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Fast	
  Convergence	
  Techniques	
  
Sumon	
  Ahmed	
  Sabir	
  	
  
sumon@fiberathome.net	
  	
  
	
  
Md.	
  Abdullah-­‐Al-­‐Mamun	
  
mamun@fiberathome.net	
  	
  
Need	
  for	
  Fast	
  Convergence	
  
Its	
  not	
  only	
  browsing,	
  mail	
  and	
  watching	
  videos	
  any	
  
more.	
  
Internet	
  and	
  Networks	
  carrying	
  Voice/Video	
  calls.	
  
Carrying	
  business	
  and	
  mission	
  criGcal	
  data.	
  	
  
	
  
No	
  opGon	
  for	
  outage	
  or	
  interrupGon.	
  	
  
Need	
  for	
  Fast	
  Convergence	
  
Few	
  years	
  before	
  in	
  Ethernet	
  network	
  Convergence	
  Gme	
  
was	
  about	
  2	
  minutes.	
  
At	
  present	
  it	
  takes	
  few	
  seconds	
  without	
  any	
  fast	
  
convergence	
  techniques	
  applied	
  in	
  Interface	
  and	
  
protocol	
  configuraGon.	
  
But	
  many	
  criGcal	
  services	
  demand	
  <	
  50ms	
  convergence	
  
Gme	
  in	
  a	
  carrier	
  grade	
  network.	
  
Design	
  ConsideraGon	
  	
  	
  
•  Network	
  Topology	
  	
  
•  IP	
  Planning	
  
•  IGP	
  Fine	
  Tuning	
  
•  Type	
  of	
  Service	
  Delivery	
  	
  
•  Service	
  Takeover	
  and	
  handover	
  Point	
  	
  
BeRer	
  IP	
  Plan	
  BeRer	
  Convergence	
  	
  
•  Domain/Area	
  Based	
  IP	
  Plan	
  must	
  be	
  
taking	
  place	
  to	
  minimize	
  the	
  prefixes	
  
•  Prefix	
  Summery	
  or	
  Area	
  summery	
  is	
  
very	
  effecGve	
  to	
  aggregate	
  individual	
  
small	
  prefixes	
  within	
  the	
  Area	
  	
  	
  
	
  
	
  
IGP	
  Fast	
  Convergence	
  	
  
•  Failure	
  Detec,on	
  	
  	
  
•  Event	
  Propaga,on	
  	
  	
  
•  SPF	
  Run	
  	
  
•  RIB	
  FIB	
  Update	
  	
  	
  
	
  
•  Time	
  to	
  detect	
  the	
  network	
  
failure,	
  e.g.	
  interface	
  down	
  
condiGon.	
  
•  Time	
  to	
  propagate	
  the	
  event,	
  
i.e.	
  flood	
  the	
  LSA	
  across	
  the	
  
topology.	
  
•  Time	
  to	
  perform	
  SPF	
  
calculaGons	
  on	
  all	
  routers	
  upon	
  
recepGon	
  of	
  the	
  new	
  
informaGon.	
  
•  Time	
  to	
  update	
  the	
  forwarding	
  
tables	
  for	
  all	
  routers	
  in	
  the	
  
area.	
  
Purging	
  the	
  RIB	
  on	
  link	
  failure	
  
•  RouGng	
  protocols	
  are	
  more	
  efficient	
  than	
  RIB	
  process	
  in	
  
detecGng	
  link	
  failure	
  to	
  delete	
  the	
  associate	
  next-­‐hop	
  
routes	
  of	
  the	
  failed	
  interface.	
  Enabling	
  this	
  feature	
  
reduces	
  convergence	
  Gme	
  significantly	
  specially	
  in	
  case	
  
of	
  a	
  large	
  rouGng	
  table.	
  
ip routing protocol purge interface
Link	
  Failure	
  Detec,on	
  Process	
  	
  
Here	
  is	
  few	
  methods	
  to	
  detect	
  the	
  link	
  failure	
  	
  
1.  IGP	
  keepalive	
  Gmes/	
  fast	
  hellos	
  with	
  the	
  dead/hold	
  interval	
  
of	
  one	
  second	
  and	
  sub-­‐second	
  hello	
  intervals.	
  It	
  is	
  CPU	
  
hungry	
  	
  	
  
2.  carrier-­‐delay	
  msec	
  0,	
  Physical	
  Layer	
  	
  
3.  BFD,	
  Open	
  Standard	
  more	
  reliable	
  rather	
  than	
  IGP	
  
Keepalive	
  fast	
  hello	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
Link	
  Failure	
  DetecGon	
  
