RAWE Report 2017

A REPORT ON RURAL AGRICULTURAL
WORK EXPERIENCE (RAWE -411)
(2016-17)
GUIDED BY: PREPARED BY
Dr. R.K. RAJ DEBASISH PATTNAIK
Dr. BIJOY KUMAR MOHANTY REGN.NO:-1341901051
DEPT. OF EXTENSION EDUCATION 4TH YEAR B.SC (AG)
Institute Of Agricultural Sciences
S ‘O’ A University

Rural Agricultural Work Experience (2016-17)
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Institute of Agricultural Sciences (S’O’A University)
Introduction
Agriculture in India is a major economic sector and it is the
backbone of Indian economy. It creates plenty of employment
opportunities as well. About 65% of Indian population depend
directly on agriculture and it account around 15% of crop.
The RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is conducted
in the 7th
semester of forth year .The main aim of the programme
is to acquaint the students with the villagers and the farming
situation so that they can have practical knowledge about
agriculture.

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Rural Agricultural Work
Experience
Agricultural education is an important tool and technique in
ensuring gradual increase in agricultural productivity and
sustainability in productivity, environment and ecological
security, profitability, technical feasibility, job security and
equity in distribution.
What is RAWE ?
Agricultural education is a dynamic one, which is undergoing
change in a very rapid manner to meet the need of the society.
Under this situation, Rural Agricultural Work Experience
Programme (RAWE) is an important competence and confidence
building programme activity introduced in many SAUs.
In India, Randhawa Committee (1992) recommended the RAWE
Programme for imparting quality, practical and productive
oriented education for the agriculture degree programme. In fact
experiential learning is exactly what the name implies learning
from work experience.
Effective work experience training strategies incorporating rural
agricultural experiential learning approaches provide
opportunities for a student of the last year to engage in field work
activity, to review and analyze critically this work experience
activity and to draw some useful conclusions, decisions, from
this analysis and apply the result in actual practical life and field
situation.
It(Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a programme for
impairing quality, production and practical oriented education for
agriculture degree.

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Importance of RAWE Programme
 Preparing agricultural graduates for better career in
agriculture.
 Preparing agricultural graduates oriented education to face
the challenges by acquiring knowledge & skill though hands
on experience.
Objectives of RAWE
 Understanding the rural life by students.
 To get familiarize with the socio-economic conditions of the
farmers & their problems with reference to agricultural
development.
 To provide an opportunity to the students for practical
training in crop production through work experience.
 To develop communication skills among students using
extension teaching methods in transfer of technology.
 To develop the understanding regarding agricultural
technologies being followed by farmers and to prepare
alternate farm plans to suit to the local situation in
consultation with farmers.
 To develop confidence and competence in students for
solving problems related to agriculture.
 To make students understand the role of men and women in
agriculture and allied sectors.
 To make the students acquainted with ongoing thrust on
rural development related to transfer of technology.
 To explore and develop understanding regarding hi-tech
agricultural technology & factors affecting the adoption of

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modern method of agriculture the adoption of modern
method of agriculture by the farmers.
Involving in farm activities
 Involvement in day to day agricultural operation with
host farmer,
 Calendar of operation for semester will be prepared in
consultation with host farmer for a year, at least 2 crops,
field and horticultural may be chosen,
 Comparison of farmers activities with the recommended
practices,
 Choosing suitable recommended practice benefiting to
farmer’s situation & resources,
 Maintaining daily diary by students with abstract of work
done,
 Review of daily diary by chairman and programme
coordinator
Survey and farm planning
 Make PRA survey of the village, preparation of report
and presentation.
 Collection of data on socio-economic condition,
population, cropping pattern, irrigation facilities
resources available, labour, employment.
 Preparation of action plan for the village in consultation
with subject matter specialities and extension scientist of
our Insitute for reorganisation of farm business for high
income and suitable production.
 Identify the constraints in marketing of agricultural
produce, institutional credit facilities, input supply
agencies and cooperative enterprises.

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 Students shall record family budgets and information on
farm holding of respondents farmers in prepared
interview schedule.
EXTENSION EDUCATION :-
 Identification agriculture related problem in the village.
 Conducting result and method demonstration.
 Organisation of farmer’s training and participation in
programmes conducted by govt. agricultural and allied
dept.
 Visit to local area study their role in development
programmes and research works.
 Study the role of mass media.
 Participation I village social work, conduct survey for
youth problems, initiation of youth and youth specific
projects.
 Submission of report on extension activities.
 Sensitisation towards field agriculture.
 Hands on experience of village conditions with respect to
agriculture.
 Development of favourable and required skill and
attitude among agricultural graduates.
 Development of human resource in agricultural
education.
Thus, RAWE is a learner-centered approach of exposing
undergraduate students of Agriculture college by using principles
of “learning by doing” and “seeing is believing” to provide
direction to think and act on their own.

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About the District Khordha
The District Khordha came in to existence on 1st April 1993, by dividing earlier
undivided Puri district. Puri was divided into three districts Puri, Khordha and
Nayagarh. The geographic location of Khordha district stands at 19degree
55minutes to 20 degree 25minutes North Latitude and 84 degree 55minutes to 86
degree to 5minutes East Longitude. Its climate is much influenced for the short
radial distance from the Bay of Bengal and presences of a huge water body like the
Chilika Lake. The district enjoys normal rainfall of 1408mm with maximum and
temperature 42.2 degree Celsius and 11.1 degree Celsius respectively. Similarly, the
mean relative Humidity ranges from 46% to 89% .It is situated in the East &
Southeastern coastal plain and the agro-climatic zone is characterized by sandy-
loam, Loamy, clay-loamy and clayey soil in varied agro-eco system. Khordha is
divided into two sub-regions one is Deltaic Alluvium subregion which comprises of
3 blocks Balianta, Balipatna and Chilika Whereas Banpur, Begunia. Bhubaneswar,
Bolagarh, Jatani, Khordha & Tangi belong to Lateritic sub-region.
Khordha
Latitude - 19°40’ to 20°25’ N
Longitude - 84°40’ to 86°5’ E
List of Blocks of the District and their Geographical extent.
SL
No Name of Block
GPS Coordinates
(North)
GPS Coordinates
(East)
Total
Geographical Area
1. Begunia 20° 12' 8.0784'' N 85° 27' 6.2640'' E 30610
2. Bhubaneswar 20° 17' 45.8124'' N 85° 49' 28.3440'' E 45729
3. Bolagarh 20° 10' 31.6272'' N 85° 16' 48.0252'' E 25260
4. Chilika 19° 31' 11.3340'' N 85° 6' 20.8404'' E 20172
5. Jatni 20° 10' 13.3608'' N 85° 42' 21.1284'' E 23447
6. Tangi 19° 55' 28.5816'' N 85° 23' 47.9220'' E 34374
7. Balianta 20° 46' 31.8216'' N 84° 20' 48.6528'' E 14971
8. Balipatna 20° 11' 58.2324'' N 85° 57' 34.4880'' E 14227
9. Banapur 19° 46' 17.0796'' N 85° 9' 48.5676'' E 40650
10. Khurda 20° 11' 36.4380'' N 85° 37' 59.5524'' E 31860

