Ku kaband experiment report 2006

Experimental Laboratory for
WINDS/Ka-band Experiments

Joko Suryana
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung, INDONESIA

Joko Suryana
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB

Presentation Summary

• Our Past Ku-band SatCom Application
Experiments ( 2002-2006 )
• Our Next Ka-band SatCom Experimental
Laboratory ( 2007-2009 )
• Appendix : Precipitation, Rain Attenuation and
Tropospheric Scintillation in Indonesia as Big
Challenge for Evaluate the WINDS performance

Joko Suryana

Our Past Japanese Ku-band
Satellite Application Experiments
in ITB, Indonesia ( 2002-2006)

Joko Suryana

Outline
• EXPERIMENT#1 : STUDY OF INTEGRATING KU-BAND
SATELLITE NETWORK WITH TERRESTRIAL GSM CELLULAR
NETWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING THE ENHANCED LOCATION-
BASED SERVICES ( ITB, INDONESIA & USM MALAYSIA )
• EXPERIMENT#2 : AUTOMATIC SATELLITE TRACKING DISH
ANTENNA SYSTEM FOR BROADBAND IP-BASED AMBULANCE
TELEMEDICINE USING SATELLITE ( ITB, INDONESIA & TOKAI
UNIV JAPAN )
• EXPERIMENT#3 : STUDY OF SECURED IP-BASED
VIDEOCONFERENCE OVER KU-BAND SATELLITE LINK
BETWEEN BANDUNG-TOKYO ( ITB INDONESIA & NICT JAPAN )

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EXPERIMENT#1 : Hybrid Satellite and Celluler
Networking for Enhanced LBS

Experiment Setup

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LBS Experiment Preparation

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LBS Experiment
• The LBS experiment has the objective to extend
the multi-media communication capability of
Experimental Satellite IP network by connecting
it to a cellular communication system.
• By its capability, this system can be considered
as a platform of a LBS (location based services);
in this case we can find its application in :
– traffic monitoring
– simple news gathering
– and with several modifications can be developed as a
natural disaster monitoring system.

Joko Suryana

LBS Experiment
• The experiment consists of the
development of distant control system
where a remotely located camera will be
controlled by a faraway monitoring station
via both cellular communication system
and satellite communication system.
• The video clips captured by the remote
camera then can be downloaded by the
monitoring station.

Joko Suryana

LBS Experiment
• The experiment setup consists of three
different systems :
– Cellular system with two communicating GSM
cell phones with LBS Algorithm Software
– LAN computers with Software for Remote
LBS
– Satellite communication systems ( JCSAT 1B)

Joko Suryana

LBS Experiment
• A video camera or cellular phone camera as mobile part in
location C (moving) takes pictures or short video clips, then
send them as MMS messages or streams via the cellular
system so they can be received by another cellular phone in
location B.
• By a program in a LAN host in location B ( fixed part ), the
MMS message or streams will be transferred from the cellular
phone via data cable to host computer in location B.
• Subsequently, the message will be transmitted to a computer
located in A. The remote camera itself will be remotely
controlled by the monitoring station in location A.
• Using this method, pictures or short video clips are
transferred as the cellphone moves within the cellular
coverage. This experiment is conducted together with another
university (e.g. Universiti Sains Malaysia)
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LBS Experiment

Nokia Module for Machine to
Prototype of Serial camera and
Machine Communication for Mobile
Stream Controller to GSM Modem
Part (non Realtime Applications)
for Mobile Part developed by ITB

Desktop at LTRGM equipped
Specialized Software and networked
with Siemens GSM Handset as Fixed
Part of LBS Experiment

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Emergency assintance at ITB campus

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EXPERIMENT#2 : GEO satellite-based
Emergency Telemedicine
• This research is addressed to report our
evaluation study of GEO satellite-based
Emergency Telemedicine services which
installed in an ambulance car.
• From the measurement results , we concluded
that the satellite is almost visible in Bandung, so
the shadowing due to high building in Bandung
is not degrading the transmission of vital
biosignals from Ambulance to Hospital.