•  Set	
  Carrier-­‐delay	
  to	
  0	
  ms	
  to	
  change	
  the	
  link	
  state	
  
instantly.	
  If	
  you	
  are	
  using	
  any	
  other	
  transport	
  services	
  
like	
  SDH	
  or	
  DWDM	
  set	
  the	
  value	
  according	
  to	
  your	
  
transport	
  network	
  
	
   	
  int	
  gi0/0/1	
  
	
   	
  carrier-­‐delay	
  msec	
  0	
  
	
  
	
   	
  	
  
Link	
  Failure	
  DetecGon	
  
•  Enable	
  BFD	
  to	
  noGfy	
  rouGng	
  protocols	
  about	
  the	
  link	
  
failure	
  in	
  sub	
  second	
  interval.	
  Without	
  BFD	
  it	
  will	
  take	
  
at	
  least	
  1	
  second	
  
	
   	
  int gi0/0/1
ip ospf bfd
bfd interval 50 min_rx 50 multiplier 3
Link	
  Failure	
  DetecGon	
  
•  In	
  Ethernet	
  interface,	
  ISIS/OSPF	
  will	
  aRempt	
  to	
  elect	
  a	
  
DIS/DR	
  when	
  it	
  forms	
  an	
  adjacency	
  
– As	
  it	
  is	
  running	
  as	
  a	
  point-­‐to-­‐point	
  link,	
  configuring	
  ISIS/
OSPF	
  to	
  operate	
  in	
  "point-­‐to-­‐point	
  mode”	
  reduces	
  link	
  
failure	
  detecGon	
  Gme	
  
	
   	
  int gi0/0/1
isis network point-to-point
int gi0/0/1
ip ospf network point-to-point
SPF	
  CalculaGon	
  	
  
•  The	
  use	
  of	
  Incremental	
  SPF	
  
(iSPF)	
  allows	
  to	
  further	
  
minimize	
  the	
  amount	
  of	
  
calculaGons	
  needed	
  when	
  
parGal	
  changes	
  occur	
  in	
  the	
  
network	
  
•  Need	
  to	
  enable	
  ispf	
  under	
  
ospf/isis	
  process	
  
router ospf 10
ispf
	
  
	
  
Set	
  Overload	
  bit	
  
•  Wait	
  unGl	
  iBGP	
  is	
  running	
  before	
  providing	
  transit	
  path	
  
router isis isp
set-overload-bit on-startup wait-for-
bgp
router ospf 10
max-metric router-lsa on-startup wait-
for-bgp
•  Avoids	
  blackholing	
  traffic	
  on	
  router	
  restart	
  
•  Causes	
  OSPF/ISIS	
  to	
  announce	
  its	
  prefixes	
  with	
  highest	
  
possible	
  metric	
  unGl	
  iBGP	
  is	
  up	
  and	
  running	
  
Event	
  Propaga,on	
  	
  
A>er	
  Link	
  Down	
  Event	
   Remarks	
   Command	
  	
  
LSA	
  generaGon	
  delay	
  
	
  
Gmers	
  throRle	
  lsa	
  iniGal	
  
hold	
  max_wait	
  
Gmers	
  throRle	
  lsa	
  0	
  20	
  
1000	
  
LSA	
  recepGon	
  delay	
  
	
  
This	
  delay	
  is	
  a	
  sum	
  of	
  the	
  
ingress	
  queuing	
  delay	
  
and	
  LSA	
  arrival	
  delay	
  
Gmers	
  pacing	
  
retransmission	
  100	
  
Processing	
  Delay	
  
	
  
Gmers	
  pacing	
  flood	
  (ms)	
  
with	
  the	
  default	
  value	
  of	
  
55ms	
  
Gmers	
  pacing	
  flood	
  15	
  
Packet	
  PropagaGon	
  Delay	
  
	
  