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Agricultural Scenario of District KHORHDA
Information on farmers of the district
Farmers Nos % of holding Area % of Area
Marginal 82719 67.45 37954 33.74
Small 27943 22.79 37952 33.43
Semi medium 9986 8.14 26216 23.10
Medium 1878 1.53 9906 8.73
Big 95 0.09 1472 1.00
Total 1,22,621 100.00 113500 100.00
Land Use Pattern
Geographical Area (ha) 281300
Forest area (ha) 61867
Permanent Pasture (ha) 5498
Misc. Trees and Grooves (ha) 10369
Land put to Non-Agril. use (ha) 60066
Current Fallow (Ha) 3340
Net Area sown (ha) 132108
Cultivated Area(ha) 124650
Cropping Intensity 155.1%
Rainfall
Normal Annual Rainfall(Mm) 1568.1
Number of Rainy Days 54 Days
Average annual rainfall Maximum - Bhubaneswar and
Balianta
Lowest - Blaipatna Block
Agro-Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography
Agro-climatic Zone East & South Eastern Coastal
Plain Zone
Maximum Temperature 41.50
C
Minimum Temperature 150
C
Potential evapotranspiration Summer-23.4
Winter-36.13
Rainy-26.78
Soil Profile
Mixed Grey Soil (Inceptisols) 183329.61ha
Matured, Red&Lateritic Soil (Alfisols) 42257.7ha.
Black soil 2823.12ha.

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ORIENTATION PROGRAMME ON RAWE
RAWE programme was arranged in a synchronized manner under the guidance of
highly experienced teachers. We were firstly made acquainted with the village & its
condition in classroom teaching before use were exposed to village directly. There
was an orientation programme of about 5 days i.e. from 4th
July 2016 to 9th
July
2016. The main aim of orientation was to aware the students about that work which
is to be done in the village during village attachment programme .The orientation
programme started from morning on 4th
July 2016 with the presence of our dear sir
all faculty members of extension education & many programme supervisors were
present in that programme .The programme was conducted by the RAWE
chairperson Dr. Rajkishor Ray & Dr. Bijoy Mohanty sir.
We were given training about different techniques in PRA.In this 1week we
came to know about PRA tecniques & how to implicate at village level.
During this programme all the students were grouped in to 10 groups constituting
10-11 members each & allotted with 6 no. of villages out of which 3 are coming
under irrigated command area viz. Brahmansarangi, Raedpada, Jagannathpur and
non irrigated area such as Kateni,Giringaput,and Mendhasal.
Our group consisting of 11 members.
1. Debasish Pattnaik
2. Bimal Prabhat Das
3. Bikash Nayak
4. A.R. Daniel
5. Subham Rath
6. Sidhant Sekhar Behera
7. Sabyasachi Parida
8. Saroj
9. Khetriya Umakant Biswal
10.Rasmikanta Sahoo
11.Subrat Mahali
And the village allotted to us are
 Rayedpada (Irrigated)
 Mendhasala(Rainfed)

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AGRO ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
Agro ecosystem analysis helps to understand the prevalent
socio-economic conditions of an area. Participatory
methods and tools are mainly used for this purpose.
PRA grew out of a general feeling of the users of the PRA that
the farmers on the rural people are being entreated for
information. Farmers do not truly know to participate. Evaluating
field data at the same time could benefit people to learn about
their problem. Analyse it and to make awareness. Here certain
elements were required to make PRA more participatory.
“Robert Chambers” is the father of PRA.
PRA is a methodology for interacting with villagers and seeking
their participating in putting forward their point of views about
problem analysing and equalizing the information to acquire
learning. It takes into account the people indigenous knowledge.
It can be defined as,
“A growing family of approaches and methods that enable local
people to share enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and
condition to plan and act.”
Rapid Rural Appraisal
This is done in very short period. Latter RRA is rethought as
PRA. Due to its advantage it is expand to corporate sector,
administrative, educational institution system. Participatory
learning action and management. Here feedback is included.

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Philosophy of PRA
 Knowing the people’s life in agro eco system;
 Greater ability to represent accurately;
 potential of analyse, plan, implement, monitor and evaluate
with perfection,
PRINCIPLES
 optimal ignorance,
 seeking diversity,
 offsetting biasness,
 learning from people,
 triangulation,
Objectives of PRA
 For better and greater involvement of villagers by learning,
perception, experiences and capabilities.
 To generate information and collection of data for immediate
and future use.
 For validation and cross-checking of of collected data from
otjer sources.
 For learning about the impacts of earlier on outgrowing
policies and programmes and to frame new ones.
 For studies on research on the use of PRA and to suggest
improvement by its methodology.
Sources of PRA:
 active participatory research
 agro-economic analysis,
 applied anthropology,
 field research on farming system,
 rapid rural appraisal,
Utilities of PRA:

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1) Natural resource management
a) wild life resource buffer zone,
b) village plans,
c) rural energy assessment, fuel, fodder,
d) forestry,
2) Agriculture
a) Cropping and animal husbandry including farmer’s
participatory research,
b) Farming system research by farmers,
c) Irrigation including rehabilitation of small scale growing
flow,
d) Irrigation system,
e) Markets,
3) Programming for equality
a) Women
b) Credit
c) Health
d) Selection
e) Income earning
4) Health and nutrition
a) Food security and nutritional assessment, planning and
location,
b) Health assessment and monitoring,
Purpose of PRA
 To use criteria, choices and understand the local
environment clear and priorities,
 To learn farmer’s indigenous technology,
 To achieve triangulation using different methods and
involving various people for check and feedback,
 To develop self-critical analysis and direct contact with
local need and communities,

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Guidelines for conducting interaction in PRA
 Before
1) Meet the villagers with an open and frank mind,
2) Build personal rapport building,
3) Identifying villagers who are interested to share their
experience,
4) Always begin the interview by relaxing the tension of
interview by asking general question,
5) Climate setting,
6) Select a suitable place foe interview,
7) Sit down with the villagers with same floor,
 After
1) Listen carefully, show empathy and be patient, and
2) Intense and careful observation is most important,
3) Do not interrupt, suggest or prescribe,
4) Be polite and accommodative and gentle,
5) Try to adjust with the human being as they are human
beings,
6) Head nodding during interview is approval,
7) Participate whole heartily,
8) Accept villagers’’ offerings of hospitality,
9) There is no point of getting impatient or becoming too much
when the villagers discuss among themselves,
10) Use what, which, when, where, why and how to rephrase the
question,
11) At the end of the interview all the interviewer must be
thanked individually by the members of the interviewing
group for giving time and sharing their experience.
12) Sit down with all the members and record all the
information collected and the process of information
generation,

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Components of PRA
1) Group formation
A PRA team must consists of 4 members namely:-
a) Lead facilitation- lead the group,
b) Process recorder- record how the process went on actively
happened, what difficult and interesting things are done,
c) Content recorder- take a note of whole technology that have
been discussed,
d) Environmental controller- he monitors to create a suitable
process to carry out the process,
Multidisciplinary team with a social scientist and 7-8 numbers of
members in a group is a good one
2) Kits collection
Drawing sheets, sketch, colour pens, chalk, colour powder,
pencil, scale, leaves and pebbles can be collected from
villagers,
3) Arrival at village,
4) Rapport building,
5) Appraisal
6) Transact of village
Contain all information about land situation, different
opportunity of village on a single sheet paper
4 types of activities are to be undertaken:
a) Space analysis
b) Time analysis
c) Flow analysis
d) Decision analysis

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Space analysis :
This consists of all modelling and mapping village map,
social map, topography map, hydrology map, crop map,
enterprise map, many other maps by villagers.
Time analysis:
In this process, information are collected on seasonality of
activity that is to be undertaken during PRA exercise in village.
This includes crop calendar; fodder availability; labour shortage,
food availability, food storage, shortage, incidence of disease and
pest of
crop and animal, charges and trends in village, time line of a
village and many more relating to seasonal variations.
Flow analysis:
In this process, the information will be collected on message
flow, the important exercise is to be done in diagram.
Decision analysis:
Consists of information collect and development of the
preference and choice of the farmer
This is the construction of a village area using rangoli powders or
coloured chalk on the ground or a cement floor for understanding
the village lay out ,main features such as housing, temples, stores
and other infrastructure and other resources like forests, lands,
watersheds etc.
Purpose
 To get an impression of the social and physical layout of the
village as perceived by villagers themselves.

