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Max Weber




    1864-1920


Dr. John Bradford
Culture and Economics
• How are economics and culture (worldviews, values,
  beliefs) related?
• Like Marx, Weber too focused on structures of
  capitalism and inequality
• Unlike Marx, Weber focused on the analytical
  independence and causality of culture/beliefs
• Implication: Secular capitalism has religious and cultural
  origins.



                    Culture       Economics
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

 • Capitalism is defined by Weber as
   the pursuit of forever renewed
   profit by means of rational
   (calculating) capitalistic
   enterprise.
 • ‘Spirit of Capitalism’ = the calling
   to make more money as an end in
   itself, and to work hard for its own
   sake as a sign of salvation. This is
   a new psychological disposition.
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

• The Protestant Ethic is the ‘Spirit of
  Capitalism’! The Protestant Ethic
  (aka Puritan Ethic, Work Ethic)
  means:
   1. sacrificing and saving for the
       future and
   2. adopting a rational (=
       calculating) attitude towards
       life.
• Spirit of (early) modern capitalism
  distinguished by hard work and
  asceticism (frugality); not by greed
  or self-indulgence
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

• Protestants more likely than
  Catholics to have business
  occupations, WHY?
• Martin Luther inaugurated
  (began) the Protestant
  Reformation in 1517, which
  rejected the hierarchical
  authority structure and doctrines
                                      Martin Luther
  of the Catholic Church              (1483-1546)
Calvinism

Tenets of Calvinism:
    1.   the doctrine of predestination- the idea
         that one’s salvation is already
         decided/pre-ordained by God;
    2.   God’s will can not be known or
         interpreted (e.g. by a priest)
    3.   Purpose of this-world activities is to
         serve God diligently
•    To convince others (and themselves)            John Calvin
                                                    (1509-1564)
     that they were already chosen,
     Calvinists would work hard and
     sacrifice for the future because God
     would only select the industrious…
Calvinism and ‘the calling’ to work really, really,
                     hard…
•   What should the individual God-fearing
    believer do?
•   Idea of the calling: Labor in a calling/a
    vocation; dedicated this-worldly activity
    to glorify God.
•   Success in this world is a sign of salvation
    in the next world!
•   The Calvinist took it as his duty to
    demonstrate proof of his salvation.
                                                   John Calvin
•   This was accomplished through rational,        (1509-1564)
    methodical self-control, self-discipline.
    Avoid spontaneous enjoyment; avoid
    anything that would distract from work
•   “Every hour lost is lost to labor for the
    glory of God”
How Calvinism Created Capitalism

• Hard work, combined with asceticism, produces
  money/profit accumulation
• Expansion of capitalism is an unintended consequence
  of Calvinists’ religious beliefs and their rationalization
  of those beliefs

     1. Anxiety over            2. Hard Work +
     after-life                 Frugality (as sign
                                of salvation)


                                3. Accumulate
     4. Capitalism!             Savings and
                                Investments
Sociology and ‘Social Action’

 Social action: action that is
  meaningfully oriented toward the
  behavior of others.
 Sociology as the study of
  subjectively meaningful action
   Verstehen = ‘understanding’
Rationality and Social Action

Two Ideal-types of social action:
 Rational means ‘efficient’; adopting
  the most efficient means to achieve
  a given end: MONEY. (Gesellschaft)