12usec	
  for	
  1500	
  bytes	
  
packet	
  over	
  a	
  1Gbps	
  link	
  
N/A	
  
RIB/FIB	
  Update	
  
Link/Node	
  
Down	
  	
  
SPF	
  
Calcula,o
n	
  	
  
RIB	
  
Update	
  	
  
FIB	
  
Update	
  
Communi
ca,on	
  	
  
Lesser	
  Number	
  of	
  Prefixes	
  lesser	
  Gme	
  to	
  converge	
  the	
  
RIB	
  and	
  FIB	
  	
  
RIB/FIB	
  Update	
  
•  Ager	
  compleGng	
  SPF	
  computaGon,	
  OSPF/ISIS	
  performs	
  
sequenGal	
  RIB	
  update	
  to	
  reflect	
  the	
  changed	
  topology.	
  The	
  RIB	
  
updates	
  are	
  further	
  propagated	
  to	
  the	
  FIB	
  table	
  
•  The	
  RIB/FIB	
  update	
  process	
  may	
  contribute	
  the	
  most	
  to	
  the	
  
convergence	
  Gme	
  in	
  the	
  topologies	
  with	
  large	
  amount	
  of	
  
prefixes,	
  e.g.	
  thousands	
  or	
  tens	
  of	
  thousands	
  
•  Plahorm	
  what	
  you	
  are	
  using,	
  higher	
  capacity	
  CPU	
  and	
  RAM	
  
will	
  cater	
  beRer	
  performance.	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
ConfiguraGon	
  Template	
  	
  	
  
router ospf 10
max-metric router-lsa on-startup
wait-for-bgp
timers lsa arrival 50
timers throttle lsa all 10 100 1000
timers throttle spf 10 100 1000
timers pacing flood 5
timers pacing retransmission 60
ispf
bfd all interfaces
ConfiguraGon	
  Template	
  	
  	
  
router isis ISP
set-overload-bit on-startup wait-for-
bgp
spf-interval 5 1 20
lsp-gen-interval 5 1 20
prc-interval 5 1 20
fast-flood 10
bfd all-interfaces
ispf level-1-2 60
Final	
  CalculaGon	
  	
  
Event	
   Time(ms)	
   Remarks	
  
Failure	
  Detec,on	
  Delay:	
  Carrier-­‐delay	
  msec	
  0	
  	
   0	
   about	
  5-­‐10ms	
  worst	
  case	
  to	
  detect	
  
In	
  BFD	
  Case	
  	
   150	
   Mul,player	
  3	
  is	
  last	
  count:	
  50ms	
  
interval	
  	
  	
  
Maximum	
  SPF	
  run,me	
   64	
   doubling	
  for	
  safety	
  makes	
  it	
  64ms	
  
Maximum	
  RIB	
  update	
   20	
   doubling	
  for	
  safety	
  makes	
  it	
  20ms	
  
OSPF	
  interface	
  flood	
  pacing	
  ,mer	
   5	
   does	
  not	
  apply	
  to	
  the	
  ini,al	
  LSA	
  
flooded	
  
LSA	
  Genera,on	
  Ini,al	
  Delay	
   10	
   enough	
  to	
  detect	
  mul,ple	
  link	
  failures	
  
resul,ng	
  from	
  SRLG	
  failure	
  
SPF	
  Ini,al	
  Delay	
   10	
   enough	
  to	
  hold	
  SPF	
  to	
  allow	
  two	
  
consecu,ve	
  LSAs	
  to	
  be	
  flooded	
  
Network	
  geographical	
  size/Physical	
  Media(Fiber)	
   0	
   signal	
  propaga,on	
  is	
  negligible	
  
Final	
  FIB	
  UPDATE	
  Time:	
  Maximum	
  500ms.	
  It	
  is	
  sub-­‐second	
  convergence	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
Beyond	
  Sub	
  second	
  Convergence	
  
But	
  if	
  you	
  need	
  <	
  100	
  ms	
  Convergence	
  Gme,	
  Need	
  to	
  
do	
  more…….	
  
	
  
i.  RSVP	
  Based	
  link/node	
  protecGon	
  route	
  	
  
ii.  LDP	
  Based	
  LFA-­‐FRR	
  	
  
	
  
	
  	
  
LFA-­‐FRR	
  
•  Provide	
  local	
  sub-­‐100ms	
  convergence	
  Gmes	
  and	
  
complement	
  any	
  other	
  fast	
  convergence	
  tuning	
  
techniques	
  that	
  have	
  been	
  employed	
  
•  LFA-­‐FRR	
  is	
  easily	
  configured	
  on	
  a	
  router	
  by	
  a	
  single	
  
command,	
  calculates	
  everything	
  automaGcally	
  
•  Easy	
  and	
  lesser	
  complex	
  than	
  RSVP	
  Based	
  Traffic	
  
Engineering.	
  	
