The Business(es) of Disinformation
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Discusses the interacting business landscapes of disinformation creation, mitigation, and response.
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The Business(es) of Disinformation
- 1. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 The business(es) of cognitive security SJ Terp, NYU Computational Disinformation Symposium, Dec 2021
- 2. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Cognitive Security is Infosec applied to disinformation “Cognitive security is the application of information security principles, practices, and tools to misinformation, disinformation, and influence operations. It takes a socio-technical lens to high-volume, high-velocity, and high-variety forms of “something is wrong on the internet”. Cognitive security can be seen as a holistic view of disinformation from a security practitioner’s perspective “Cognitive Security is the application of artificial intelligence technologies, modeled on human thought processes, to detect security threats.” - XTN “Cognitive Security (COGSEC) refers to practices, methodologies, and efforts made to defend against social engineering attempts‒intentional and unintentional manipulations of and disruptions to cognition and sensemaking” - cogsec.org
- 3. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Cognitive Security is risk management Confidentiality, integrity, availability ■ Confidentiality: data should only be visible to people who authorized to see it ■ Integrity: data should not be altered in unauthorized ways ■ Availability: data should be available to be used Possession, authenticity, utility ■ Possession: controlling the data media ■ Authenticity: accuracy and truth of the origin of the information ■ Utility: usefulness (e.g. losing the encryption key) 3 Image: Parkerian Hexad, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer- science/parkerian-hexad
- 4. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Response frameworks 4 Campaigns Incidents Narratives and behaviours Artifacts WHAT WHEN Image: WHO emergency cycle - see https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health- emergencies/pages/about-health-emergencies-in-the- european-region/emergency-cycle
- 5. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Behaviour models: AMITT Red, AMITT Blue 5 Planning Strate gic Plann ing Obje ctive Plann ing Preparation Devel op Peopl e Devel op Netw orks Micro targe ting Devel op Cont ent Chan nel Selec tion Execution Pump Primi ng Expos ure Prebu nking Humoro us counter narrativ es Mark content with ridicule / deceler ants Expire social media likes/ retweets Influenc er disavow s misinfo Cut off banking access Dampe n emotion al reaction Remove / rate limit botnets Social media amber alert Etc Go Physi cal Persis tenc e Eval uati on Meas ure Effect ivene ss Have a disinfor matio n respon se plan Improve stakehol der coordin ation Make civil society more vibrant Red team disinfor mation, design mitigati ons Enhanc ed privacy regulati on for social media Platform regulati on Shared fact checkin g databas e Repair broken social connect ions Pre- emptive action against disinfor mation team infrastru cture Etc Media literac y throug h games Tableto p simulati ons Make informat ion provena nce availabl e Block access to disinfor mation resourc es Educate influenc ers Buy out troll farm employ ees / offer jobs Legal action against for-profit engage ment farms Develop compelli ng counter narrativ es Run competi ng campai gns Etc Find and train influen cers Counter -social enginee ring training Ban incident actors from funding sites Address truth in narrativ es Margina lise and discredit extremis t groups Ensure platform s are taking down account s Name and shame disinfor mation influenc ers Denigra te funding recipien t / project Infiltrate in- groups Etc Remo ve old and unuse d accou nts Unravel Potemki n villages Verify project before posting fund requests Encoura ge people to leave social media Deplatf orm messag e groups and boards Stop offering press credenti als to disinfor mation outlets Free open library sources Social media source removal Infiltrate disinfor mation platform s Etc Fill inform ation voids Stem flow of advertisi ng money Buy more advertisi ng than disinfor mation creators Reduce political targetin g Co-opt disinfor mation hashtag s Mentors hip: elders, youth, credit Hijack conte nt and link to inform ation Honeyp ot social commu nity Corpora te researc h funding full disclosur e Real- time updates to factche ck databas e Remove non- relevant content from special interest groups Content modera tion Prohibit images in political Chanels Add metada ta to original content Add warning labels on sharing Etc Rate- limit engag ement Redirect searche s away from disinfo Honeyp ot: fake engage ment system Bot to engage and distract trolls Strength en verificati on method s Verified ids to comme nt or contribu te to poll Revoke whitelist / verified status Microt arget likely targets with count er messa ges Train journalist s to counter influenc e moves Tool transpar ency and literacy in followed channel s Ask media not to report false info Repurpo se images with counter messag es Engage payload and debunk Debunk / defuse fake expert credenti als Don’t engage with payload s Hashtag jacking Etc DMCA taked own reques ts Spam domesti c actors with lawsuits Seize and analyse botnet servers Poison monito ring and evalu ation data Bomb link shorten ers with calls Add random links to network graphs https://github.com/cogsec-collaborative/AMITT
