then
degenerate

149. Formation of seed and fruit

151. 4.6 growth in multicellular
organisms
• Learning outcomes:
• 1. explain briefly the necessarily for growth
in organisms
• 2.explain what growth is

152. • Growth in organisms is an irreversible
( non-reversible) and permanent process
• Growth take place in an organism from a
zygote until adulthood, which results in:
• An increase in the number of cells
• An increase in the size of organisms and the
body mass
• Cell differentiation and specialization of
organism

153. • Both root tip and shoot tip have 3 growth
zone
1.Zone of cell elongation (pembahagian)
2.Zone of elongation (pemanjangan) for cell
enlargement
3.Zone of differentiation ( pembezaan)- to
have different function

155. Zone of division
• Increase in the number of cells by mitosis
• Ex: apical meristem (shoot and root)
• The cell ( meristematic cells) are very
small and arrange closely
• The cells have large nucleus and thin cell
wall
• The cells have no vacuole
• Surrounded by compact cytoplasm

157. Zone of elongation
• Cells elongate and expand
• Result of absorbing water into the cells by
osmosis
• Vacuoles increase in size
• Small vacuoles fuse to form a large central
vacuole

158. Zone of differentiation
• Cells begin to differ from each other
• Differentiate into permanent tissues
such as:
• Parenchyma
• Stoma
• Guard cell
• Phloem
• Xylem
• Mesophyll cell

159. The growth curve
• Growth curve can be obtained by plotting
the growth parameters against certain
duration of time
• The growth curve generally sigmoid curve

161. Growth curve of insects
• Insects; crabs, scorpion, grasshopers,
cockroaches
• Have hard exoskeleton made of chitin
• Growth is hindered by exoskeleton, so
insects undergoes ecdysis periodically
during growth

163. During ecdysis
• An insect breathes in alot of air to expand
its body
• The old exoskeleton is shed
• The insect increases in size by pumping in
more air
• Into the trachea system through spiracle
• Before the new exoskeleton which form
below the old one hardens

164. • The growth of insects occur only during
ecdysis

166. 4.8 primary and secondary growth in
plants
Learning outcomes:
1. State the type of growth in plants
2. State what primary and secondary growth are
3. Name the tissue involved in primary and secondary
growth
4. State the location of the tissue involved in primary and
secondary growth
5. Explain the importance of primary and secondary growth
6. Compare and contrast plants that undergo secondary
with the plants do not undergo secondary

167. Types of growth in plants
1. Primary growth
2. Secondary growth

169. Primary growth
• Growth process which occurs after
germination in herbaceous
dicotyledonous
• And most monocotyledonous

171. • It involves cell differentiation lead to form:
• Cortex, primary phloem and primary xylem
in vascular bundle
• AIM:
• To increase the length of tips of stem and
roots (apical meristem)

172. Primary growth in stem

173. Secondary growth
• Growth processes which occurs after
primary growth in woody plants, shrubs
and some monocotyledonous
• It involves lateral meristem divides to form
• Secondary phloem, secondary xylem and
cork
• Aim: to increase diameter of stems, trunks
and roots

175. Secondary growth
• Involves lateral meristem which consist of
vascular cambium and cork cambium
• Vascular cambium divided through mitosis
to form secondary phloem and secondary
xylem
• Cork cambium divides to produce cork
and secondary cortex