  	
  	
  
Prerequisite	
  	
  
•  Need	
  MPLS	
  LDP	
  
ConfiguraGon	
  	
  
•  Need	
  BFD	
  ConfiguraGon	
  
to	
  trigger	
  Fast	
  Reroute	
  	
  
•  Need	
  some	
  Fast	
  Reroute	
  
configuraGon	
  under	
  OSPF	
  
Process	
  
•  Need	
  some	
  special	
  
configuraGon	
  based	
  on	
  
plahorm	
  	
  	
  	
  
mpls ldp discovery targeted-hello
accept
router ospf Y
router-id xxxxx
ispf
prefix-priority high route-map
TE_PREFIX
fast-reroute per-prefix enable
area y prefix-priority high
fast-reroute per-prefix remote-
lfa tunnel mpls-ldp
ip prefix-list TE_PREFIX seq 5
permit a.b.c.d/32
!
route-map TE_PREFIX permit 10
match ip address prefix-list
TE_PREFIX
How	
  it	
  works	
  	
  
1.  Ini,ally	
  best	
  path	
  for	
  the	
  prefix	
  172.16.1.0/24	
  is	
  B-­‐A-­‐B1-­‐B3	
  
2.  Once	
  the	
  link	
  fails	
  between	
  B-­‐A	
  then	
  prior	
  computed	
  LFA	
  Tunnel	
  Triggered	
  by	
  BFD	
  	
  
3.  Immediate	
  Target	
  Prefix(es)	
  are	
  passed	
  through	
  B-­‐D	
  LFA	
  Tunnel	
  	
  
4.  	
  Pack	
  drop	
  does	
  not	
  observe	
  because	
  B	
  router	
  does	
  not	
  wait	
  for	
  IGP	
  convergence	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
LFA-­‐FRR	
  Design	
  ConsideraGon	
  	
  
•  In	
  a	
  Ring	
  Topology	
  	
  
•  Lesser	
  Prefix	
  make	
  quicker	
  convergence	
  
•  	
  Specific	
  Prefix	
  with	
  higher	
  priority	
  will	
  show	
  best	
  
performance	
  without	
  any	
  service	
  interrupGon	
  and	
  packet	
  
drop.	
  	
  	
  
ROBI39-DHKTL25#sh ip int brief
Loopback1 10.253.51.91 YES NVRAM up up
MPLS-Remote-Lfa124 10.10.202.69 YES unset up up
show ip cef 10.255.255.29
10.255.255.29/32
nexthop 10.10.202.65 Vlan10 label [166|1209]
repair: attached-nexthop 10.253.51.94 MPLS-Remote-Lfa124
Before/Ager	
  LFA	
  FRR	
  
Xshell:> ping 10.252.51.111 –t
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253
Request timed out.
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=61ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=86ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=70ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=147ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=27ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=32ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253
Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=253
BGP	
  Fast	
  Convergence	
  	
  
	
  	
  	
  	
  LFA-­‐FRR	
  or	
  RSVP	
  can	
  improve	
  L2-­‐VPN	
  and	
  Intra-­‐AS	
  
Convergence	
  but	
  can’t	
  do	
  much	
  for	
  External	
  prefixes	
  
learn	
  via	
  EBGP	
  
BGP	
  Fast	
  Convergence	
  	
  
The	
  BGP	
  PIC	
  Edge	
  for	
  IP	
  and	
  MPLS-­‐VPN	
  feature	
  improves	
  
BGP	
  convergence	
  once	
  a	
  network	
  failure.	
  
Prerequisites	
  	
  
•  BGP	
  and	
  the	
  IP	
  or	
  MulGprotocol	
  Label	
  Switching	
  (MPLS)	
  
network	
  is	
  up	
  and	
  running	
  with	
  the	
  customer	
  site	
  
connected	
  to	
  the	
  provider	
  site	
  by	
  more	
  than	
  one	
  path	
  
(mulGhomed).	
  	
  
•  Ensure	
  that	
  the	
  backup/alternate	
  path	
  has	
  a	
  unique	
  
next	
  hop	
  that	
  is	
  not	
  the	
  same	
  as	
  the	
  next	
  hop	
  of	
  the	
  
best	
  path.	
  	
  
•  Enable	
  the	
  BidirecGonal	
  Forwarding	
  DetecGon	
  (BFD)	
  
protocol	
  to	
  quickly	
  detect	
  link	
  failures	
  of	
  directly	
  
connected	
  neighbors.	
  	
  
How	
  To	
  Work:	
  PE-­‐CE	
  Link/PE	
  Failure	
  	
  
•  eBGP	
  sessions	
  exist	
  between	
  the	
  PE	
  and	
  CE	
  routers.	
  	
  
•  Traffic	
  from	
  CE1	
  uses	
  PE1	
  to	
  reach	
  network	
  x.x.x.x/24	
  towards	
  the	
  router	
  CE2.	
  CE1	
  has	
  
two	
  paths:	
  	
  
•  PE1	
  as	
  the	
  primary	
  path	
  and	
  PE2	
  as	
  the	
  backup/alternate	
  path.	
  	