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 To understand globally the social structure of the village,
which live there, which facilities is there, where they are
located etc.
 To get an impression of the natural resource environment of
the village as perceived by the villagers.
Situation Where Applicable
Participatory maps are useful in identifying status of land holding
and animals of different households. In identifying beneficiaries
of various developmental programmes etc. Through participatory
mapping other items like dry land/ irrigated land, rivers, forest
lands and temple lands, tanks and nullahs and other water
resources could be identified. The participatory mapping can also
be used to prepare treatment plans for soil and water
conservations, forestry and other treatments.

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Following are the PRA tools
Rapport building
Rapport building is the first step in PRA. It is the first informal
interaction with the farmer and village people It is meant for
making relationship with others quickly and to gain trust and
confidence. It imposes a good impression upon village people. So
that the interaction between the facilitators and the participants in
the PRA process becomes easier. For rapport buildings following
things are to be remembered:-
1. Informal chat
2. Empathy
3. Leading question technique
4. Triggering mechanism
5. Chain reaction
6. Group dynamics
7. Local and personal language
8. Focus group discussion
9. Listening
10.Buried question technique
TRANSECT WALK
INTRODUCTION
 A transect walk is a useful method for knowing rural ecological conditions.
 A transect walk is a systematic walk along a defined path (transect) across the village area
which is undertaken by the team along with the local people to explore the agro-ecosystem of
the village and by observing, asking, listening, looking and producing a transect diagram.
 A Transect depicts a cross-sectional view of the different agro-ecological zones and provides a
comparative assessment of the Zones on different parameters.

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OBJECTIVES
1. Appraisal of natural resources in terms of status, problems &
potential.
2. To get an idea about farming practices, cropping pattern, the
physical layout (existing or planned), irrigated facilities etc.
3. To know the agro ecosystem of the village.
4. To get the cross sectional view of the village.
Type of issue that might be covered in transect:-
 Food storage
 Community resource
 Difference in households and their assets
 Credit sources
 Agriculture production and constraints
 Livestock management
 Health assets and hazards
 Water resource and hazards
 Village infrastructure
 Land use pattern and seasonal variation
 Livelihood strategies
 Crops and other food production
 Gathered foods and medicine
PROCEDURE
Before
Before commencement of the transect walk, we have explained
briefly the purpose of the walk & selected the area under study

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village resources like irrigation sources, water catchment area,
vegetation, land resources etc.
During
We have observed everything in detail and listened carefully. We
have also asked & recorded everything what we saw and listened,
sketched and drawn the maps. We have walked up to the last
boundary & covered all the relevant sides.
After
Carefully documented all the information collected by all team
members. We have prepared final diagrams and sketch from the
rough sketches. We have cross checked and compared the
information by meeting other villagers & recorded how things
differ from one situation to another.
Village Map
It is a map where all the entities of a village like temples, roads,
water bodies, fields, houses etc. are represented by conventional
sigs.
Process of making:
This is the construction of a village map by using rangoli or
coloured chalk on the ground or on cemented floor for
understanding the village lay out and the features such as
houses, temples, stores and other infrastructures and the natural
resources like forest land, waste land etc.
Purpose of drawing village map:

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1. To get an impression of the social, physical layout of the
village by villagers themselves,
2. To understand globally the social structure of the villages
who live there, what facilities are available,
3. To get an impression of the natural resources environment
of the village perceived by the villagers.
Hydrology Map
It is another kind of map that shows the depth of water in various
water bodies present in that locality. The hydrology map of a
village delineates the status of water resources, distribution
pattern, drainage facilities, direction, nature, inundation, water
regime and water use pattern.
Purpose
To know the position of the water resource, distribution pattern
and the water table depth, so that these data will help in the
decision making process and action plan development.
Process
Along with our respected farmers, we sat on the village
verandah with all the chalk, coloured powder, and prepared the
hydrology map having all the necessary signs for tube wells and
other water structures.
Social Map
A social map depicts the location of different things like presence
of road, rivers, institution, characterisation and condition of
household, the ownership of dwelling and building land pattern,
poor, non-poor household and dwelling of difficult caste in
village.
Purpose

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 To get an impression about physical layout of the village,
 To understand social structure of the village,
Process
We collected material like rangoli powder, chalks, gravels,
colour and stick etc. are used for mapping. We arranged papers
for redrawing the map which was drawn on the ground. Then we
organised the villagers and the veranda.
Crop Map
It is a kind of map where different types of crop grown in a
locality are represented in a map. Different types of crops and
villages like potato, cauliflower, cabbage, rice,
pulses,brinjal,tomato, okra etc. are grown and are represented by
respective signs.
Purpose
 To know the potential crop area, main crop, verities,
cropping system, pattern etc.
 To get all information about crop for the preparation of
action plan,
Process
We all gathered the villagers along with the requisites for map
like colour chalks, rangoli, stand, stone, gravel etc. and sat on the
village veranda to draw the map. We redrew the map on our daily
record
RESOURCE MAP
DEFINITION:
 It is the type of map locates resources of an area such as
village watershed, forest water bodies etc, this helps to
established the extent and location of these resource and

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analysis and understand them better.
OBJECTIVE:
 Resource maps have been used for depicting of various
aspects related to
Different type of resources just like crop, water resources,
natural resources, human resources, implement ,enterprises
resources availability in village.
 What type of land, what type of road all type of resources
discussed on it.
PROCEDURE:-
 We have selected a proper place for preparing a resource
map and explain the purpose of the exercise.
 We have encouraged them to use locally available material
in a creative way & to make the map as representative as
possible.
 We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of
the village.
 We have asked the participants to draw a map of the village
showing all resources.
 For orientation it will be helpful to draw roads and
significant spots of the village into the map.
 We have asked the participants to also show institutions,
buildings and places that offer some kind of social service
or which are popular spots to meet and discuss. Example:
variety type of resource shown to me by the help of
viilagers.in this village main resources human ,hydrology
resources are important.
 At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would
like to make any modifications or additions.

