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Updates on Asthma and COPD
1. Updates
on
Asthma
and
COPD
Keng
Sheng
Chew
School
of
Medical
Sciences
Universi6
Sains
Malaysia
1
2. Conflict
of
Interest
• I
declare
I
have
received
educa6onal
grants
from
Astra-‐Zeneca
(M)
Sdn
Bhd
2
3. Outlines
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In
asthma:
Con6nuous
neb?
IV
B2-‐agonist?
IV
steroids?
An6cholinergics?
Magnesium
sulphate?
NIPPV?
When
intubate?
What
to
look
for?
3
4. Outlines
•
•
•
•
•
•
In
COPD:
Recent
concepts
B2-‐agonists
vs
an6cholinergics?
NIPPV?
Issues
of
mechanical
ven6la6on
Hypoxic
drive
–how
true
is
this
fear?
4
8. “Rules
of
2”
in
asthma
• AXacks
>2
6mes
per
week
or
• Needs
rescuer
inhaler
>2
6mes
per
week
• Awakening
due
to
nocturnal
symptoms
>2
6mes
per
month
• Use
>2
canisters
of
relievers
per
year
• If
yes
to
any
=
uncontrolled,
needs
steroids
• (Adapted
from
GINA
guideline)
8
9. Con@nuous
neb
vs
intermiCent
neb?
• “Con6nuous”
neb
=
con6nuous
aerosol
delivery
or
sufficient
frequency
of
at
least
1
neb
q15
min
or
>
4
neb/hour
• In
a
Cochrane
systema6c
review,
Camargo
et
al
(2009),
8
trials,
n
=
461
• Con@nuous
neb
– Benefits
in
severe
disease
– Significant
lung
improvement
at
2
–
3
hours
– Similar
side
effects
(tremors,
increased
K+,
HR)
– Well
tolerated
9
10. IV
Beta-‐2
agonists
vs
inhaled
Beta-‐2
agonists?
• Travers
et
al
(2001),
in
a
Cochrane
systema6c
review,
15
trials,
n
=
583
• IV
beta
agonists
offer
no
therapeu6c
advantage
over
inhaled
forms
of
the
drugs.
• However,
no
difference
in
autonomic
side
effects
10
11. Early
IV
steroids
use?
• Rowe
et
al
(2009),
Cochrane
systema6c
review,
12
trials,
n
=
863
• IV
steroids
given
within
1
hour:
• significantly
reduced
admission
rates
(OR
=
0.40,
95%
CI:
0.21
to
0.78)
• Benefits
most
pronounced
among
those
with
severe
asthma
and
in
those
who
have
not
yet
been
on
systemic
steroids
prior
to
ED
presenta6on
11
12. An@cholinergics
• An6cholinergics
–
not
to
be
used
alone
• Teoh
et
al
(2012),
in
a
Cochrane
review,
4
trials,
n
=
171
– An6cholinergics
alone
less
efficacious
and
more
likely
to
fail
• An6cholinergics
combined
with
SABA?
– Griffiths
et
al
(2013),
in
a
systema6c
review,
15
trials,
n
=
2497
(pediatrics),
found
– combining
an6cholinergic
and
SABA
significantly
reduces
the
risk
for
hospital
admission
12
13. Magnesium
sulphate
• Blocks
calcium
channel
• Relaxes
bronchial
smooth
muscle
• Inhibits
contrac6le
response
to
endogenous
bronchoconstrictors
• Rowe
et
al
(2009):
• 7
trials,
n
=
665
• Overall
no
improvement
in
lung
func6on,
no
improvement
in
adm
rate
• BUT
reduce
admission
rate
in
severe
asthma
subgroup
13
14. NIPPV
in
Asthma?
