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Unit of Value
A Framework for Scaling
Jerry Chen
As a startup, you enter
a classic battle of
David vs. Goliath.
Your
Startup
vs.
Technology
Deep Innovative IP
Distribution
Channel
Sales Force
Partners
Existing Customers
vs.
Can a startup build distribution
before the incumbent builds or
acquires tech?
- Aneel Bhusri
Workday & Greylock
To compete with
giants, it becomes a
race to scale and
build go-to-market
quickly enough with
a product.
Product - market fit
New, innovative
technology
Large market
How do you get your
product to market?
GTM
Why does go-to-market
matter?
(And why do investors care?)
Impacts how
much money
to raise
Determines
profit margins
at scale
Your cost of
distribution must
match what
customers are
willing to pay
GTM
GTM: Things to think about
Channel Customer
Acquisition
Costs
Partnerships Awareness
& Trial
PricingPackaging
Unit of Value
Unit of Value
noun
1. The smallest measurable unit at which your
product or service delivers value.
Unit of Value
noun
2. The unit of scaling used when increasing
your product in pricing or services.
3. What your customers pay for.
E.g. servers, TB of storage, API calls, users
Your unit of value determines
how you price, scale, and sell
your product to your customers.
A unit of value can
vary from:
small to large
Single Units of Value
: One User
: One Server
: One User
: One Container
Medium/Team Units of Value
: Team or Department
: Team or Department
: Dev Team
: 3-4 Sales Reps
/
Big Units of Value
: Big data e.g. terabytes
: Entire clusters of servers
: HCM for entire company
: ERP for entire company or LOB
: Enterprise apps for entire company
Every startup has a
different size unit of value.
Bigger is not better, smaller
is not better.
Bigger Units of Value
-  Have bigger deals & longer sales cycles
-  Big deals don’t mean it’s a big market.
The Big Questions:
-  How do I build a cost effective direct sales force?
-  How do I build an advantaged go-to-market?
Smaller Units of Value
-  Have smaller deals & shorter sales cycles
The Big Questions:
-  How do I create a cost effective channel?
-  How do I scale up the value?
To reach $100M in revenue,
there are a multiple unit of
value paths to take.
Rules of thumb to reach $100M
Target
Price
GTM
Volume
$0.10 $100 <$10K $10-20K+ $100K
1B calls 1M >10,000 5000-10,000 1,000
API call self service dead zone inside sales direct sales
Companies on either the far left or right tend to work
well. Companies in the “dead zone” don’t reach
$100M as easily.
Target
Price
GTM
Volume
$0.10 $100 <$10K $10-20K+ $100K
1B calls 1M >10,000 5000-10,000 1,000
API call self service dead zone inside sales direct sales
Case Study A:
Company A (API Service)
Pricing: < $0.10 per API call
50% of bookings are from customer paying $25k+
Takeaway:
Company A has a small unit of value, but has managed to
scale up customers to do big $25k+ deals.
*Company name is kept anonymous for protection.
Case Study B:
Company B (Cloud app infra service w/ 50k users)
Pricing: avg monthly customer < $50
5% of customers drive 50% of monthly recurring revenue
Takeaway:
Company B also has a small unit of value, but has scaled
up a handful of customers to drive half of their revenue.
*Company name is kept anonymous for protection.
The Big Takeaway
A few customers can drive sales.
Companies A & B scaled up a handful of
customers to be very profitable.
.. But how?
The goal is to create non-linear value.
Sum of Units
Value
Going Non-Linear
-  You want to build out your offerings so the more
your customers consume, the more value they
receive
-  Sell additional products at scale
(e.g. management, monitoring, security)
-  Sell to a different / additional buyer
(CTO, CIO, CFO)
If you can scale non-linearly, it
becomes harder and harder for
you to be displaced.
Ways to
Increase
Value
1.  Network effects
2.  Standardization
3.  Platforms
Network Effects
Metcalfe’s Law:
The value of a network is proportional to the square of
the number of connected users on the system.
More users = More value
Network Effects
-  Build a product or service that will enable
network effects to create non-linear value for
your customers/users.
Examples:
-  collaboration tools
-  communication platforms
Standards
Ask yourself:
“Can this product be a de facto standard? Within
a company, within a market, within an industry?”
Standards are powerful
-  They reduce complexity and costs for enterprises
who standardize their apps.
-  De facto standards + network effects often lead
the winner of every industry to gain the majority of
market share.
Examples:
-  Languages & frameworks
-  MS .ppt & .doc formats
.. but they can change
-  The de facto standard within a company or even
within an entire industry can change very quickly.