  
•  CE1	
  is	
  configured	
  with	
  the	
  BGP	
  PIC	
  feature.	
  BGP	
  computes	
  PE1	
  as	
  the	
  best	
  path	
  and	
  PE2	
  
as	
  the	
  backup/alternate	
  path	
  and	
  installs	
  both	
  routes	
  into	
  the	
  RIB	
  and	
  CEF	
  plane.	
  When	
  
the	
  CE1-­‐PE1	
  link/PE	
  goes	
  down,	
  CEF	
  detects	
  the	
  link	
  failure	
  and	
  points	
  the	
  forwarding	
  
object	
  to	
  the	
  backup/alternate	
  path.	
  Traffic	
  is	
  quickly	
  rerouted	
  due	
  to	
  local	
  fast	
  
convergence	
  in	
  CEF.	
  
How	
  to	
  Work:	
  Dual	
  CE-­‐PE	
  Line/Node	
  Failure	
  	
  
•  eBGP	
  sessions	
  exist	
  between	
  the	
  PE	
  and	
  CE	
  routers.	
  Traffic	
  from	
  CE1	
  uses	
  PE1	
  to	
  reach	
  network	
  
x.x.x.x/24	
  through	
  router	
  CE3.	
  	
  
•  CE1	
  has	
  two	
  paths:	
  PE1	
  as	
  the	
  primary	
  path	
  and	
  PE2	
  as	
  the	
  backup/alternate	
  path.	
  	
  
•  An	
  iBGP	
  session	
  exists	
  between	
  the	
  CE1	
  and	
  CE2	
  routers.	
  
•  If	
  the	
  CE1-­‐PE1	
  link	
  or	
  PE1	
  goes	
  down	
  and	
  BGP	
  PIC	
  is	
  enabled	
  on	
  CE1,	
  BGP	
  recomputes	
  the	
  best	
  path,	
  
removing	
  the	
  next	
  hop	
  PE1	
  from	
  RIB	
  and	
  reinstalling	
  CE2	
  as	
  the	
  next	
  hop	
  into	
  the	
  RIB	
  and	
  Cisco	
  
Express	
  Forwarding.	
  CE1	
  automaGcally	
  gets	
  a	
  backup/alternate	
  repair	
  path	
  into	
  Cisco	
  Express	
  
Forwarding	
  and	
  the	
  traffic	
  loss	
  during	
  forwarding	
  is	
  now	
  in	
  subseconds,	
  thereby	
  achieving	
  fast	
  
convergence.	
  	
  
How	
  to	
  Work:	
  IP	
  MPLS	
  PE	
  Down	
  	
  
•  The	
  PE	
  routers	
  are	
  VPNv4	
  iBGP	
  peers	
  with	
  reflect	
  routers	
  in	
  the	
  MPLS	
  network.	
  	
  
•  Traffic	
  from	
  CE1	
  uses	
  PE1	
  to	
  reach	
  network	
  x.x.x.x/24	
  towards	
  router	
  CE3.	
  CE3	
  is	
  dual-­‐homed	
  with	
  
PE3	
  and	
  PE4.	
  PE1	
  has	
  two	
  paths	
  to	
  reach	
  CE3	
  from	
  the	
  reflect	
  routers:	
  PE4	
  is	
  the	
  primary	
  path	
  with	
  
the	
  next	
  hop	
  as	
  a	
  PE4	
  address.	
  	
  
•  PE3	
  is	
  the	
  backup/alternate	
  path	
  with	
  the	
  next	
  hop	
  as	
  a	
  PE3	
  address.	
  	
  
•  When	
  PE4	
  goes	
  down,	
  PE1	
  knows	
  about	
  the	
  removal	
  of	
  the	
  host	
  prefix	
  by	
  IGPs	
  in	
  subseconds,	
  
recomputes	
  the	
  best	
  path,	
  selects	
  PE3	
  as	
  the	
  best	
  path,	
  and	
  installs	
  the	
  routes	
  into	
  the	
  RIB	
  and	
  Cisco	
  
Express	
  Forwarding	
  plane.	
  Normal	
  BGP	
  convergence	
  will	
  happen	
  while	
  BGP	
  PIC	
  is	
  redirecGng	
  the	
  
traffic	
  towards	
  PE3,	
  and	
  packets	
  are	
  not	
  lost.	
  
