3. Interpersonal Communication
• Interpersonal communication is the process by which
people exchange information, feelings, and meaning
through verbal and non-verbal messages, it is face-to-
face communication.
• Interpersonal communication is not just about what is
actually said - the language used - but how it is said
and the non-verbal messages sent through tone of
voice, facial expressions, gestures and body language.3
4. Principles of Interpersonal
Communication:
1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable.
2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible.
3. Interpersonal communication is complicated.
4. Interpersonal communication is contextual:
In other words, communication does not
happen in isolation. There is:
a. psychological context
b. Relational context
c. Situational context
d. Environmental context
e. Cultural context 4
5. Functions of Interpersonal Communication:
Interpersonal communication is important because of
the following functions its achieves :
1. Gaining Information : One reason we engage in interpersonal communication is to gain
knowledge from another individual.
2. Building Understanding : interpersonal communication helps us to understand better what
someone says in a given context
3. Establishing Identity : We also engage in interpersonal communication to establish an identity
based on our relationships and the image we present to others.
4. Interpersonal Needs: we also engage in interpersonal communication to express interpersonal
needs.
a. Inclusion is the need to establish identity with others.
b. Control is the need to exercise leadership and prove one's abilities.
c. Affection is the need to develop relationships with people
5
6. Barriers to Interpersonal Communication: .Barriers to
interpersonal communication occur when the sender’s message is
received differently from how it was intended.
1. Language Differences : Interpersonal communication can go a w when the
sender and receiver of the message speak a different language – literally.
2. Cultural Differences : Interpersonal communication may be adversely affected
by lack of cultural understanding, mis-perception, bias and beliefs.
3. Personality Differences : Like any skill, some people are better at interpersonal
communication than others. Personality traits also influence how well an individual
interacts with subordinates, peers and supervisors.
4. Generational Differences : Interpersonal communication can be complicated by
generational differences in speech, dress, values, priorities and preferences. For
instance, there may be a generational divide as to how team members prefer to
communicate with one another. 6
7. Models of Interpersonal Communication :
A framework that is used to improve or enhance the exchange of
information or feelings by people through verbal or non-verbal means is
called a model of communication.
Models of Interpersonal Communication:
1. Shannon-weaver model
2. Murphy’s model
3. Thill and bovee model
4. Berlo s-m-c-r model
5. Lesiker, petill and flatley model
7
8. Murphy’s Model of Interpersonal Communication:
Hetra A. Murphy has given a model,
according to which, the sender and
the receiver send, receive and
understand the message on the basis
of their individual perceptions.
8
9. • In this both sender and receiver pick the stimuli from the
external environment.
• The message is transmitted by using the channel.
• After receiving the message to receiver perceives the
message, be interprets the idea or understand the
message on basis of understanding the receiver gives
feedback to the sender and process continues.
9
10. According to this model there are six components of
communication process: –
a). Context: Context is a broad field that includes country,
culture, organization, internal & external cause of action and
every message weather oral or written begins with context.
b). Sender-Encoder: The second- encoder used symbols,
usually words, to express the message and create desired
response.
c). Message: The message is the core idea the sender
wishes to communicate. It consists of both verbal and non-
verbal symbols. 10
11. d). Medium: it is the channel through which a message
is communicated. It can be printed word, e – mail, sound or
gesture.
e). Receiver- decoder: The receiver/listener is the
person who receives the message and decodes it.
f). Feedback: It can be oral or written. It can be an
action such as receiving an ordered item. Sender
needs feedback in order to determine the success or
failure of the communication.
11
13. Conclusion:
“People skills” or “interpersonal skills” are an
essential ingredient for success in any career.
These skills create a positive communication
climate in which people feel valued.
The key factors to building a positive environment
in all areas of one’s life are interpersonal
communication, active listening, critical thinking
and emotional intelligence, which during a conflict
focus on solving problems.
13