Joko Suryana

Vital Biosignals
• The provision of effective emergency
telemedicine is the major field of interest
discussed in this study.
• Ambulances is a common example of possible
emergency sites, while critical care telemetry
and telemedicine follow-ups are important
issues of telemonitoring.
• The emergency telemedicine allows the
transmission of vital biosignals such as ECG
monitor, Airway, Abdomen Echo, and Light
Reflex
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Vital Biosignals

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GEO-stationary-based
• Some case studies have suggested that data transmission via
geostationary satellites offer great potential for emergency medical
communications.
• Conversely, the shadowing (blocking) effects of many buildings and
trees lining city streets will pose a problem for communication with
satellites.

Joko Suryana

GEO-stationary-based
Automatic Tracking
Dish

Super Ambulance Car

• In this research , we describes a newly-developed high-precision Ku-band
GEO satellite tracking system for Emergency Telemedicine on the
Ambulance.
• The core of this tracking system comprises a quadrant detector for
estimating the absolute coordinate of the satellite, while its relative
coordinates are estimated by a GPS-based continuous kinematic
positioning system.
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Super Ambulance ( Tokai Univ )

Joko Suryana

Target satellites
• A geostationary satellite (GEO) may be used in areas
near the equator and flat areas with few obstructions.
Palapa C2 satellite is one of Indonesia satellites which
has very high elevation angle ( 75-85 degree ) and good
Ku-band coverage over 60% of Indonesia archipelago as
illustrated in figure 4 below.
• On the other hand, right now under NiCT-Japan project
on WINDS applications in Indonesia, we also have
opportunity for using Gigatbit Ka-band Japanese
Satellite, WINDS in Indonesia which has elevation angle
48 degree over West Java area.
• These two satellite are our target satellite for GEO-
stationary based Emergency Telemedicine.
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Target satellites :
Palapa C2 and WINDS

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System Design
a.Tracking mechanics
• We have mounted on the roof of an ambulance
two tracking systems that can operate in the 25-
90 degree angle of elevation range and up to a
continuous 360-degree azimuth range to track a
Ku/Ka-band geostationary satellite .
• The drive system features a compact, simple
design, and mechanically controls a Cassegrain
antenna 50 cm in diameter (weight: kg; target
radio bands: Ku and Ka; feeder unit: optional).

Joko Suryana

System Design
b. GPS interference positioning (Continuous
kinematic positioning)
• GPS interference positioning and continuous
kinematic positioning are technologies used to
receive signals simultaneously sent from GPS
satellites at two sites, and to determine the
relative coordinates of one receiving point
against the other based on the measured phase
of the carrier wave.
• We obtain directional data in 3D coordinates
from three GPS receivers.
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System Design
c. Quadrant detector
• Data transmission from an ambulance to the satellite is
the major part of data flow in the current system.
• However, with transmission four spatially separated
receiving circuits (all located the same distance from the
center of the Cassegrain antenna feeding unit)
concurrently catch weak pilot beacons sent from the
satellite.
• Four DSPs along the time axis integrate these received
signals to calculate four magnitudes of electric power.
The differences between these four values of arriving
power are determined based on the beacon angle and
four spatial coordinates.
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System Design
d. Accelerometer and inclinometer
• We used commercially available
accelerometers and inclinometers to
determine the conditions of emergency
ambulances in operation.

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System Design

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Tracking Protocol
a. Initial acquisition
• The first method used to locate a satellite. The satellite’s six
elements, time, present location (GPS data), and antenna elevation
are easily calculated. Optimal positions are sequentially calculated
according to bearings (using a laser-gyro at present).
b. Tracking
• Comparing and controlling signal strength from a satellite using QD.
c. Re-acquisition
• When a vehicle changes direction at a traffic intersection or brakes or
accelerates, it frequently needs to reacquire the signal, since inertia
tends to force the antenna into a position precisely opposite an
optimal position.
d. Distinguishing a traffic intersection from shadowing
• A traffic intersection can be distinguished from shadowing using GPS
data.