ConfiguraGon	
  Template	
  	
  
router bgp 65000
no synchronization
neighbor 10.0.0.10 remote-as 65000
neighbor 10.0.0.10 update-source Loopback0
no auto-summary
!
address-family vpnv4
bgp additional-paths install
neighbor 10.0.0.10 activate
neighbor 10.0.0.10 send-community both
exit-address-family
!
address-family ipv4 vrf abc
import path selection all
neighbor 10.10.10.20 remote-as 65534
neighbor 10.10.10.20 activate
exit-address-family
	
  	
  	
  
Conclusion	
  	
  
IGP	
  Fine	
  tuning	
  
	
  100%	
  Dynamic	
  and	
  simplified	
  can	
  reach	
  sub	
  second	
  convergence	
  Gme	
  
LFA-­‐FRR	
  
LFA	
  Tunnel	
  Pre-­‐computed,	
  pre-­‐installed	
  
Prefix-­‐independent	
  
Simple,	
  deployment	
  friendly,	
  good	
  scaling	
  
Can	
  reach	
  <	
  50	
  ms	
  convergence	
  Gme	
  suitable	
  for	
  Intra-­‐AS	
  and	
  L2-­‐VPN	
  traffic	
  
But	
  	
  
Topology	
  dependant	
  
IPFRR	
  IGP	
  computaGon	
  is	
  very	
  CPU-­‐intensive	
  task	
  
	
  
BGP	
  PIC	
  
Can	
  achieve	
  <	
  50	
  ms	
  convergence	
  Gme	
  for	
  Inter-­‐AS	
  and	
  L3-­‐VPN	
  traffic	
  
	
  
	
  