Example:
-  Browser wars
Platforms
-  Platforms take the longest to build but will yield
massive economic benefits if built right.
Ways to create non-linear value:
1.  Build a “system of record” e.g. a database
2.  Become the ”glue layer” between layers of tech
3.  Application and cloud platforms try to be both
storage (data) and glue
Platforms
Create or find a
system of record
and build a platform
on top of it.
When you control that data,
you can build analytics,
third party apps, etc. to
create non-linear value.
Customer records
Employer records
Asset records
Platforms
Become the
glue layer between
technologies.
As an intersection
between multiple layers of
tech, your product will
become an important
platform to build on top of.
Infrastructure
Storage
Networking
Monitoring
Management
Security
Platforms
Applications and cloud
platforms aim to be both a
system of record and a glue
layer by storing customer’s
data.
They also connect the broader
ecosystem of applications, API
services, and other startups.
Middleware
Messaging
Database
Systems
Monitoring
Data Storage
Database
as-a-service
ApplicationsStartups API
Services
Cloud Platforms Infrastructure
Broader Ecosystem
System of Record
How to scale up your unit of value
Sum of Units
Value
Aim to be the
customer standard
Sell additional
products
e.g. management,
monitoring,
security, etc.
Create platform
ecosystem
Make a conscious choice.
-  Don’t expect to fall into your go-to-market
strategy.
-  Don’t be pushed into your unit of value by
your customers, partners, or competitors.
-  Be thoughtful about how to charge and go-
to-market and you can be highly disruptive.
For example:
Cost
$ per user
Free
Unit of Value
One User
Eyeballs (one
user’s attention)
With Google Docs, Google made a conscious choice to
charge differently than Microsoft for the same unit of value
(users) and monetized attention for ads and search.
Don’t be afraid to iterate.
When thinking about your go-to-market
strategy: hypothesize, try new things, and don’t
be afraid to walk away if things aren’t working.
How can I make
this actionable
for my team?
First, define your unit of value.
-  *Ask: What is the smallest unit of your product or
service that’s delivering value to your customers?
-  Make sure your go-to-market strategy matches
your unit of value.
* Be honest about it.
And then, create a road map to
increase that value as you scale.
-  Identify ways you can increase your value as you
and your customers grow.
-  Figure out how you can layer and stack your
services and technology on top of each other to
create non-linear value over time.
Unit of Value: A Framework for Scaling
Unit of Value: A Framework for Scaling

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Unit of Value: A Framework for Scaling

  • 1. Unit of Value A Framework for Scaling Jerry Chen
  • 2. As a startup, you enter a classic battle of David vs. Goliath.
  • 4. Technology Deep Innovative IP Distribution Channel Sales Force Partners Existing Customers vs.
  • 5. Can a startup build distribution before the incumbent builds or acquires tech? - Aneel Bhusri Workday & Greylock
  • 6. To compete with giants, it becomes a race to scale and build go-to-market quickly enough with a product.
  • 7. Product - market fit New, innovative technology Large market How do you get your product to market? GTM
  • 8. Why does go-to-market matter? (And why do investors care?)
  • 9. Impacts how much money to raise Determines profit margins at scale Your cost of distribution must match what customers are willing to pay GTM
  • 10. GTM: Things to think about Channel Customer Acquisition Costs Partnerships Awareness & Trial PricingPackaging Unit of Value
  • 11. Unit of Value noun 1. The smallest measurable unit at which your product or service delivers value.
  • 12. Unit of Value noun 2. The unit of scaling used when increasing your product in pricing or services. 3. What your customers pay for. E.g. servers, TB of storage, API calls, users
  • 13. Your unit of value determines how you price, scale, and sell your product to your customers.
  • 14. A unit of value can vary from: small to large
  • 15. Single Units of Value : One User : One Server : One User : One Container
  • 16. Medium/Team Units of Value : Team or Department : Team or Department : Dev Team : 3-4 Sales Reps /
  • 17. Big Units of Value : Big data e.g. terabytes : Entire clusters of servers : HCM for entire company : ERP for entire company or LOB : Enterprise apps for entire company
  • 18. Every startup has a different size unit of value. Bigger is not better, smaller is not better.
  • 19. Bigger Units of Value -  Have bigger deals & longer sales cycles -  Big deals don’t mean it’s a big market. The Big Questions: -  How do I build a cost effective direct sales force? -  How do I build an advantaged go-to-market?
  • 20. Smaller Units of Value -  Have smaller deals & shorter sales cycles The Big Questions: -  How do I create a cost effective channel? -  How do I scale up the value?