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Tracking Protocol

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Propagation Measurement Results using
Satellite Visibility Concept
• For evaluating the transmission quality due to
the shadowing, we have performed the satellite
visibility measurements at Bandung, Indonesia .
• From the measurement results , we concluded
that the satellite is almost visible in Bandung, so
the shadowing due to high building in Bandung
is not degrading the transmission of vital
biosignals from Ambulance to Hospital.

Joko Suryana

Propagation Measurement Path
in Bandung

Automatic
Tracking Dish

Super Ambulance Car

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Propagation Measurement Results

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Videoconference
EXPERIMENT#3 :
Security over Ku-band Satellite Link
• Security and privacy are among the most critical problems
of videoconference over IP-based network. . For achieving
large number of video conferencing users over the IP-based
network, it is mandatory to provide secure authentication
and authorization mechanisms with the applications.
• Two main security mechanisms used are authentication and
data encryption .
– Data authentication is used to ensure that the doctors sending the
messages are who they claim to be. It is also used to make sure that
message information was not modified during the transit .
– Data encryption, which protects the confidentiality of the
communication, is used to ensure that only the intended person can
decrypt and read a message . In order to provide authentication
service both the servers and the clients involved in the call process
have to support these security mechanisms.

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Secure Videoconference
Demonstration at CRL

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Secure Videoconference Equipments
( Ken Umeno Lab, CRL )

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Chaotic Video Encryption : Encryptor
( by Dr.Ken Umeno )

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Chaotic Video Encryption : Dencryptor
( by Dr.Ken Umeno )

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Experimental Scenarios of Secured
Ku-band ITB-CRL Videoconferencing

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Last Experiment
• Our last experiment on secured videoconference had
done at October, 27 2003 which connected CRL and ITB
using Ku-band Japanese Satellite JCSAT-1B.

Joko Suryana

Our Next of Japanese
Ka-band Satellite Application
Experiments in ITB, Indonesia
using WINDS ( 2007-2009 )

Joko Suryana

Outline
• Research Topics
• Experiment Facilities
• Experiment Packages
• First Year Experiment
• Research Summary

Joko Suryana

Research Topics ( 3 years )
Antenna and Propagation
• Characterization of Atmospheric Gases, Cloud
and Hydrometeor Attenuation at Ka-band
• Depolarization, Scintillation and BW Coherence
Measurements at Ka-band
• Short-Baseline Site Diversity for Mitigating the
Ka-Band Rain Attenuation
• Antenna System for Mobile Satellite
Communication using GEO Ka-band Satellite

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Physical Layer Ka-band Satellite Link
• Software-define Radio Concept for Adaptive
Modulation and Coding on Ka-band Satcom
• Adaptive Power and Rate Control for Satellite
Communications in Ka Band
• Ka-band Fade Detection and Compensation
Techniques
• Performance of UWB signals transmission over
Ka-band Satellite Channel

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Higher Layer Application
• Secured and Reliable Video Communication over Ka-
band Satellite System
• Inter University Grid Computing System using Ka-
band Satellite Link Infrastructure
• Low cost Portable Ka-band Terminal for Emergency
Services After Disaster
• Performance Evaluation of TCP/IP over ATM Satellite
Ka-band Links
• Performance Evaluation of HAPS-WINDS Networking
for Gap Filler Applications

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Existing Facilities ( Ku band )
• Earth Station :
– Operating Frequency : Ku-band
– Type : NEXTAR, 2 Mbps
– Interface : Videoconference, TCP/IP
• Beacon Receiver :
– Operating Frequency : Ku-band
• Meteorological Sensors :
– Raingauge, Temp, Humi, Solar Activities, Wind, Bar
• BER Meter
• Spectrum Analyzer : 0 – 8 GHz
• Network Analyzer : 0 – 13 GHz
• Internet :
– 2 Mbps Ku-band, 40 Mbps FO, 100 Mbps Ethernet

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Existing Facilities ( Ku band )