• Lim
et
al
(2012)
in
a
Cochrane
review,
5
trials,
n
=
206,
preliminary
results
show
NIPPV
has
benefit
of
– Reduced
hospitaliza6on
rate
– Reduced
6me
to
discharge
from
ED
– Improves
lung
func6on
• But
s6ll
lack
of
good
evidence,
remains
controversial;
NOT
for
rou6ne
use
• Two
of
the
studies:
2
intuba6ons
needed
in
45
par6cipants
on
NPPV
vs
no
intuba6ons
in
41
control
pa6ents
(risk
ra6o
4.48;
95%
CI
0.23
to
89.13)
14
15. Mechanical
ven@la@on
• 4
indica6ons
for
intuba6on
(Brenner
et
al,
2009
in
Proceedings
of
the
ATS)
– cardiac
arrest
– respiratory
arrest
or
profound
bradypnea
– physical
exhaus6on
– AMS
(agitated
pa6ent,
interfering
with
oxygen
delivery)
• Hypercapnia
per
se
without
evidence
of
physical
exhaus6on
or
mental
changes
IS
NOT
an
indica6on
• Persistent
hypercapnia
despite
treatment
+/-‐
AMS
is
an
indica6on
(PaCO2
increase
~
5mmHg/Hr
or
more
than
55
–
70
mmHg)
15
16. Mechanical
ven@la@on
• Permissive
hypercapnia
-‐
minimize
risk
of
increased
intrathoracic
pressure.
Ini6al
sepng:
– TV
6
ml/kg
– Rate
6/min
– I:E
up
to
1:4
• Try
keep
Plateau
pressure
below
30
cm
H20.
• Pplat
(or
lung
distension
pressure)
gives
an
es6mate
of
average
of
end-‐insp
alveolar
P
(Brenner
et
al,
2009)
16
17. Induc@on
Agents
Ketamine
releases
of
catecholamines
bronchial
smooth
muscle
relaxa6on
Side
effects
–
hypersecre6on,
hypertension,
arrhythmias,
and
hallucina6ons
• rela6vely
contraindicated
in
pa6ents
with
ischemic
heart
disease,
hypertension,
increased
intracranial
pressure.
•
•
•
•
17
20. Basics
• COPD
is
a
systemic
disease,
not
just
pulmomary
(Agus6,
2005)
– systemic
inflamma6on,
systemic
oxida6ve
stress,
ac6va6on
of
circula6ng
inflammatory
cells,
e.g.
neutrophils,
macrphages,
and
augmented
levels
of
pro-‐
inflammatory
cytokines
• Extrapulmonary
associa6ons:
IHD,
osteopenia,
cachexia,
malnutri6on,
skeletal
was6ng
20
21. Bronchodilators
• Cochrane
systema6c
review
by
McCrory
et
al
(2005)
– No
significant
difference
in
changes
in
FEV1
between
b2-‐agonists
and
the
an6cholinergic
ipratropium
at
90
minutes
and
24
hours
and
– no
advantage
combining
• An6cholinergics
–
slower
onset
(15
min,
peak
60
to
90
min,
and
longer
6
to
8
hrs).
• General
consensus
(GOLD)
–
SABA
first,
then
an6cholinergics
21
22. NIPPV
in
COPD
• Ram
FSF
et
al
(2004)
in
a
Cochrane
systema6c
review,
14
trials
involving
n
=
622
(outcomes
of
treatment
failure),
n
=
541
(mortality)
• NIPPV
resulted
in
• decreased
mortality
• decreased
need
for
intuba6on
• reduc6on
in
treatment
failure
22
23. Mechanical
ven@la@ons
• Issues
with
mechanical
ven6la6on
in
COPD
(BruloXe
et
al,
2012):
• poorer
prognosis
(mortality
rates
between
20%
and
73%)
• a
mean
life
expectancy
of
1
year
• Barotrauma,
infec6ons
• Discuss
with
family
regarding
pros
and
cons
23
24. Hypoxic
Drive
in
COPD?
• How
real
is
this
fear?
• Started
off
with
a
paper
by
E.J.M
Campbell
in
1960
• Really
no
science
behind
it!
Consensus
opinion
• A
Cochrane
review
by
Aus6n
Wood-‐Baker
(2009)
– “No
relevant
trials
have
been
published
to
date,
so
there
is
no
evidence
to
indicate
whether
different
oxygen
therapies
in
the
pre-‐
hospital
se@ng
have
an
effect
on
outcome
for
people
with
acute
exacerbaBons
of
COPD”
24
25. Hypoxic
Drive
in
COPD?
• Plant
et
al
(2000)
shows
an
associa6on
between
increased
oxygen
with
hypercapnea,
respiratory
acidosis,
and
ICU
admission
but
this
does
not
occur
in
every
pa6ent
given
increased
FiO2.
• May
happen
• Careful
observa6on
of
this
pa6ent
• BUT
remember:
the
risks
of
withholding
oxygen
are
much
greater
than
giving
them
too
much!
25
26. Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In
asthma:
Con6nuous
neb?
IV
B2-‐agonist?
IV
steroids?