Thank	
  You	
  

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Fast Convergence Techniques

  • 1. Fast  Convergence  Techniques   Sumon  Ahmed  Sabir     sumon@fiberathome.net       Md.  Abdullah-­‐Al-­‐Mamun   mamun@fiberathome.net    
  • 2. Need  for  Fast  Convergence   Its  not  only  browsing,  mail  and  watching  videos  any   more.   Internet  and  Networks  carrying  Voice/Video  calls.   Carrying  business  and  mission  criGcal  data.       No  opGon  for  outage  or  interrupGon.    
  • 3. Need  for  Fast  Convergence   Few  years  before  in  Ethernet  network  Convergence  Gme   was  about  2  minutes.   At  present  it  takes  few  seconds  without  any  fast   convergence  techniques  applied  in  Interface  and   protocol  configuraGon.   But  many  criGcal  services  demand  <  50ms  convergence   Gme  in  a  carrier  grade  network.  
  • 4. Design  ConsideraGon       •  Network  Topology     •  IP  Planning   •  IGP  Fine  Tuning   •  Type  of  Service  Delivery     •  Service  Takeover  and  handover  Point    
  • 5. BeRer  IP  Plan  BeRer  Convergence     •  Domain/Area  Based  IP  Plan  must  be   taking  place  to  minimize  the  prefixes   •  Prefix  Summery  or  Area  summery  is   very  effecGve  to  aggregate  individual   small  prefixes  within  the  Area          
  • 6. IGP  Fast  Convergence     •  Failure  Detec,on       •  Event  Propaga,on       •  SPF  Run     •  RIB  FIB  Update         •  Time  to  detect  the  network   failure,  e.g.  interface  down   condiGon.   •  Time  to  propagate  the  event,   i.e.  flood  the  LSA  across  the   topology.   •  Time  to  perform  SPF   calculaGons  on  all  routers  upon   recepGon  of  the  new   informaGon.   •  Time  to  update  the  forwarding   tables  for  all  routers  in  the   area.  
  • 7. Purging  the  RIB  on  link  failure   •  RouGng  protocols  are  more  efficient  than  RIB  process  in   detecGng  link  failure  to  delete  the  associate  next-­‐hop   routes  of  the  failed  interface.  Enabling  this  feature   reduces  convergence  Gme  significantly  specially  in  case   of  a  large  rouGng  table.   ip routing protocol purge interface
  • 8. Link  Failure  Detec,on  Process     Here  is  few  methods  to  detect  the  link  failure     1.  IGP  keepalive  Gmes/  fast  hellos  with  the  dead/hold  interval   of  one  second  and  sub-­‐second  hello  intervals.  It  is  CPU   hungry       2.  carrier-­‐delay  msec  0,  Physical  Layer     3.  BFD,  Open  Standard  more  reliable  rather  than  IGP   Keepalive  fast  hello          
  • 9. Link  Failure  DetecGon   •  Set  Carrier-­‐delay  to  0  ms  to  change  the  link  state   instantly.  If  you  are  using  any  other  transport  services   like  SDH  or  DWDM  set  the  value  according  to  your   transport  network      int  gi0/0/1      carrier-­‐delay  msec  0          
  • 10. Link  Failure  DetecGon   •  Enable  BFD  to  noGfy  rouGng  protocols  about  the  link   failure  in  sub  second  interval.  Without  BFD  it  will  take   at  least  1  second      int gi0/0/1 ip ospf bfd bfd interval 50 min_rx 50 multiplier 3
  • 11. Link  Failure  DetecGon   •  In  Ethernet  interface,  ISIS/OSPF  will  aRempt  to  elect  a   DIS/DR  when  it  forms  an  adjacency   – As  it  is  running  as  a  point-­‐to-­‐point  link,  configuring  ISIS/ OSPF  to  operate  in  "point-­‐to-­‐point  mode”  reduces  link   failure  detecGon  Gme      int gi0/0/1 isis network point-to-point int gi0/0/1 ip ospf network point-to-point
  • 12. SPF  CalculaGon     •  The  use  of  Incremental  SPF   (iSPF)  allows  to  further   minimize  the  amount  of   calculaGons  needed  when   parGal  changes  occur  in  the   network   •  Need  to  enable  ispf  under   ospf/isis  process   router ospf 10 ispf    
  • 13. Set  Overload  bit   •  Wait  unGl  iBGP  is  running  before  providing  transit  path   router isis isp set-overload-bit on-startup wait-for- bgp router ospf 10 max-metric router-lsa on-startup wait- for-bgp •  Avoids  blackholing  traffic  on  router  restart   •  Causes  OSPF/ISIS  to  announce  its  prefixes  with  highest   possible  metric  unGl  iBGP  is  up  and  running  
  • 14. Event  Propaga,on     A>er  Link  Down  Event   Remarks   Command     LSA  generaGon  delay     Gmers  throRle  lsa  iniGal   hold  max_wait   Gmers  throRle  lsa  0  20   1000   LSA  recepGon  delay     This  delay  is  a  sum  of  the   ingress  queuing  delay   and  LSA  arrival  delay   Gmers  pacing   retransmission  100   Processing  Delay     Gmers  pacing  flood  (ms)   with  the  default  value  of   55ms   Gmers  pacing  flood  15   Packet  PropagaGon  Delay     12usec  for  1500  bytes   packet  over  a  1Gbps  link   N/A  
  • 15. RIB/FIB  Update   Link/Node   Down     SPF   Calcula,o n     RIB   Update     FIB   Update   Communi ca,on     Lesser  Number  of  Prefixes  lesser  Gme  to  converge  the   RIB  and  FIB    
  • 16. RIB/FIB  Update   •  Ager  compleGng  SPF  computaGon,  OSPF/ISIS  performs   sequenGal  RIB  update  to  reflect  the  changed  topology.  The  RIB   updates  are  further  propagated  to  the  FIB  table   •  The  RIB/FIB  update  process  may  contribute  the  most  to  the   convergence  Gme  in  the  topologies  with  large  amount  of   prefixes,  e.g.  thousands  or  tens  of  thousands   •  Plahorm  what  you  are  using,  higher  capacity  CPU  and  RAM   will  cater  beRer  performance.          