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Expected Facilities
• Fixed Ka-band Earth Station
• Portable Ka-band Earth Station
• Ka-band Beacon Receiver
• Ground-based Radar
• Raingauge Network
• SDH / ATM Analyzer
• Spectrum Analyzer : 0 – 35 GHz
• Network Analyzer : 0 – 35 GHz
• Terrestrial Interfacing : 3G / WiMAX / FO

Joko Suryana

Developed Facilities by ITB
• UWB ( Ultrawideband ) Sensor and
Communication System
• SDR ( Software Defined Radio ) for
Adaptive Modulation, Coding, Rate and
Power Control of Ka-band Link
• Automatic Tracking Antenna System :
Dish or Radial Slot Line
• WiFi / WiMAX / 3G Network Interfacing
• Grid Computing System
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Developed Facilities by Partner
• Secure Video Transmission by Dr.Ken Umeno, NiCT
Japan ( existing partner )
• Share Grid Computing Facilities by other Asian
Univiersities : Univ of Tokyo, KMITL Thailand, AdMU
Philiphina, NTU Singapore ( expected partners )
• Telemedicine Facilities by Tokai Univ Hospital Japan
and Hasan Sadikin Hospital Indonesia ( existing
partners )
• Telelearning Facilities, NIME Japan ( existing partner )
• Advanced DSP Facilities by University of Tokyo and
Electromagnetics Computing Facilities by Chiba
University ( expected partners )
• HAPS by Waseda University Japan ( expected partner )

Joko Suryana

WINDS/Ka-band Experiments
Antenna and Propagation

Physical Layer

Higher Layer

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Ka-band Propagation Experiments

• Attenuation by Atmospheric • Depolarization
Gases : – Rain
– Oxygen – Multipath
– Water Vapor • Other Factors
• Hydrometeor Attenuation : – Scintillation
– Rain – Bandwidth Coherence
– Cloud • Mitigation Scheme
Joko Suryana
School– Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB
of Fog – HAPS / WINDS

Ka-band Antenna Experiments

• Automatic Satellite • Antenna Types :
Tracking Antennas – Non Metalic Dish
– Self pointing – Radial Slotline
– Fast Deployment – Microstrip Phased Array
– Emergency • Mitigation
– Mobile – Site Diversity
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Physical Layer Experiments
• Transmission Techniques :
– Adaptive Modulation, Code, Datarate and Power
– Ultrawideband, Multiband OFDM

• Implementation Issues:
– Software Defined Radios
– Adaptive Rainfade Compensation
– ATM over Ka-band in Tropical Area

Joko Suryana

Higher Layer Experiments
• QoS : • Applications :
– BER, Delay Throughput, Cell – Field and Mobile Telemedicine
Loss
– Multicast Telelearning
– Videoconference over ATM
– Grid Computing
• Security :
– Time and Location-based
– TCP/IP Layer Services
– Application Layer

Joko Suryana

First Year Experiments : #1
• Name of Experiment :
– Performance of WINDS at High Intense Rain
• Configuration
– Loopback Test : Bandung-WINDS
– Equipment : Ka-band Beacon Receiver, Raingauge, BER meter,
ATM Analyzer
• Experiment Plan
– Required data rate (Uplink/Downlink : 1 -100)
– Place to carry out the experiment : Bandung
– Network configuration (point-to-point)
– Time and period of the experiment : 2 month ( 2 days / week )
– Dish Antenna 1.2 m
• Internet : available

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– Performance of WINDS at High Intense Rain

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– Short Baseline Site Diversity for WINDS
• Configuration
– One ODU at Tokyo and two ODUs at Bandung
– Equipment : IDU, Ka-band Beacon Receiver, Raingauge network,
Terrestrial WiFi Link
• Experiment Plan
– Required data rate (Uplink/Downlink : 10 Mbps )
– Place to carry out the experiment : Tokyo-Bandung
– Network configuration (point-to-point)
– Time and period of the experiment : 4 month ( 2 days / month )
– Fixed and Portable Dish Antenna 1.2 m

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– Short Baseline Site Diversity for WINDS