An6cholinergics?
Magnesium
sulphate?
NIPPV?
When
intubate?
What
to
look
for?
26
27. Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
In
COPD:
Recent
concepts
B2-‐agonists
vs
an6cholinergics?
NIPPV?
Issues
of
mechanical
ven6la6on
Hypoxic
drive
-‐
controversials
27
28. References
• Camargo
Jr
CA,
Spooner
C,
Rowe
BH.
Con6nuous
versus
intermiXent
beta-‐agonists
for
acute
asthma.
Cochrane
Database
of
Systema6c
Reviews
2003,
Issue
4.
Art.
No.:
CD001115.
DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD001115
• Travers
A,
Jones
AP,
Kelly
K,
Barker
SJ,
Camargo
CA,
Rowe
BH.
Intravenous
beta2-‐agonists
for
acute
asthma
in
the
emergency
department.
Cochrane
Database
Syst
Rev.2001;(2)
:CD002988
• Rowe
BH,
Spooner
C,Ducharme
F,
Bretzlaff
J,
BotaG.
Early
emergency
department
treatment
of
acute
asthma
with
systemic
cor6costeroids.
Cochrane
Database
of
Systema6c
Reviews
2001,
Issue
1.
Art.
No.:
CD002178.
DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD002178.
28
29. References
• Griffiths
B,
Ducharme
FM.
Combined
inhaled
an6cholinergics
and
short-‐ac6ng
beta2-‐agonists
for
ini6al
treatment
of
acute
asthma
in
children.
Cochrane
Database
of
Systema6c
Reviews
2013,
Issue
8.
Art.
No.:
CD000060.
DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD000060.pub2.
• Lim
WJ,
Mohammed
Akram
R,
Carson
KV,
Mysore
S,
Labiszewski
NA,
Wedzicha
JA,
Rowe
BH,
Smith
BJ.
Non-‐invasive
posi6ve
pressure
ven6la6on
for
treatment
of
respiratory
failure
due
to
severe
acute
exacerba6ons
of
asthma.
Cochrane
Database
of
Systema6c
Reviews
2012,
Issue
12.
Art.
No.:
CD004360.
DOI
10.1002/14651858.CD004360.pub4.
29
30. References
• Barry
Brenner,
Thomas
Corbridge,
and
Antoine
Kazzi
"Intuba6on
and
Mechanical
Ven6la6on
of
the
Asthma6c
Pa6ent
in
Respiratory
Failure",
Proceedings
of
the
American
Thoracic
Society,
Vol.
6,
No.
4
(2009),
pp.
371-‐379.
• McCrory
DC,
Brown
CD.
An6cholinergic
bronchodilators
versus
beta2-‐
sympathomime6c
agents
for
acute
exacerba6ons
of
chronic
obstruc6ve
pulmonary
disease.
Cochrane
Database
of
Systema6c
Reviews
2003,
Issue
1.
Art.
No.:
CD003900.
DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD003900.
30
31. References
• Agus6
AG.
Systemic
effects
of
chronic
obstruc6ve
pulmonary
disease.
Proc
Am
Thorac
Soc
2005;
2
(4):367-‐70;
discussion
71-‐2.
• Ram
FSF,
Picot
J,
Lightowler
J,
Wedzicha
JA.
Non-‐invasive
posi6ve
pressure
ven6la6on
for
treatment
of
respiratory
failure
due
to
exacerba6ons
of
chronic
obstruc6ve
pulmonary
disease.
Cochrane
Database
of
Systema6c
Reviews
2004,
Issue
3.
Art.
No.:
CD004104.
DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD004104.pub3.
• BruloXe
CA,
Lang
ES.
Acute
exacerba6ons
of
chronic
obstruc6ve
pulmonary
disease
in
the
emergency
department.
Emerg
Med
Clin
North
Am.
2012;
May;30(2):223-‐47,
vii.
31
32. References
• Teoh
L,
Cates
CJ,
et
al.
An6cholinergic
therapy
for
acute
asthma
in
children.
Cochrane
Database
Syst
Rev
2012,
Issue
4:
CD003797.
• Plant
PK,
Owen
JL,
Elliot
MW.
One
year
period
prevalence
study
of
respiratory
acidosis
in
acute
exacerba6ons
of
COPD:
implica6ons
for
the
provision
of
noninvasive
ven6la6on
and
oxygen
administra6on.
Thorax
2000;55:550–4.
32