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 We have copied the map onto a large sheet of paper with all
details
USES:
 This map is useful in identifying the land holding, animals
on the households, beneficiary of various developmental
programmes, mapping of resource map was practise in the
village by inviting people. They were asked about various
resources available n the village.
1) Natural resources
2) Crop resources
3) Livestock
4) Hydrological
5) Human resources
6) Implements
Venn Diagram
It is also called as “Chapati diagramming”. It is a visual graphics
made by villagers to present the role of the organisations,
institution and degree of influence in their discussion making
process. This was done by drawing circle by taking the village in
the centre as a big circles depending upon its importance and
accessibility of these institutions.
Purpose
To get the villagers’ prospective on the impact on the influence
of local and outside institution in a particular.
Process
We selected an appropriate place and sat for discussion along
with the farmers. Chappatis of different sizes were cut. The villagers
are then asked to list all the institutions that were having impact in

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their life. Then according to the size of importance, the names were
written on the chappatis. Then they arranged those chappatis in
order to their availability of those facilities. Then we note down that
diagram on the daily diary.
Mobility Map
It is a tool of PRA which shows the distance between the various
institution/ places present either inside or outside of the village. It
helps us to find out the essentiality and the frequency of the
visit to that place/institution by the villagers.
Purpose
The diagram is used to understand the places travelled, resource
collected and to identify the person travelling. The resource
centre could have some problem regarding road and transport,
which may not be approximate.
Process
We along with our fellow farmers sat on a place in the village
and discussed about the places that they visited and their
essentiality. Then according to the prior idea about task they
drew the mobility map and we also noted down it in our daily
record.
Application
Some of the resources are in short supply in the community. The
community action plan includes ways and means to get critical
resources in the feature. The difficulties faced on the road and at
the resources centre taken due consideration for improvement.

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Daily Profile
It depict show villagers (men and women) spend a day of 24
hours along with the kinds of activities and time allotted for each
activities. Daily routine for taken for men and women in both
categories farmers and farm labourers.
Purpose
To get an account for their daily life for men and women in both
categories of farmers and farm labourers.
1. Time spent for both men and women, farmers and farm
labourers in various activities in a day of 24 hours.
2. Data on wage earning, rest and recreation hours.
3. Data on leisure time which must be utilised by development
workers.
Process
We arranged at the village at our usual time, after that we 1st
of
all we went to meet the villagers and then they were gathered, so
that we freely discussed with them about their day to day life
activities and their daily routine. In the beginning they were just
skipping the small activities but gradually they informed all
minor activities after we told them to inform the exact routine.
We also told them what activities they had done in summer,
kharif and rabi season. Their daily routine was different from
person from person according to their occupation.
Objective
We had prepared this map in both the villages, so that we can
assign some profitable production unit for the development of
their standard of living by utilising their leisure period.

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Seasonality
Seasonality is a useful and important exercise to determine the
seasonal pattern in rural village areas related to rainfall,
farming practices, employment etc. In seasonality attempt is
made to determine the seasonal calendar as understood and
practised by the villagers. A seasonal calendar helps to present
large quantities of diverse interaction in a common line of
frame. It accompanies community activities month a cross
sectional boundaries.
Purpose
To have an overview of seasonal variation by examining an off
parameters related to farmer’s life.
E.g. Work, employment, rainfall, income, availability of
food and fodder.
Suggestion for seasonality
 Before
Set the climate for participatory discussion,
Sit down with the informant,
Initiate the discussion on particular topic
 During
Ask the informant to explain the seasonality change
and variation,
They may write the name of the months on a small
sheet of paper and put them in order, Then they put score
as per the workload, disease, fodder availability, rainfall
in that village.
 After
Triangulation the findings in larger group during
village presentation,
Application

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The seasonality exercise has a wide range of application i.e.
to indicate rainfall, agricultural operation, employment
generation, credit availability, fodder, milk yield.
Trend Analysis
It is a tool of PRA. It indicates the changes that have been taken
place over a period of time.
Importance:
A trend line gives visual from to the villagers’ perception of
significant change over a period of time.
It is visualised in 2 terms.
I. Quantity i.e. kg/ha, Q/ha, price etc.
II. Quality i.e. positive, negative
Problem Cause
It is a process by which we can go to actual cause a particular
problems prevailing in a particular village. By this we can make
some intervention points so that action in that particular cause
can be taken immediately. In both the villages we were assigned
to find out the cause of 1st
and 2nd
main problems.
Purpose:
By analysing the cause the problem we can actually
suggest/prescribe a useful action plan for that village which will
be helpful.

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Process:
1st
of all, after reaching the village, we gathered some peoples
and then explained the exercise to be conducted on that day. By
using colour chalk we drew the map on the floor as told by the
villagers and try to locate the actual cause of problem. After the
exercise, we thanked the villagers for their participation and
cooperation.
Principle
 The principle aim is to identify the factors that resulted in
the nature, the magnitude the location and the timing of the
harmful outcomes of the one /more events in order to
identify what behaviours, action, need to be changed to
prevent damage of similar harmful outcomes and to identify
the lessons to be learned.
 There may be more than one root cause for an event, the
difficult part is demonstrating the persistence and sustaining
to effort required to develop them.
Timeline
Timeline is a change a chronological sequences of event
that has occurred in a particular which are given by the
villagers as important. It refers to the calendar of historical
event from as far back as one can remembered up to the life
of a person, community, villagers/institution depending on
what basis of helping us trace trends through history and to
study of change.
Purpose
To find out the sequence of historical events, changes that
has occurred in the village and their impact in the social and

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agricultural base.
Process
Set the climate and encouragement the elderly presence of
the village to join in the discussion .Carry a pen and sketch
with a paper. Initiate discussion and ask questions to the
older information first. Ask them to recapitulate the major
events and changes that took place over the years. Do not
insist two much or specific year or date. Record all the
information, check and thank all the villagers. Compare the
change and identify the bunds.
Application
The timeline exercise can be applied to find out the
background of village/evolution of specific activities or
programme. The time line of agriculture for example would
indicate the occurrence of drought,the adoption of new crop
and varieties ,HYV and hybrid introduction, fertiliser
application etc.
Problem Identification & Problem Priority
A problem is any unsatisfactory situation. It is a
hurdle/barrier for achieving goals/objectives.
Objectives
list out the problems present in the village,
ritize the problems on the basis of the following
things, those are
 Seriousness of that problem,
 Frequency of that problem,
 Distribution of that problem,
tion and develop a satisfactory
action plan,
Process
Democratically by participation of the villagers a number of
problems of the village were identified and collected. The

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villagers were asked to identify the problem must felt and widest
concern affecting major people and should relate the family,
community and national situation for tackling the selected
problem. All problems were scored on the basis of its
seriousness, frequency and distribution and then were ranked as
1st
, 2nd
, 3rd
, etc.
SWOT
It is a pioneer step of PRA survey in order to achieve a big
target within a short span of time. The analysis is generally
conducted with respect to the existing farming system. It is
analysed under 4 heading i.e. strength, weakness, opportunity
and threats,
For implementation of any programme like ecological,
infrastructural, agro enterprise etc. the planning should be from
top to bottom and execution should be bottom to top approach.
Planning  Implementation
SWOT analysis is indispensable before execution of any plan.
Threat area should be considered first.
Matrix Ranking
It is a PRA tool by which villagers’ preference and attitude
towards a particular topic of interest is revealed to us. It helps us
to understand farmer’s priorities towards crop varieties,
vegetables, tree spices, livestock categories, soil and water
conservation methods, irrigation methods etc. by this technique
we can also know about the reason for their likes and dislikes
towards the topic. In this, we select some criteria which are used
to prioritise certain items or activities over other. These criteria

