3. MACROMOLECULES
• Known as organic compounds
• Built around the element carbon
• Large molecules are called macromolecules
• “Macro” – meaning large
• Polymer
• Made by smaller molecules bonding together called
monomers
5. EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS
• A fiber is a long thread-like structure
• Natural polymers include hair, fur, wool
• Proteins
• Monomer is an amino acid
• Silk made by some insects and spiders
• Cotton is a vegetable fiber
• Cotton is composed of cellulose (polymer)
• Monomer is glucose (a sugar)
6. MACROMOLECULES FORMED
• All macromolecules put their subunits together in the same
way
• Covalent bond of OH is removed from one subunit and a H is
removed from the others
• Removal of a water molecule
• Requires help of special protein enzyme to position the molecule
to make sure the correct bond is formed
• Called dehydration synthesis
• Tearing down molecules is the same process in reverse
• Water molecule is added
• Called hydrolysis
8. CARBOHYDRATES
• Sugars or long chains of sugars
• Store energy
• Simple sugars
• Monosaccharides (monomer)
• Glucose
• Complex sugars
• Polysaccharides (polymer)
• Plant
• Starch
• Animals
• Glycogen
• Energy storage by linking chains together
• Not recognized by most enzymes
11. LIPIDS
• Organisms convert glucose into fats
• Another kind of storage molecule called glycogen
• Lipids are insoluble in water because they are non-polar
• In water, fat molecules cluster together because they cannot
form Hydrogen bonds with water molecules
• Can’t mix oil and water!
12. TYPES OF LIPIDS
• Monomer – fatty acids
• Types of Lipids
• Triglyceride
• 3 fatty acids
• Saturated fat
• Maximum number of Hydrogen atoms bonded
• Solid at room temperature
• Animal fats
• Unsaturated fat
• Fewer than maximum number of Hydrogen atoms bonded
• Liquid at room temperature
• Plant fats
13. TYPES OF LIPIDS
• Phospholipid
• Polar group on one end
• 2 long tails that are strongly non-polar
• Cell membrane
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Steroid
• Yellow structure in cell membrane
• Cholesterol
• Excess saturated fat intake can cause plugs of cholesterol in blood
vessels
• Cause blockages, high blood pressure, stroke or heart attack
• Androgens and Estrogen
• Chlorophyll
• Retinal (eyes use to detect light)
16. PROTEINS
• Monomer – amino acid
• 20 common kinds
• Sequenced together in a particular order to form a protein
• Like the alphabet
• Amine group (NH2)
• When 2 amino acids bond a peptide bond is formed
• Long changes are polypeptides
• Connect like beads on a necklace
• Example: hemoglobin in red blood cells
17. PROTEINS
• 100,000+ unique proteins to humans
• Shape
• Some are long, thin fibers
• Others are coiled, folded, or intertwined
• Small proteins have a few hundred amino acids
• Large proteins have 25,000+ amino acids
• Example: muscle fiber
18. PROTEINS
• People must eat foods with proteins because we CANNOT
make certain amino acids on our own
• Called essential amino acids
• Sources of protein:
• Plants
• Beans
• Nuts
• Animals
• Milk
• Meat
19. PROTEINS
• Eat Body breaks down* (Digestion) Amino Acid Build
new proteins Repair
You are what you eat!
* Denatures the protein by increasing temperature or
decreasing pH.
20. NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Monomer: Nucleotide
• Sugar, nitrogen-containing back and a phosphate group
• Polynucleotide chains
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Energy
• DNA and RNA are very similar but have 2 major chemical
differences