- 6. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Rapid Sharing: Cognitive Security Operations Centers Cognitive ISAO ISAC/ ISAO Infosec SOC Comms Legal COG SOC Trust& Safety Platform ORG Infosec SOC Comms Legal COG Desk Trust& Safety Platform Comms Legal COG Desk Trust& Safety Platform ORG ORG ORG ORG ORG ORG ORG COG SOC 6
- 7. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Cognitive Security Ecosystem Mapping Information Landscape • Information seeking • Information sharing • Information sources • Information voids Threat Landscape • Motivations • Sources/ Starting points • Effects • Misinformation Narratives • Hateful speech narratives • Crossovers • Tactics and Techniques • Artifacts Response Landscape • Monitoring organisations • Countering organisations • Coordination • Existing policies • Technologies • etc
- 8. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Business We’ve already been talking about the business of disinformation… 8
- 9. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Business questions ● Is there a market here? ● Does the market pay enough to sustain businesses? ● Where’s the money coming from? ● What’s it paying for? ● Who is already in this space? ● Who is likely to move into this space? ● Who is the customer base? ● What features and restrictions do we have? 9 FOLLOW THE MONEY
- 10. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Where is the money in a threat landscape? • Motivations • Geopolitics mostly absent • Party politics (internal, inter-party) • Actors • Political parties • Nationstates • Entrepreneurs • Activities • Manipulate faith communities • Discredit election process • Discredit/discourage journalists • Attention (more drama) • Potential harms / severities • Assassination • Voting reduction • Sources • WhatsApp • Blogs • Facebook pages • Online newspapers • Media • Routes • Hijacked narratives • Whatsapp to blogs, vice versa • Whatsapp forwarding • facebook to whatsapp • Social media to traditional media • Social media to word of mouth 10
- 11. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Adjacent markets for creation: ransomware, infosec 11 Image: https://sec.okta.com/articles/2020/08/crimeops-operational-art-cyber-crime
- 12. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Adjacent/ feeder market: Marketing lumascapes 12 Image: https://chiefmartec.com/2020/04/marketing-technology-landscape-2020-martech-5000/
- 13. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Adjacent market for response: Cybersecurity lumascapes 13 Image: https://momentumcyber.com/docs/CYBERscape.pdf
- 14. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 CogSec creator business landscape Disinformation creators etc 14
- 15. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Disinformation Actors Persistent Manipulators Advanced teams • Internet Research Agency • China, Iran teams etc For-profit website networks • Antivax websites • Pink slime sites • “Stolen” US election sites Nationstate media • Sputnik • Russia Today Service Providers Disinformation as a Service • Factories • Ex-marketing, spam etc Ad-Hoc paid teams • EBLA Ghana • PeaceData USA Opportunists Wares Sellers • Clicks • T-shirts • Books etc. Groups • Conspiracy groups • Extremists Individuals • Attention-seekers • Jokers etc
- 16. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 DAAS: disinfo as a service companies 16 Image: https://www.recordedfuture.com/disinformation-service-campaigns
- 17. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Disinformation as a service “Doctor Zhivago’s services were priced very specifically, as seen below: ● $15 for an article up to 1,000 characters ● $8 for social media posts and commentary up to 1,000 characters ● $10 for Russian to English translation up to 1,800 characters ● $25 for other language translation up to 2,000 characters ● $1,500 for SEO services to further promote social media posts and traditional media articles, with a time frame of 10 to 15 days Raskolnikov, on the other hand, had less specific pricing: ● $150 for Facebook and other social media accounts and content ● $200 for LinkedIn accounts and content ● $350–$550 per month for social media marketing ● $45 for an article up to 1,000 characters ● $65 to contact a media source directly to spread material ● $100 per 10 comments for a given article or news story” Image: https://www.recordedfuture.com/disinformation-service-campaigns/