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provides us an opportunity to think and look at things from a new
angle and prospective.
Purpose
To get better understanding farmer’s decision making process.
Process
The people of different age group and classes included discussion
of particular topic were initiated and all the varieties and species
as told by the villagers were noted. They were asked to rank the
varieties /species of their choices for each criteria by ranking 1-
10 against the best and worst one were written. At last following
all criteria best verities was chosen. The overall ranking was
examined
carefully and which variety scores high in all most all criteria
was observed.
Resource Flow
Resource flow analysis means whatever inputs for cultivation or
food products either available within the village or import from
the outside of village.
When these all resources are designed into a map form it is
called as resource flow map or inflow-outflow map.
OUTCOME OF USING THESE TECHNIQUES
 First-hand information and maps
 Baseline information
 List of priorities
 Involvement of different groups of the village
 Identification of matrix
Atlast Prepation of Action Plan by studing the above tools

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A Brief overview of our total programme
ACTIVITY
DATE OF ACTIVITY
Rayedpada Mendhasala
Rapport building
Village map
Social map
Crop map
12/7/16 &
17/7/16( rechecking) 25/7/16
26/7/16
Hydrology map
13/7/16 &
22/7/16(rechecking)
11/8/16
Resource map 11/8/16
Transact walk 11/8/16
Timeline 11/8/16
Venn diagram
14/7/16
29/7/16
Mobility diagram 29/7/16
Matrix ranking 29/7/16
Seasonality
15/7/16
30/7/16
Trend analysis 30/7/16
Daily work resource
16/7/16
29/7/16
ITK 29/7/16
Swot analysis 8/8/16

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Village-
Raedapada(Irrigated)

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RAEDAPADA
Raedapada is present in the Balianta block of Khurda district. This village is totally irrigated. The
irrigation is mainly through Danapada canal. It is totally surrounded by water sources such as
canal, and ponds.
Bhubaneswar-Block Area(Ha)- 45729
Balianta-Block Area(Ha)- 14971
Block – Balianta
Grampanchayat – Kakarudrapur
District – Khurda
Total Geographical area of Village: Rayedpada(in acre)
Cultivated Agricultural Land 132.5 acre
Other (Gochar Land+Government Land+Social Forestry) 10 acre
Homestead Area 30 acre
Total Area(Acre) 172.5acre
Cultivated
Agricultural Land
76%
Other (Gochar
Land+Governm
ent Land+Social
Forestry)
6%
Homestead Area
18%
Total Geographical area of Village: Rayedpada(in acre)

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Rapport Building
On 12th
July 2016 we headed towards the village. We started
communicating with farmers and some villagers about the basic
information on the village.
Then we came to know about the hamlets of village i.e. Barik
sahi, Guru sahi, Ojha sahi, Mallick sahi, Bhoi sahi. We also have
collected other basic informations on the village.
Village Map
After rapport building we created a group of farmers and
villagers and started working with them and we collected the
following informations and rectified the data from the Block
Development Office.
We started to make on floor diagrams with rangoli and made the
total village map on floor to have a basic idea and move further
Information about the village
Topic Information
Total area 172.5 acre
Total population 547
Main road Panchola – Jagannathpur road
Social structure 5 Hamlets
Religious 5 temples, 2 masjids, 1 bhagabat tungi
Crops Rice, Green gram, Black gram, Brinjal, Tomato, Okra, Amaranthus,
Palak, Coriander, Mango, Guava, Papaya, Banana, Coconut
Main water source Danapada canal, Pond, Tube well, Well, Supply water, Hand pump
Institution U.P school, High school, Anganwadi, Youth club
Enterprises 1 poultry unit,1 pisciculture unit, 1 mushroom farm

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Social Map
We followed the same procedure but keeping in mind the basic
way of communicating and asking several questions related to
thei caste, religion etc.
Villagers and farmers cooperated with us and we had done the
social map.
Man made resources Numbers
Educational institution
High school 01
U.P school 01
Anganwadi 01
Religious institution
Bhagabat tungi 01
Temple 02
Social organization
Club 01
Self Help Group 08
Social institution
Hamlets(Sahi) Barik sahi, Guru sahi, Ojha sahi, Mallick sahi,
Bhoi sahi
Human resources
Total house hold 135
Female 267
Total voter 410
ST 0
Big farmer 03
Marginal farmer 160
Business 20
Illiterate 129
Male 280
Children 67
SC 227
General - 320
Small farmer 90
Service holder 10
Literate 418

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Crop Map
 We have selected a proper place for preparing a crop map and
explain the purpose of the exercise.
 We have encouraged them to draw the map as representative
as possible on the drawing sheet.
 We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of the
village as well as the crop fields.
 We have asked the participants to also show different crops on
their respective fields.
 At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like
to make any modifications or additions.
The details of data about crops are as follows
Enterprise unit Numbers
Mushroom farm 01
Shop 05
Poultry unit 01
Pisciculture unit 01
Live stock resources Numbers
Poultry – 10 10
Cows – 15 15
Crop resources
Type Crop
Pulses Green gram, Black gram
Greens Amaranthus, Palak, Coriander
Cereals Rice
Vegetables Brinjal, Tomato, Okra
Fruit crops Mango, Guava, Papaya, Banana, Coconut

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Hydrology Map
For hydrology map we have discussed with the villagers about
water resources, water table source of drinking water, source of
irrigation channel(Danapada canal)
Details of water sources
Hydrological resources Numbers
Tube well 06
Supply water 17
Canal 01
Ponds 04
Well 04
Hand pump 02
Conclusion
Though this village is irrigated but there is no good source of
water for 2 crops. Due to less utilization of canal , the canal is
degraded.

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Resource Map
In resource map we focus on Land Resource, Water
Resourse(Drinking water source & Irrigation channel).
Details of resources are as follows
Soil type Texture
Medium land Sandy loam
Up land – Sandy loam
Low land Clay
Agricultural impliments Numbers
MB plough 01
Sprayer 02
Tractor 01
Winnower 01
Sickle 50
Desi plough 10
Iron plough 03
Bullock cart 02
Planker 06
Weeder 02
khurpi 60
Conclusion
Though there are resources but it is not utilised properly.
Farmers depends on rainfall as water source besides using canal
and does only one crop of rice followed by moong & Kulthi.

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Transect Map
While doing transect walk we started an elevation from the
upland hill area and ended to the village residential area.
We came across the following conclusions
Soil type Texture
Medium land Sandy loam
Up land – Sandy loam
Low land Clay
Conclusion
Most of the area is under low land & medium land.
Water stagnation is a problem.

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Timeline
Before
 At first the climate for a participatory discussion was set.
 Elderly people and knowledgeable villagers are encouraged to
join the discussion as far as possible.
 Sheets of paper and sketch pen were carried with us.
During
 Discussion initiated and questions were asked to the older
informants at first. And they were asked to recapitulate the
major events and changes that took place over the years. Some
of them were asked to write down in chronological order.
 Information was recorded.
After
 The changes were compared.
 The trends were identified.
 We thanked all the villagers for sharing their experiences.

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Trend Analysis
 We explained to them the purpose of the exercise.
 We tried to encourage the local people to depict interested
aspects for trend analysis.
 We also facilitated the selection of time landmarks across
which the trends could be studied. The participants are
encouraged to depict the selected landmark years on cards
preferably by symbols of visuals and so on.
 The participants were asked to make the matrix on the ground,
using chalk. They represented from left to right the landmark
years and from top to bottom various aspects like density of
trees, grass, wild animals, etc.
 They were then asked to depict the situation today in the
relevant cell using symbols, visuals, seeds, sticks, sand, etc.,
as the case may be, leave the choice to the participants. We
moved to the next time landmark and so on.