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– Secured Multicast Videoconference using WINDS
• Configuration
– Multicast ( mesh or star )
– Equipment : Chaotic Secure System, Videoconference system
• Experiment Plan
– Required data rate (Uplink/Downlink : 2-4 Mbps )
– Place to carry out the experiment : NiCT-Bandung-NIME
– Network configuration (mesh or star)
– Time and period of the experiment : 3 month ( 1 day / month )
– Fixed Dish Antenna 1.2 m

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– Secured Multicast Videoconference using WINDS

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– WINDS Visibility Study for Mobile Telemedicine Services
• Configuration
– Point to point
– Equipment : Portable ODU, Automatic Tracking Dish
• Experiment Plan
– Required data rate (Uplink/Downlink : 2-4 Mbps )
– Place to carry out the experiment : NiCT-Bandung
– Network configuration (point to point)
– Time and period of the experiment : 3 month ( 2 days / week)
– Portable Dish Antenna 1.2 m

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– WINDS Visibility Study for Mobile Telemedicine Services

Automatic Tracking
Dish

Super Ambulance Car

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Research Summary

Joko Suryana

Member of Rainmen Association
( Thanks to Prof.Ong, Iida-san and Prof.Syed )

Joko Suryana

Member of Secured Men
Association ( Thanks to NiCT )

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Help to Beatiful Medical Nurses
( Thanks to Tokai University )

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Appendix :
Rainfall, Rain Attenuation and Tropospheric
Scintillation Characteristics in INDONESIA

Joko Suryana

Ku-band Propagation Measurement
System at ITB Bandung
• The Ku-band propagation measurement system uses
a small antenna and a front end shared by the
beacon receiver and the Earth Station IDU as shown
in figure below

Joko Suryana


Joko Suryana

• The PC-based data acquisition
system consists of eight channels
for measuring the seven
meteorological parameters of six
sensors and one propagation
parameter, i.e beacon level.
• The PC hardware and software for
data collection receives all data
transmitted from data acquisition
board, logs the data to disk, and
displays the collected data for user
viewing which implemented with
LabView.

Joko Suryana

Rainfall Rate Measurement Results
• Rainfall Rate data is needed for determining the degree of rain
attenuation in the Ku-band satellite communication system.
• Field measurements and recordings for long time periods are the
best (empirical) method to know the rainfall rate in a country.
• The two years of our experiment results indicate that the measured
R0.01 rainfall rate at Bandung is 120 mm/h.
• The P region of ITU-R model is over estimate for Bandung, so we
suggest that Q-region of ITU-R model is more suitable for Bandung.
• Other tropical Indonesian cities confirmed with our conclusion that
some cities in Indonesia have not only P-region of ITU-R model
(such as Padang, Bengkulu an Makassar), but also N (such as
Jayapura) and Q-region ( such as Surabaya )

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• The table 1 shows
us about the rainfall
rate profile of 24
tropical cities in
Indonesia

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Measured vs Predicted Rainfall Rate
for Indonesian Cities
• Prediction methods is another • The comparison of measured
way to determine the rainfall and predicted value of rainfall
rate but with some limitations. rate at Bandung [6]
The rainfall rate prediction
such as the ITU-R Rep. 563-4
and the Global Crane model
can be used to do this.
• Some experts consider these
models are not accurate
enough, because there were
too few samples used when
developing the models.

Joko Suryana

Measured vs Predicted Rainfall Rate
for Indonesian Cities
• The comparison of measured and predicted value of
rainfall rate at Padang [4] and Surabaya [1]

Joko Suryana

New Model of Rainfall Rate for
Indonesian Cities
• The rainfall rate prediction model which applicable especially for
Indonesia, can be developed more accurate and convincingly with the
availability of field measurements as presented above.
• By using the data, and added to it (other) data concerning rain and
thunderstorm days from the Indonesian Meteorological and
Geophysical Institute, the Rainfall Rate Prediction Model for the
Indonesia archipelago becomes [7]:
R0.01 = f ( Lat,Long,M,Mm )
= 128.192 – 0.037Lat – 0.393Long + 0.012M + 0.017Mm
with : R0.01 = rainfall-rate 0.01 percent of time in a year (mm/h)
M = average rainfall a year (mm)
Mm = maximum rainfall (monthly) in 30 years
Lat = latitude and Long = longitude