 Non-rational (not irrational!) means
  non-calculating behavior, including
  habits, traditions, and anything you
  do for its own sake (e.g. for the fun
  of it, or because it constitutes a way
  of life for you).
Rationality and Social Action
• Rational Action
1. Instrumental rational action: calculating strategic action
   –   Driven by a rational assessment of the costs and benefits of
       selecting particular courses of action
2. Value rational action: commitment to a particular value
   (e.g., commitment to God, family, the poor, country
   etc.), motivates deliberate, methodical rational action in
   the service of that value
   – Pursue actions consistent with values irrespective of their costs
     the value-commitment
Social Research and Ideal-Types
• Ideal-types are conceptual
  analytical devices which
  accentuate characteristics or
  behavior we would expect to find
  in looking at a social phenomenon
  in its “pure” form
• Aids in comparative analysis
   – Examples: comparing the ideal
     typical Protestant to the ideal typical
     Buddhist…
Power, Authority, Domination
• Power definitions:
   i) ‘the probability that an actor ... will be in a
   position to carry out his own will despite
   resistance, regardless of the basis on which this
   probability rests’
   ii) ‘the chance of a man or a number of men to
   realize their own will even against the resistance of
   others...’
   iii) ‘Power means every chance within a social
        relationship to assert one’s will even against
        opposition” (in Habermas).
Power, Authority, Domination
• Authority/Domination: Probability that
  commands will be obeyed/complied with.
• “Without exception every sphere of
  social action is profoundly influenced by
  structures of domination” (28)
   – German Herrschaft, (‘domination’) also
     translated as “imperative control” (Parsons),
     and also “rule”.
• Domination (authority) is always only
  one side of a command-obedience
  relationship
Ideal types of authority
Modern society:
   – Rational, legal authority based on
     impersonal, rationally established
     rules and laws
   – Example: Bureaucracy: formal ,
     impersonal form of organization;
     a rational, efficient way of
     accomplishing tasks in a modern,
     complex society.
Traditional society:
   – Non-rational authority based on
     habits, emotions, sanctity of
     tradition, etc.
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
• Impersonal criteria in social
  relations; obligations of office
• Hierarchy of
  offices/divisions/personnel
• Division of labor, specific
  competencies
• Contractual relationships; open
  recruitment
• Technical qualifications;
  certified expertise; merit;
  appointed not elected
• Fixed salaries/benefits
Charismatic Authority
• Non-rational type of authority
• Can co-exist alongside legal rational, and
  traditional authority
• Charisma resides in the individual; persona
  grace/charm
• The charismatic individual persuades people to
  do things—has authority over them
• Charismatic community: Unified by members’
  shared emotional attachment to the charismatic
  leader
• Charismatic authority is temporary; resides in the
  individual (not in bureaucratic office/occupation)
Charismatic Authority
• Charismatic leaders use
  personal authority to
  generate mass followings
  that challenge the
  traditional order.
• The charisma dies with the
  individual’s death/scandal
                               Mussolini and Hitler are
  etc.                          (negative) examples
                               of charismatic leaders
Social Stratification
 • The processes determining individuals’ and
   groups’ objective location in the system of
   social classes
 • Weber, unlike Marx, sees multiple
   sources/gradients of
   inequality/stratification
  Class is based on Economic resources,
   Individuals who have similar life chances as
   a result of property, income, and labor
   market opportunity.
  Status is based on Social status, prestige,
   honor, life-style.
  Political power
Modernity and Values
• Core dilemma of modern society: Tension among
  conflicting values; which values to pursue?
• Scientific knowledge/progress cannot answer the
  core questions:
  – What shall we do? How shall we live?
  – Science, including sociology are value-neutral;
    sociologists study society with passion and
    objectivity; attentive to “inconvenient facts”