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Venn Diagram
The exercise is carried out by the help of villagers with use of
different sizes of circle of paper which indicates the relative
importance or accessibility of a particular institution or
individual to that particular village.
According to the villagers, various groups &institutions those
mostly influence them and their activity are –
a) Primary school
b) Primary Health Centre
c) Kissan mandi
d) Block office
e) Gram panchayat
f) Police station
g) Bank
h) Temple
i) Post office
j) Local market
k) K.V.K.
l) Veterinary office
m) Anganwadi
n) R.I. Office
o) Youth club
p) Co-operative store
q) College
r) District health Centre

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Before
We selected an appropriate place and along with farmers we sat
there for an open discussion. Papers of different sizes were cut.
Then we set the climate for the discussion and told them about
what to do.
During
The villagers were first of all asked to make a list of all the
institutions that were having impact on life. We asked them to
write the name of institution on the paper. The informants were
asked to choose larger disc for more important institution and
smaller ones for less important institutions. We told them to put
at the centre, the largest circle to denote the village. The distance
of the paper circle from the circle denoted the intensity of
involvement. They were allowed to change papers after a second
round of discussion.
After
We represented the whole information into the drawing sheets
and denoted the different institutions with different colors
according to their utilization.

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Mobility Map
INFORMATION ELICITED FROM THE MOBILITY MAP
1. Places
2. Purpose
3. Direction
4. Distance
5. Mode
6. Frequency
7. Cost of transport to and from a village
PROCEDURE
 We have selected the person, group or community whose
mobility pattern you are interested in understanding.
 We explained the purpose of the exercise and initiate a
discussion on the places they visit. We then listed down the
places. As they close the list, they were asked whether they
would like to add some more or delete any of the places in the
list.
 They were asked to write the name of the places on small
pieces of paper in bold letters. They were encouraged to depict
the places using symbols or visuals,
 A circle was drawn in the middle of a paper or ground,
representing the village/locality and ask them to locate the
pieces of paper with the names of the places they visit around
the circle in such a way that they are properly represented.
 We asked them to link the cards representing the places visited
with the circle depicting their locality by lines. The thickness

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of the lines could represent a particular feature, such as, the
frequency of the visits.
 We asked them to follow a similar process, for all other places
that they visit, one by one.
 They were encouraged to represent other aspects in the form of
visuals, symbols or in writing.
 They were asked whether they would like to make any
alterations once the diagram is ready.
 We requested them to explain the map and their learning from
it.
 They were asked to explain the diagram in detail. Interview the
diagram to clarify your doubts by asking probing questions.
 We listened carefully to their discussion and take any
necessary notes.
 The diagram is copied onto paper with all the details.

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Resource Flow Analysis
The resource flow diagram is a schematic drawing of the
resource inflow into the village and resource out flow from the
village. The diagram shows the flow of resources from the
original source to the final output and visualizes the use and
control of the resources
Daily Work Profile
We arrive at the village in our usual time, after that we first of all
went to meet the villagers and then they were gathered so that we
freely discussed with them about their day to day activities and
their daily routines. In the beginning they were just skipping the
small activities, but we told them that we needed the exact daily
routine of both male and female, then they co-operated us in
giving the data.

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Matrix Ranking
Before
 After the initial round discussions and rapport building, a
suitable place was selected to sit down and the exercise was
conducted
 The people from different age groups and classes were
included
During
 Discussions on particular topic (e.g. varieties or tree
species) were initiated and all the varieties and species as
told by the villagers were noted.
 The farmers were allowed to state all the criteria & at point
of controversies, few others opinion were taken.
 The villagers were asked to rank the varieties / spices of
their choice for each criterion by ranking 1 to 10. 10 against
the best and 1 for worst were written. Villagers used stones
in each box against each criterion.
After
 The overall ranking was examined carefully and which
variety/ item scores high in almost in all criteria was observed.
 We thanked all participants for sharing their views.
Conclusion
The best variety for coconut water is Sakhigopal & for both
water and coconut flesh it is Chaughat orange.

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Seasonality
Before
 The climate was set for participatory discussions.
 We sat down with the informants(preferably from all the age
groups )
 We carried the paper sheets and colored pens.
 We initiated the discussions on particular topic (rainfall,
labour demand, market rate of vegetables etc.)
During
 We asked the informants to explain the seasonal changes
and the variations and draw on a paper or on the ground.
 We helped them in developing skills to depict the seasonal
variations and ask them to complete the graph.
 They wrote the name of twelve months on small sheets of
papers and put them in order. Then bars using pieces of
sticks or branches or columns using stones or seeds of
different lengths developed to depict the rainfall, food
stocks etc.
After
 The findings were triangulated in larger groups during village
presentation.
 We thanked all the villagers for participating in the exercise.
Conclusion
In the month of august there is maxim of rain fall.

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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
AND PRIORITISATIONS
Problem is a condition or situation that the people after study
with or without help have decided need changing, problems are
hurdles or barriers for achieving goals or objectives.
The problems are generally prioritized on the basis of three
parameters.
 Seriousness of problem ( refers to the degree to which damage
has occurred due to the problem )
 Frequency of occurrence ( refers to the number of occurrences
of the problem during last 10 years period )
 Distributions of problem (refers to the extent of occurrence of
the problem which may be calculated on the basis of no. of
people and amount of area affected).
PROCESS
Identification of problems was done by discussing with a group
of farmers. All the problems in the area were collected and
identified democratically through participation of village people.
The villagers were asked to identify the problems, most felt and
of widest concern affecting major people and should relate to the
family, community and national situation. For tackling the
selected problems, the time was scheduled on greatest priorities
basis.

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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
AND PRIORITISATIONS
PROBLEMS SERIOU
SNESS
OF
PROBLE
MS
FREQUENC
Y OF
PROBLEMS
DISTRIBUTION
OF PROBLEMS
TOTAL
SCORE
RANK
Sheath blight in rice 9 8 7 24 1st
Brinjal fruit and shoot
borer
6 5 5 16 6th
YMV in okra 5 7 6 18 4th
Lack of irrigation
facility
6 6 8 20 2nd
Low income of farm
women
4 5 7 16 6th
High labour cost 5 6 8 19 3rd
Crop loss due to cattle
and monkey menance
5 5 7 17 5th
Lack of storage
facility
6 4 6 16 6th
Conclusion
Thus tme major problem in Rayadapada is Sheath blight of rice,
& the least important problem is Lack of storage facility.

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ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS
A problem has several causes such like biophysical cause & socioeconomic causes. We analyze
the cause for the finding of interventions to solve the problems. There are primary secondary and
tertiary causes of a problem. In both the villages we analyze the main problems of the villages.

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INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE (ITK)
 Use of begonia leaves for preventing insect pest attack in
pulses.
 Treatment of jaundice people use a mixture of juice of fruit of
satavari plant with added milk and khandasari in proportionate
amount and give it to patient suffering from jaundice
 Water-soaked neempedia applied for plant protection
 In rice for control of gundhi bug use cow urine + kerosene +
husk mixture for control of BLB in rice people use cow dung
slurry.
 Use of cow dung to store pumpkin for more time.
 Mixing of sand with mung for long term storage.
 Seed mix with ash preent insects and grain pests.
 For the control of aphids use of detergent water in pulses.
 Use of salts in pits at the time of coconut planting to repels
snails.
 Use of storage structures for paddy made out of wood and
bamboo pieces called as BENTI and PUDUGA. These
structures are kept 2 feet above the ground ion a base and
grains are kept in it.
 Use of smoke to check the burning of flower of mango.
 Application of ash in mango tree to control ant and weevil
 Use of turmeric powder to prevent red ant in spinach.

