THE WHOLE PRESENTATION DESCRIBE WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF POLLUTION AND A CASE HOW CORAL REEF ARE AFFECTED BY IT .WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATION & PHYTOREMEDIATION.
5. Sanitary Landfill
Sanitary Landfill
Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer of earth
once a day and a thicker layer when the site is full
Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of
leachates: can cause problem by overflow
Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting
7. Incineration
Incineration is a
waste treatment
process that involves
the combustion of
organic substances
contained in waste
materials
produces toxic
gases like Cl, HCl,
HCN, SO2
thetrashblog.com
en.wikipedia.org
8. Ocean Dumping
Problem
Contributes to ocean
pollution
Can wash back on beaches,
and can cause death of
marine mammals
Dredge spoils still dumped
in oceans, can cause habitat
destruction and export of
fluvial pollutants
Ocean Dumping Ban Act,
1988: bans dumping of
sewage sludge and industrial
waste
ocean.nationalgeographic.com
9. Reducing Waste
Incineration, compacting
Hog feed: requires heat treatment
Composting: requires separation of organics from
glass and metals
Recycling and Reusing
Recycle of glass containers.
Plastic: marked by types for easy recycling
Converted into Fibers, trash bags, plastic lumber, fill for
pillows, insulation etc.
Junked cars.
10. Liquid Waste
Sewage
Highly toxic
Industrial Waste &
Used Oil
Deep well Disposal
Pumping in deep
porous layer bounded
by impermeable
formations, well
below water table.
Restricted by
geological
considerations, can
trigger earthquakes
www.nationofchange.org
11. Municipal Sewage Treatment
Primary treatment:
-:removal of solids
Secondary treatment:
-:biological
Bacteria and fungi breaks
down organics
Chlorinated to kill germs
can form chloroform which
www.in.all.biz
is carcinogenic
Tertiary treatment: Filtration and chemical
treatment: expensive
Sludge is a by-product and is rich in organics and
nutrients
13. Radioactive Waste Disposal
Isotopes with short half-lives are gone quickly,
those with long half-lives will decay too little
Low level wastes: 90% of all radioactive wastes
High level wastes e.g., spent nuclear fuel rods
www.greenpeace.org
14. High Level Waste Depository
Rocketing to sun
Under Antarctica Ice sheet
Sea bed disposal
www.beyondintractability.org
15. Impact of pollution on biodiversity
Pollution (Oil spills, human agricultural waste,
fertilization, pesticides, acid deposition, greenhouse
gases etc) caused by human activities has a negative
effect on biodiversity .
Nuclear pollution cause mutation and cause various
disease and disorder which further leads to extinction
of species.
Habitat loss is the greatest reason for biodiversity
loss.
Habitat loss is due to:
• Conversion of natural areas to farms, houses, etc
• Fragmentation of ecosystems by human activities,
housing, transportation, agriculture etc.
16. Coral Reefs and Pollution
25% of all marine species
live in coral reefs
And even more species use
coral reefs as well, mostly as
a nursery for juvenile stages.
Coral Reefs can only survive
in oceans with clear water and
few nutrients at the ideal
temperature and depth.
Pollution mostly from fertilizers
or sewage causes increase of nutrients
More nutrients cause increase of algae growth
This decreases the oxygen and turbidity
( www.noaa.gov)
17. Loss of Biodiversity
Loss of biodiversity come from
death of coral.
Which reduces the number of
fish nurseries and amount of
food.
Many larval organisms die and
adults are few.
Commercial Importance
Reduced numbers of
commercially fished fish
Loss of possibilities for
research
(www.noaa.gov)
18. Bioremediation
Bioremediation can be defined as any process that
uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their
enzymes to return the natural environment altered by
contaminants to its original condition.
20. Bioremediation
Bioremediation technology using microorganisms was
reportedly invented by George M. Robinson.
Cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or
sulfate fertilizers to facilitate the decomposition of
crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria.
To attack specific soil contaminants, such as
degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria.
23. Some example of
bioremediation technique
Bioventing
landfarming
bioreactor
composting
bioaugmentation
rhizofiltration
biostimulation.
24. Some technique
Bioremediation via the addition of fertilizers to
increase the bioavailability within the medium:
biostimulation
Addition of matched microbe strains to the medium
to enhance the resident microbe population's ability
to break down contaminants: bioaugmentation
25. CCoommppoossttiinngg
Soil Conditioner –
create rich humus
Recycles kitchen and
yard waste
Introduces beneficial
organisms in the soil
Good for the
environment as a
natural alternative to
chemical fertilizers
Reduces landfill waste
zerowastehouston.org
26. PHYTOREMEDIATION
Heavy metals like
cadmium and lead are
not readily absorbed or
captured by organisms
The assimilation of metals
like mercury into the food
chain may worsen matters.
www.noaa.gov
Phytoremediation is useful in these situations, because
natural plants or transgenic plants are able to
bioaccumulate these toxins in their above-ground parts,
which are then harvested for removal.
28. Advantages
the cost of the phytoremediation is lower than that of
traditional processes both in situ and ex situ
can be employed in areas that are inaccessible without
excavation
the plants can be easily monitored
the possibility of the recovery and re-use of valuable metals
(by companies specializing in “phyto mining”)
it is potentially “the least harmful” method because it uses
naturally occurring organisms and preserves the
environment in a more natural state