- 18. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 DaaS examples Internet Research Agency ● Russian “troll farm” ● Well organised ● Ex marketing ● Not quite official Satellite organisation: EBLA ● Cut-out organisation based in Ghana ● Kids round a kitchen table model Troll farms in the Philippines ● PR experts plus younger social media influencers ● Philippines because English-speaking workforce, used to call center, content moderation work PR firms, various locations ● US-based: operating in other countries (Venezuela, Bolivia etc) ● MAS Agency (Ukraine-based PR firm) ● Saudi digital marketing firm 18 Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency
- 19. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Disinformation Creation Actors: Self-Serve Image: https://gijn.org/2020/07/08/6-tools-and-6-techniques-reporters-can-use-to-unmask-the-actors-behind-covid-19-disinformation/
- 21. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Also making money: fake experts Image: https://7news.com.au/travel/coronavirus/plandemic-the-concerning-virus-conspiracy-documentary-goes-viral--c-1028000
- 22. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Secondary money: Freedom To Breathe Agency Images: various
- 23. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 CogSec creator support business landscape Disinformation suppliers etc 23
- 24. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Tools ● Bots/ botnets ● IFTTT variants ● Personas ● Network analysis ● Marketing tools ● Deepfake generators Image: https://twitter.com/conspirator0/status/1249020176382779392
- 25. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Suppliers: Account sets, Astroturfers etc Image: https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/923510-wikipedia
- 27. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Customer segmentation and targetting Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Customer_Segmentation.png
- 28. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Disinformation Creation Lumascape Disinformation as a service Public relations Digital strategy 28 Tools Audience growth Botnet supply Advertising
- 29. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Disinformation Response Lumascape Advanced Threat Protection Botnet detection and removal Disinformation research Fact checking Training (inc exercises) Information monitoring Tools Consultancy 30
- 30. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 CogSec Response Business landscape How the response business is shaping up 31
- 31. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Response Actors Disinformation SOCs Large actors • ISAOs • Platforms • Other large actors Event-specific • War rooms • Agencies Disinformation Teams Disinformation “desk" • In existing SOC • Standalone unit Investigators • Journalists • Academics • Independent journalists Other Responders Policymakers Law enforcement Corporations Influencers Nonprofits Educators Individual researchers Concerned citizens
- 32. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Example Response Landscape (Needs / Work / Gaps) Risk Reduction ● Media and influence literacy ● information landscaping ● Other risk reduction Monitoring ● Radio, TV, newspapers ● Social media platforms ● Tips Analysis ● Tier 1 (creates tickets) ● Tier 2 (creates mitigations) ● Tier 3 (creates reports) ● Tier 4 (coordination) Response ● Messaging ○ prebunk ○ debunk ○ counternarratives ○ amplification ● Actions ○ removal ○ other actions ● Reach
- 35. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Disinformation Response Lumascape Advanced Threat Protection Botnet detection and removal Disinformation research Fact checking Training (inc exercises) Information monitoring Tools Consultancy 36
- 36. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 AfricaCheck / Meedan 37 Image: https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/fbchecks/no-vaccines-wont-make-you-seedless
- 37. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Alethea Group: threat assessments ● DC-based disinformation consultancy ● Techniques rooted in intelligence methods ● Aimed at businesses Image: aletheagroup.com
- 38. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Fiveby: Adapting supply chain risk management ● Seattle-based risk consultancy ● Techniques rooted in fraud risk assessment ● Aimed at platforms and other online businesses Image: https://www.fiveby.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Fiveby_disinformation_whitepaper_032921_final-1.pdf
- 39. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 CogSec Response Support Business landscape Tools for responders etc 40
- 43. SJ Terp| The business of cognitive security | NYU Dec 2021 Card games - do try this at home… 44