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SWOT ANANLYSIS
Strength
1. Substantial paddy production.
2. Installation of solar panel to generate electricity.
3. Application of green manure.
4. Fishery has been practiced.
5. Mushroom cultivation from the straw harvested from rice field.
6. Availability of vocational training.
7. Water, Electricity, Fuel, BPL card facilities available.
8. Set up of cottage industry.
9. Communication facilities like roads are well built to sell the harvested goods in cities.
Weakness
1. Flood in river.
2. Poor drainage.
3. Only one part of village is properly irrigated and other part doesn’t get water.
4. Ponds are filled with weeds like water hyacinth.
5. Monocropping is highly favored hence affecting soil fertility status.
6. Govt. incentives are not provided timely.
7. They are reluctant to adopt new scientific approach of farming.
Opportunity
1. Availability of loamy soil which is highly fertile. They can go for growing fruit crops.
2. High paddy production hence they can go for processing of paddy and generation of new
commodities.
3. Availability of plenty number of ponds so fishery can be heavily commercialized.
4. They have cows hence can establish Gobar Gas plant.
5. Fertile soil favors vegetable production.
Threats
1. Monkey menance.
2. Flooding in low land situation.
3. Cattle grazing in cultivated field.
4. Youth are unemployed.
5. Labour availability is difficult.
6. Heavy weed infestation.
7. Hospitals are bit distant from village.
.

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ACTION PLAN
For through out the year water logged area
1. Weed control by application of herbicide.
2. Weed control by grass crop.
3. Commercial pisciculturte by land consolidation.
4. Drainage facility development and improvement.
5. Composting of aquatic weeds.
6. Fresh water pearl culture.
For partly Water Logged Area
1. Rice-fish culture.
2. Growing of alternative crops like Jute, Bacha, Mukhana, Waterchestnut, Bramhi,
Colocassia etc.
3. Azolla, BGA culture.
For Home-stead Land
1. Mushroom cultivation in the veranda.
2. Growing of multipurpose trees in the back yard.
3. Goatery, Poultry.
4. Gobar Gas Plant.
5. Vermicompost Pit.
6. Proper method of planting of Banana, Rhizome treatment and desuckering.
7. Growing of grafted mango plants in the back yard.
8. Artificial insemination of desi cows.
9. Use of enriched cattle feed.
10. Proper management of coconut orchard by availing financial help from CBD and Govt. of
Odisha.
11. Use of storage bin with 50% subsidy from APICOL.
For Cropping Area
1. Soil testing for judicious fertilizer management.
2. Use of 50% RDF + 50% N inform of green managing of Dhanicha in Kharif + 100% RDF
in Rabi for Rice-Rice cropping system canal. Irrigated area.
3. Replacement of Swarna with Pratikhya and introduction of hybrid rice variety like KHR-2
and Sahadri.
4. Replacement of local rice varieties with high yielding flood resistant variety like Durga
and Panidhan.
5. Seed production programme for rice.
6. Integrated approach for disease-pest management.
7. Use of herbicide and mechanical weeder for weed control.
8. Introduction of integrated pest control schedule for black gram.

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9. Introduction of PSM and potash culture.
10. Introduction of high yielding groundnut variety TS-24.
11. Seed production under ISOPOM.
12. Crop rotation to be followed for solanaceous vegetables.
13. Crop rotation in Rice-Rice cropping system by irrigation control through Panipanchayat.
14. Use of Neem based integrated approach in brinjal fruit and shoot borer.
15. Use of resistant variety and further linkage with seed chain.
16. Staking in Ridge gourd.
17. Cultivation of tomato and brinjal for seed purpose.
18. Community based use of pheromone and light trap.
19. Installment of honeybee box.
20. Farm mechanization with the help of APICOL.
For Waste Land
Social forestry with Glaricidia, Acacia mangium, Subabul etc.
For Landless People
1. Piggery, Goatery, Poultry.
2. Mushroom production.
3. Coir based, bamboo based cottage industry.
4. Fruit processing and preservation.
For Woman
1. Capacity building programme for women and SHG run by women under NRCWA.
2. Formation of marketing co-operative society for better marketing.
3. Imparting training to farm women on food processing and preservation.
4. Imparting training to farm women on various cottage industry skills.
For Unemployed Youth
1. Formation of marketing co-operative society for better marketing.
2. Appointment as Krushak Sathi.
3. Establishment of KSKs.
4. Imparting training on mushroom production and spawn production.

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Village-
Mendhasala(Rainfed)

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Village-MENDHASALA
Mendhasala is present in the Bhubaneswar block of Khurdha district. This village is at a distance
of 6 km from Khurdha. This village at a distant of 16 km from Bhubaneswer. This village is rain
fed. Most important crop cultivated in the village is rice. This village comes under rainfed area
but due to DERAS this village gets water
throughout.
Gram panchayat – Mendhasala
Block - Bhubaneswar
Tehsil - Bhubaneswar
District – Khurda
Total Geographical area of Village: Mendhasala(in acre)
Cultivated Agricultural Land 560
Other (Gochar Land+Government Land+Social Forestry) 340
Homestead Area 315
Total Area(Acre) 1215
.

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Rapport building
On 25th
July 2016 we headed towards this village with our
RAWE course coordinator Dr.R.K.Raj & Dr. M.A.Baig, the we
met VLW of the village Mrs Banishree Mohanty and collected
basic information on agricultural background of village.
Then we entered the village and started interaction with farmers
and villagers and pointed out all the hamlets.
This village is a bit confusing and big so we divided our
members and planned to find key informers and headed further in
consecutive days.
Village Map(Conclusion)
In the village map all the details of Social structure, Availability
of resources, Hydrological resources, cropping system etc are
shown.
Natural resources
Cultivated area 227ha
Up land 37ha
Low land 77ha
Total area 1201ha
Irrigated area 542acre
Medium land 112ha

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Social Map(Conclusion)
The SOCIAL STRUCTURE of Mendhasala is as follows
Sahi - Basudev sahi, Bhoi sahi, Brahman sahi, Samantray sahi, Singh
sahi, Radhakanta sahi, Behera sahi, Mohamadian sahi & Muslim sahi.
The Man made resources are as follows:
Educational institution Numbers
High school 01
Anganwadi 06
U.P school 03
Convent school 01
Religious institution Numbers
Masjid 02
Temple 05
Bhagabat tungi 01
Social organization Numbers
Club 05
RI office 01
Self Help Group 55
Bank 03
Market 01
Human resources
Total house hold 769
Female 1906
SC 721
Farm family 300
Illiterates 1048
Male 1961
Children 415
ST 05

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Hydrology Map(Conclusion)
In this village Lift Irrigation source provides water for crops, For
drinking water there is a pond bunded for water supply.
Tube well 40
Canal 01
Ponds 15
Well 30
Mendhasala is a rainfed village but water is available for two
seasons and farmers go for two crops.