  • 21. To reach $100M in revenue, there are a multiple unit of value paths to take.
  • 22. Rules of thumb to reach $100M Target Price GTM Volume $0.10 $100 <$10K $10-20K+ $100K 1B calls 1M >10,000 5000-10,000 1,000 API call self service dead zone inside sales direct sales
  • 23. Companies on either the far left or right tend to work well. Companies in the “dead zone” don’t reach $100M as easily. Target Price GTM Volume $0.10 $100 <$10K $10-20K+ $100K 1B calls 1M >10,000 5000-10,000 1,000 API call self service dead zone inside sales direct sales
  • 24. Case Study A: Company A (API Service) Pricing: < $0.10 per API call 50% of bookings are from customer paying $25k+ Takeaway: Company A has a small unit of value, but has managed to scale up customers to do big $25k+ deals. *Company name is kept anonymous for protection.
  • 25. Case Study B: Company B (Cloud app infra service w/ 50k users) Pricing: avg monthly customer < $50 5% of customers drive 50% of monthly recurring revenue Takeaway: Company B also has a small unit of value, but has scaled up a handful of customers to drive half of their revenue. *Company name is kept anonymous for protection.
  • 26. The Big Takeaway A few customers can drive sales. Companies A & B scaled up a handful of customers to be very profitable. .. But how?
  • 27. The goal is to create non-linear value. Sum of Units Value
  • 28. Going Non-Linear -  You want to build out your offerings so the more your customers consume, the more value they receive -  Sell additional products at scale (e.g. management, monitoring, security) -  Sell to a different / additional buyer (CTO, CIO, CFO)
  • 29. If you can scale non-linearly, it becomes harder and harder for you to be displaced.
  • 30. Ways to Increase Value 1.  Network effects 2.  Standardization 3.  Platforms
  • 31. Network Effects Metcalfe’s Law: The value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users on the system. More users = More value
  • 32. Network Effects -  Build a product or service that will enable network effects to create non-linear value for your customers/users. Examples: -  collaboration tools -  communication platforms
  • 33. Standards Ask yourself: “Can this product be a de facto standard? Within a company, within a market, within an industry?”
  • 34. Standards are powerful -  They reduce complexity and costs for enterprises who standardize their apps. -  De facto standards + network effects often lead the winner of every industry to gain the majority of market share. Examples: -  Languages & frameworks -  MS .ppt & .doc formats
  • 35. .. but they can change -  The de facto standard within a company or even within an entire industry can change very quickly. Example: -  Browser wars
  • 36. Platforms -  Platforms take the longest to build but will yield massive economic benefits if built right. Ways to create non-linear value: 1.  Build a “system of record” e.g. a database 2.  Become the ”glue layer” between layers of tech 3.  Application and cloud platforms try to be both storage (data) and glue
  • 37. Platforms Create or find a system of record and build a platform on top of it. When you control that data, you can build analytics, third party apps, etc. to create non-linear value. Customer records Employer records Asset records
  • 38. Platforms Become the glue layer between technologies. As an intersection between multiple layers of tech, your product will become an important platform to build on top of. Infrastructure Storage Networking Monitoring Management Security
  • 39. Platforms Applications and cloud platforms aim to be both a system of record and a glue layer by storing customer’s data. They also connect the broader ecosystem of applications, API services, and other startups.
  • 41. How to scale up your unit of value Sum of Units Value Aim to be the customer standard Sell additional products e.g. management, monitoring, security, etc. Create platform ecosystem
  • 42. Make a conscious choice. -  Don’t expect to fall into your go-to-market strategy. -  Don’t be pushed into your unit of value by your customers, partners, or competitors. -  Be thoughtful about how to charge and go- to-market and you can be highly disruptive.
  • 43. For example: Cost $ per user Free Unit of Value One User Eyeballs (one user’s attention) With Google Docs, Google made a conscious choice to charge differently than Microsoft for the same unit of value (users) and monetized attention for ads and search.
  • 44. Don’t be afraid to iterate. When thinking about your go-to-market strategy: hypothesize, try new things, and don’t be afraid to walk away if things aren’t working.
  • 45. How can I make this actionable for my team?
  • 46. First, define your unit of value. -  *Ask: What is the smallest unit of your product or service that’s delivering value to your customers? -  Make sure your go-to-market strategy matches your unit of value. * Be honest about it.
  • 47. And then, create a road map to increase that value as you scale. -  Identify ways you can increase your value as you and your customers grow. -  Figure out how you can layer and stack your services and technology on top of each other to create non-linear value over time.