Joko Suryana

New Model of Rainfall Rate for
Indonesian Cities
• The following table shows us the comparisons of
measured and new model of rainfall rate for Indonesian
cities using the above equation.
City R0 .0 1 R0 .0 1 Error
Meas ured New Model

Bandung 120 118.4 1.33%
Cibinong 159 155.8 2.02%
Denpasar 109 109.5 0.50%
Jatiluhur 109.2 113 3.45%
M aros 148 146.1 1.29%
Padang 146 153.7 5.27%
Putussibau 152 144.7 4.82%
Surabaya 119.6 116.1 2.95%
Tanahmerah 138 142.2 3.02%

M ean Error 2.58%
RM S Error 3.00%

Joko Suryana

Ku-band Rain Attenuation
Measurement Results
• The International Telecommunication Union, ITU, has categorized
Indonesia as Region P, a country with very high rain precipitation.
• According to ITU’s version, rain intensity that will cause the
interruption of a communication link for 0.01% per year is 145
mm/hour. Such rain intensity can cause 28 db rain attenuation for a
link working in the 14 GHz band; that is pretty high.
• The rain attenuation for satellite links can be calculated using
following models: ITU – R, SAM, Global Crane and DAH. And to
confirm which is the prefered model to be used in Indonesia, field
measurements should also be carried out.
• The two years of our experiment results indicate that the measured
A0.01 rain attenuation is 17 dB [6]. It also has been found out, after
analysis, that the DAH Model for rain attenuation prediction is valid for
Indonesia, besides the ITU Model.

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Measurement Result at
Bandung

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Padang

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Cibinong

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Wetting Antenna as correction factor
• The two years of our experiment results indicate that the
measured A0.01 rain attenuation is 17 dB, this value is about 3 dB
greater than computed A0.01 using Q-region of ITU-R model. This
suggests that there could be another significant attenuation
mechanism present.
• The effects of water on the antenna radome and reflector wetting
are the possible cause of the higher attenuation measured .
• So, we also have performed experimentally the magnitude of the
signal loss when the antenna reflector and the antenna feed horn
radome surfaces are wet and its correlation to rain rates which is
simulated by using the water sprayer during clear sky condition
• The wetting antenna test results introduced about 2.5 dB losses at
40 mm/h simulated rain rate which is close with our simple
theoretical approach ( 2.7 dB )

Joko Suryana

Wetting Antenna as correction factor

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Rainfall Rate and Rain Attenuation
Statistics at Bandung, Indonesia

• From the experiment results [1], we have found out that
on rainfall rate R0.01 120 mm/h, the rain attenuation
A0.01 measured is around 17 dB.

Joko Suryana

Rainfall Rate and Rain Attenuation
Statistics at Bandung, Indonesia
• Relating to the Rainfall and Rain Attenuation Characteristic in the
'regular' rainy (October-April) and 'regular' nonrainy ( April-October)
seasons, we noted that the higher rain intensity occurred at May, June,
October and November. And we also see on the corresponding
maximum rain attenuation recorded per month that there is a high rain
attenuation (33 dB ) in October.

Joko Suryana

ITU-R Model for Ku-band Tropospheric
Scintillation at Bandung
• Tropospheric scintillation is a rapid fluctuation of signal
amplitude and phase due to turbulent irregularities in
temperature, humidity and pressure, which translate into
small-scale variations in refractive index.
• Scintillation becomes important for low margin systems
operating at high frequency and low elevation angles.
When receiving a Ku-band (or above) signal at low
elevation angles (<15 degrees).