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Max Weber

  • 1. Max Weber 1864-1920 Dr. John Bradford
  • 2. Culture and Economics • How are economics and culture (worldviews, values, beliefs) related? • Like Marx, Weber too focused on structures of capitalism and inequality • Unlike Marx, Weber focused on the analytical independence and causality of culture/beliefs • Implication: Secular capitalism has religious and cultural origins. Culture Economics
  • 3. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism • Capitalism is defined by Weber as the pursuit of forever renewed profit by means of rational (calculating) capitalistic enterprise. • ‘Spirit of Capitalism’ = the calling to make more money as an end in itself, and to work hard for its own sake as a sign of salvation. This is a new psychological disposition.
  • 4. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism • The Protestant Ethic is the ‘Spirit of Capitalism’! The Protestant Ethic (aka Puritan Ethic, Work Ethic) means: 1. sacrificing and saving for the future and 2. adopting a rational (= calculating) attitude towards life. • Spirit of (early) modern capitalism distinguished by hard work and asceticism (frugality); not by greed or self-indulgence
  • 5. Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation • Protestants more likely than Catholics to have business occupations, WHY? • Martin Luther inaugurated (began) the Protestant Reformation in 1517, which rejected the hierarchical authority structure and doctrines Martin Luther of the Catholic Church (1483-1546)
  • 6. Calvinism Tenets of Calvinism: 1. the doctrine of predestination- the idea that one’s salvation is already decided/pre-ordained by God; 2. God’s will can not be known or interpreted (e.g. by a priest) 3. Purpose of this-world activities is to serve God diligently • To convince others (and themselves) John Calvin (1509-1564) that they were already chosen, Calvinists would work hard and sacrifice for the future because God would only select the industrious…
  • 7. Calvinism and ‘the calling’ to work really, really, hard… • What should the individual God-fearing believer do? • Idea of the calling: Labor in a calling/a vocation; dedicated this-worldly activity to glorify God. • Success in this world is a sign of salvation in the next world! • The Calvinist took it as his duty to demonstrate proof of his salvation. John Calvin • This was accomplished through rational, (1509-1564) methodical self-control, self-discipline. Avoid spontaneous enjoyment; avoid anything that would distract from work • “Every hour lost is lost to labor for the glory of God”
  • 8. How Calvinism Created Capitalism • Hard work, combined with asceticism, produces money/profit accumulation • Expansion of capitalism is an unintended consequence of Calvinists’ religious beliefs and their rationalization of those beliefs 1. Anxiety over 2. Hard Work + after-life Frugality (as sign of salvation) 3. Accumulate 4. Capitalism! Savings and Investments
  • 9. Sociology and ‘Social Action’  Social action: action that is meaningfully oriented toward the behavior of others.  Sociology as the study of subjectively meaningful action  Verstehen = ‘understanding’
  • 10. Rationality and Social Action Two Ideal-types of social action:  Rational means ‘efficient’; adopting the most efficient means to achieve a given end: MONEY. (Gesellschaft)  Non-rational (not irrational!) means non-calculating behavior, including habits, traditions, and anything you do for its own sake (e.g. for the fun of it, or because it constitutes a way of life for you).
  • 11. Rationality and Social Action • Rational Action 1. Instrumental rational action: calculating strategic action – Driven by a rational assessment of the costs and benefits of selecting particular courses of action 2. Value rational action: commitment to a particular value (e.g., commitment to God, family, the poor, country etc.), motivates deliberate, methodical rational action in the service of that value – Pursue actions consistent with values irrespective of their costs the value-commitment
  • 12. Social Research and Ideal-Types • Ideal-types are conceptual analytical devices which accentuate characteristics or behavior we would expect to find in looking at a social phenomenon in its “pure” form • Aids in comparative analysis – Examples: comparing the ideal typical Protestant to the ideal typical Buddhist…
  • 13. Power, Authority, Domination • Power definitions: i) ‘the probability that an actor ... will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance, regardless of the basis on which this probability rests’ ii) ‘the chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will even against the resistance of others...’ iii) ‘Power means every chance within a social relationship to assert one’s will even against opposition” (in Habermas).
  • 14. Power, Authority, Domination • Authority/Domination: Probability that commands will be obeyed/complied with. • “Without exception every sphere of social action is profoundly influenced by structures of domination” (28) – German Herrschaft, (‘domination’) also translated as “imperative control” (Parsons), and also “rule”. • Domination (authority) is always only one side of a command-obedience relationship
  • 15. Ideal types of authority Modern society: – Rational, legal authority based on impersonal, rationally established rules and laws – Example: Bureaucracy: formal , impersonal form of organization; a rational, efficient way of accomplishing tasks in a modern, complex society. Traditional society: – Non-rational authority based on habits, emotions, sanctity of tradition, etc.
  • 16. Characteristics of Bureaucracy • Impersonal criteria in social relations; obligations of office • Hierarchy of offices/divisions/personnel • Division of labor, specific competencies • Contractual relationships; open recruitment • Technical qualifications; certified expertise; merit; appointed not elected • Fixed salaries/benefits
  • 17. Charismatic Authority • Non-rational type of authority • Can co-exist alongside legal rational, and traditional authority • Charisma resides in the individual; persona grace/charm • The charismatic individual persuades people to do things—has authority over them • Charismatic community: Unified by members’ shared emotional attachment to the charismatic leader • Charismatic authority is temporary; resides in the individual (not in bureaucratic office/occupation)
  • 18. Charismatic Authority • Charismatic leaders use personal authority to generate mass followings that challenge the traditional order. • The charisma dies with the individual’s death/scandal Mussolini and Hitler are etc. (negative) examples of charismatic leaders
  • 19. Social Stratification • The processes determining individuals’ and groups’ objective location in the system of social classes • Weber, unlike Marx, sees multiple sources/gradients of inequality/stratification  Class is based on Economic resources, Individuals who have similar life chances as a result of property, income, and labor market opportunity.  Status is based on Social status, prestige, honor, life-style.  Political power
  • 20. Modernity and Values • Core dilemma of modern society: Tension among conflicting values; which values to pursue? • Scientific knowledge/progress cannot answer the core questions: – What shall we do? How shall we live? – Science, including sociology are value-neutral; sociologists study society with passion and objectivity; attentive to “inconvenient facts”