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Crop Map (Conclusion)
In Mendhasala farmers usually do Sequence cropping(Rice &
Moong, Kulthi) followed by rice.
Croping System Analysis
Rice
Moong/Kulthi
Rice
Data of total areas under cultivation
Up land 37ha
Low land 77ha
Total area 1201ha
Medium land 112ha
Data on crop resources
Crop resources
Pulses Green gram, Black gram
Fruit crops Mango, Guava, Papaya,
Banana, Coconut
Cereals Rice
Vegetables Brinjal, Tomato, Okra,
Colocassia, Cow pea, Chilly
Live stock resources Numbers
Bullocks - 30 40
Cows – 50 1500
Poultry – 80 80

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Resource Map(Conclusion)
In resource map we focus on Land Resource, Water
Resourse(Drinking water source & Irrigation channel),
Agricultural Impliments .
In this village Lift Irrigation source provides water for crops, For
drinking water there is a pond bunded for water supply.
Tube well 40
Canal 01
Ponds 15
Well 30
List of agricultural impliments available in Mendhasala
Agricultural impliments Numbers
MB plough 02
Sprayer 03
Tractor 02
Winnower 02
khurpi 80
Desi plough 05
Iron plough 10
Bullock cart 2
Planker 06
Sickle 100

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Transect Map(Conclusion)
While doing transect walk we started an elevation from the
upland hill area and ended to the village residential area.
We came across the following conclusions and
Data of total areas under cultivation
Up land 37ha
Low land 77ha
Total area 1201ha
Medium land 112ha
Soil type Texture
Medium land – Sandy loam Sandy loam
Up land – Sandy loam Sandy loam
Low land – Clay Clay
 Soil depth is mainly Deep, Semi-Deep & Shallow.
 pH ranging from acidic to nearly neutral

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Timeline

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Trend Analysis
 We explained to them the purpose of the exercise.
 We tried to encourage the local people to depict interested
aspects for trend analysis.
 We also facilitated the selection of time landmarks across
which the trends could be studied. The participants are
encouraged to depict the selected landmark years on cards
preferably by symbols of visuals and so on.
 The participants were asked to make the matrix on the ground,
using chalk. They represented from left to right the landmark
years and from top to bottom various aspects like density of
trees, grass, wild animals, etc.
 They were then asked to depict the situation today in the
relevant cell using symbols, visuals, seeds, sticks, sand, etc.,
as the case may be, leave the choice to the participants. We
moved to the next time landmark and so on.

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Venn Diagram

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Mobility Diagram

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Resource Flow Analysis

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Daily Work Profile

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Matrix Ranking
Conclusion
The best suitable preference of upland lice variety is SWARNA.

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Seasonality
Conclusion
In Mendhasala the availability of fodder is very less in summer
season i.e. April-June and during this time there is huge Calltle
Menance so farmers are not growing crops even if they have
some water availability.

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Root Cause Analysis

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INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE (ITK)
 Use of begonia leaves for preventing insect pest attack in
pulses.
 Treatment of jaundice people use a mixture of juice of fruit of
satavari plant with added milk and khandasari in proportionate
amount and give it to patient suffering from jaundice
 Water-soaked neempedia applied for plant protection
 In rice for control of gundhi bug use cow urine + kerosene +
husk mixture for control of BLB in rice people use cow dung
slurry.
 Use of cow dung to store pumpkin for more time.
 Mixing of sand with mung for long term storage.
 Seed mix with ash preent insects and grain pests.
 For the control of aphids use of detergent water in pulses.
 Use of salts in pits at the time of coconut planting to repels
snails.
 Use of storage structures for paddy made out of wood and
bamboo pieces called as BENTI and PUDUGA. These
structures are kept 2 feet above the ground ion a base and
grains are kept in it.
 Use of smoke to check the burning of flower of mango.
 Application of ash in mango tree to control ant and weevil
 Use of turmeric powder to prevent red ant in spinach.

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Action Plan
For Home-stead Land
1. Mushroom cultivation in the veranda.
2. Growing of multipurpose trees in the back yard.
3. Goatery, Poultry.
4. Gobar Gas Plant.
5. Vermicompost Pit.
6. Growing of grafted mango plants in the back yard.
7. Artificial insemination of desi cows.
8. Use of enriched cattle feed.
9. Planting of greens, seasonal vegetables with water drained
out from the hose.
10. Use of storage bin with 50% subsidy from APICOL.
11. Enrichment of FYM with SSP also enrichment with
Bioderma / Sanjeevani.
For Cropping Area
1. Soil testing for judicious fertilizer management.
2. Use of 50% RDF + 50% N inform of green managing of
Dhanicha in Kharif.
3. Replacement of Swarna with Pratikhya and introduction of
hybrid rice variety like KHR-2 and Sahadri.
4. Replacement of local rice varieties with high yielding short
duration paddy like Heera, Pathara and Annada etc.
5. Seed production programme for rice.
6. Integrated approach for disease-pest management.
7. Us e of herbicide and mechanical weeder for weed control.

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8. Use of certified seeds of high yielding varieties of
vegetables.
9. Introduction of PSM and potash culture.
10. Crop rotation in Rice-Rice cropping system with black
gram by grazing control through village committee.
11. Use of Neem based integrated approach in brinjal fruit
and shoot borer.
12. Use of resistant variety and further linkage with seed
chain.
13. Installment of honeybee box.
14. Farm mechanization with the help of APICOL.
15. In-situ moisture conservation and rain water
harvesting.
For Wasteland
1. Social forestry with Glaricidia, Acacia mangium, Subabul
etc.
2. Plantation of fodder plants like Simarouba.
For Landless People
1. Piggery, Goatery, Poultry.
2. Mushroom production.
3. Coir based, stone based cottage industry.
4. Fruit processing and preservation.
For Woman
1. Capacity building programme for women and SHG run by
women under NRCWA.
2. Formation of marketing co-operative society for better
marketing.

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3. Imparting training to farm women on food processing and
preservation.
4. Imparting training to farm women on various cottage
industry skills.
For Unemployed Youth
1. Formation of marketing co-operative society for better
marketing.
2. Appointment as Krushak Sathi.
3. Establishment of KSKs.
4. Imparting training on mushroom production and spawn
production.
5. Imparting training on various skills in non-agricultural
sector.
6. Creating awareness about opportunities for
commercialization of agriculture.
7. Strengthening the village Bana Surakhya Committee for
checking the land wood mafia.

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Action Photographs
Rapport Building
Transect Walk

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OnFloor-Diagram

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 RAWE is an exposure programme for the agricultural
students conducted by extension education department to
know about the possibility of the previously gained
theoretical knowledge on practical basis.
 It helped us to know the real issue of farmer and small trials
of suggestion to them which only we heard about.
 The query and feedbacks of farmers were interesting .Most
of the section of the questionnaire section helped us a lot
because of the expertise of farmers.
 This village attachment programme to the Rayedpada &
Mendhasala village provides a practical oriented
opportunity and hands on experience in acquiring
knowledge and skill. The real socio-economic situation of
village and problems at field level is known to us.
 The farmers of villages are well known to the various ITKs ,
new technologies and some are developed as they are very
much eager to know about the latest techniques and come
in contact with government officials frequently and their
production particularly vegetables is more due to more
knowledge and availability of irrigation water.

A REPORT ON RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE - (2016-17)
Institute of Agricultural Sciences(S’O’A University)

RAWE Report 2017

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