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• For calculating the tropospheric scintillation using ITU-R model,
the required Input Parameter are [3]: Antenna diameter ,
Operating Frequency and Elevation Angle.
• Step 1 : Determine L, the slant path distance to the horizontal
thin turbulent layer, from :
L = [ 0.017 + 72.25 sin θ − 8.5 sin θ ]x10
2 6

• Step 2 : Determine the Z from : = 0.685 D
Z
L
• Step 3 : Determine the antenna averagingf factor G(z) from :
⎧1.0 − 1.4 z ,0 < z < 0.5
⎪
G ( z ) = ⎨0.5 − 0.4 z ,0.5 < z < 1.0
⎪0.1, z > 1
⎩
• Step 4 : The r.m.s amplitude scintillation, expressed as dx , the
standard deviation of the log of the received power, is then

•
Joko Suryana given by : x = 0.025 f 7 /12 [cscθ ]0.85 [G ( z )]1/ 2
δ

• Using the ITU-R Scintillation Model, we can calculate
the rms amplitude scintillation for Bandung as Table 1
below :

Joko Suryana

Ku-band Tropospheric Scintillation
Data Processing for Bandung
• In the pre-processing step, we were collecting clear
air condition data (10 minutes/day) from two years
propagation data . The collected clear air data sets
consist of rainy season and dry season sets for
representing the marked seasonal dependence.
• The simpler software technique for smoothing signals
consisting of equidistant points is the moving average.
An array of raw data [y1, y2, …, yN] can be
converted to a new array of smoothed data.

Joko Suryana

• For calculating the long term scintillation PDF, we extract the
scintillation data using special LPF, namely Savitzky-Golay Filter
[4] from the six months data sets.
• A much better procedure than simply averaging points is to
perform a least squares fit of a small set of consecutive data
points to a polynomial and take the calculated central point of
the fitted polynomial curve as the new smoothed data point. The
smoothed data point (yk)s by the Savitzky-Golay algorithm is
given by the following equation:

Joko Suryana

• From the data processing results [7], we find out that
the scintillation in tropical region is seasonal
dependence, reaching variance 0.4 dB (maximum) in
rainy season and 0.2 dB (minimum) in dry season.
• This results are depicted as in figure below :

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• We also noted that the long term PDF and its
spectrum shape using Savitzsky-Golay LPF is very
closely with the conventional moving average LPF as
illustrated in figures :

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Summary
• The two years of our experiment results indicate that
the measured R0.01 rainfall rate at Bandung is 120 mm/h.
Therefore, the P region of ITU-R model is over estimate
for Bandung, so we suggest that Q-region of ITU-R
model is more suitable for Bandung.
• Another previous measurements which had performed
in other tropical Indonesian cities confirmed with our
conclusion that some cities in Indonesia have not only
P-region of ITU-R model (such as Padang, Bengkulu an
Makassar), but also N (such as Jayapura) and Q-region
( such as Surabaya ).

Joko Suryana

Summary
• From the comparisons of predicted rainfall rate well
known models with measured rainfall rate of tropical
cities in Indonesia, we can see that there are significant
differences. So the new model of rainfall rate should be
developed which has small deviation. It also has been
found out, after analysis, that the DAH Model for rain
attenuation prediction is valid for Indonesia, besides the
ITU Model.
• The wetting antenna test results introduced about 2.5 dB
losses at 40 mm/h simulated rain rate which is close with
our simple theoretical approach ( 2.7 dB ). So we can
make the correction of the measured rain attenuation at
Bandung by using wetting antenna factor
Joko Suryana

Summary
• Relating to the Rainfall and Rain Attenuation
Characteristic in the 'regular' rainy (October-April) and
'regular' nonrainy ( April-October) seasons, we also noted
that the higher rain intensity occurred at may, June,
October and November. We also see that on october,
there is a short duration high rain attenuation (33 dB).
• On the other hand, during these two years Ku-band
propagation measurement, we also find out that the
tropospheric scintillation in tropical region is seasonal
dependence, reaching variance 0.4 dB (maximum) in
rainy season and 0.2 dB (minimum) in dry season.

Joko Suryana

Ku kaband experiment report 2006

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