  • 17. ConfiguraGon  Template       router ospf 10 max-metric router-lsa on-startup wait-for-bgp timers lsa arrival 50 timers throttle lsa all 10 100 1000 timers throttle spf 10 100 1000 timers pacing flood 5 timers pacing retransmission 60 ispf bfd all interfaces
  • 18. ConfiguraGon  Template       router isis ISP set-overload-bit on-startup wait-for- bgp spf-interval 5 1 20 lsp-gen-interval 5 1 20 prc-interval 5 1 20 fast-flood 10 bfd all-interfaces ispf level-1-2 60
  • 19. Final  CalculaGon     Event   Time(ms)   Remarks   Failure  Detec,on  Delay:  Carrier-­‐delay  msec  0     0   about  5-­‐10ms  worst  case  to  detect   In  BFD  Case     150   Mul,player  3  is  last  count:  50ms   interval       Maximum  SPF  run,me   64   doubling  for  safety  makes  it  64ms   Maximum  RIB  update   20   doubling  for  safety  makes  it  20ms   OSPF  interface  flood  pacing  ,mer   5   does  not  apply  to  the  ini,al  LSA   flooded   LSA  Genera,on  Ini,al  Delay   10   enough  to  detect  mul,ple  link  failures   resul,ng  from  SRLG  failure   SPF  Ini,al  Delay   10   enough  to  hold  SPF  to  allow  two   consecu,ve  LSAs  to  be  flooded   Network  geographical  size/Physical  Media(Fiber)   0   signal  propaga,on  is  negligible   Final  FIB  UPDATE  Time:  Maximum  500ms.  It  is  sub-­‐second  convergence            
  • 20. Beyond  Sub  second  Convergence   But  if  you  need  <  100  ms  Convergence  Gme,  Need  to   do  more…….     i.  RSVP  Based  link/node  protecGon  route     ii.  LDP  Based  LFA-­‐FRR          
  • 21. LFA-­‐FRR   •  Provide  local  sub-­‐100ms  convergence  Gmes  and   complement  any  other  fast  convergence  tuning   techniques  that  have  been  employed   •  LFA-­‐FRR  is  easily  configured  on  a  router  by  a  single   command,  calculates  everything  automaGcally   •  Easy  and  lesser  complex  than  RSVP  Based  Traffic   Engineering.        
  • 22. Prerequisite     •  Need  MPLS  LDP   ConfiguraGon     •  Need  BFD  ConfiguraGon   to  trigger  Fast  Reroute     •  Need  some  Fast  Reroute   configuraGon  under  OSPF   Process   •  Need  some  special   configuraGon  based  on   plahorm         mpls ldp discovery targeted-hello accept router ospf Y router-id xxxxx ispf prefix-priority high route-map TE_PREFIX fast-reroute per-prefix enable area y prefix-priority high fast-reroute per-prefix remote- lfa tunnel mpls-ldp ip prefix-list TE_PREFIX seq 5 permit a.b.c.d/32 ! route-map TE_PREFIX permit 10 match ip address prefix-list TE_PREFIX
  • 23. How  it  works     1.  Ini,ally  best  path  for  the  prefix  172.16.1.0/24  is  B-­‐A-­‐B1-­‐B3   2.  Once  the  link  fails  between  B-­‐A  then  prior  computed  LFA  Tunnel  Triggered  by  BFD     3.  Immediate  Target  Prefix(es)  are  passed  through  B-­‐D  LFA  Tunnel     4.   Pack  drop  does  not  observe  because  B  router  does  not  wait  for  IGP  convergence                  
  • 24. LFA-­‐FRR  Design  ConsideraGon     •  In  a  Ring  Topology     •  Lesser  Prefix  make  quicker  convergence   •   Specific  Prefix  with  higher  priority  will  show  best   performance  without  any  service  interrupGon  and  packet   drop.       ROBI39-DHKTL25#sh ip int brief Loopback1 10.253.51.91 YES NVRAM up up MPLS-Remote-Lfa124 10.10.202.69 YES unset up up show ip cef 10.255.255.29 10.255.255.29/32 nexthop 10.10.202.65 Vlan10 label [166|1209] repair: attached-nexthop 10.253.51.94 MPLS-Remote-Lfa124
  • 25. Before/Ager  LFA  FRR   Xshell:> ping 10.252.51.111 –t Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253 Request timed out. Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=61ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=86ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=70ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=147ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=27ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=32ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=253 Reply from 10.252.51.111: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=253
  • 26. BGP  Fast  Convergence            LFA-­‐FRR  or  RSVP  can  improve  L2-­‐VPN  and  Intra-­‐AS   Convergence  but  can’t  do  much  for  External  prefixes   learn  via  EBGP  
  • 27. BGP  Fast  Convergence     The  BGP  PIC  Edge  for  IP  and  MPLS-­‐VPN  feature  improves   BGP  convergence  once  a  network  failure.  
  • 28. Prerequisites     •  BGP  and  the  IP  or  MulGprotocol  Label  Switching  (MPLS)   network  is  up  and  running  with  the  customer  site   connected  to  the  provider  site  by  more  than  one  path   (mulGhomed).     •  Ensure  that  the  backup/alternate  path  has  a  unique   next  hop  that  is  not  the  same  as  the  next  hop  of  the   best  path.     •  Enable  the  BidirecGonal  Forwarding  DetecGon  (BFD)   protocol  to  quickly  detect  link  failures  of  directly   connected  neighbors.    
  • 29. How  To  Work:  PE-­‐CE  Link/PE  Failure     •  eBGP  sessions  exist  between  the  PE  and  CE  routers.     •  Traffic  from  CE1  uses  PE1  to  reach  network  x.x.x.x/24  towards  the  router  CE2.  CE1  has   two  paths:     •  PE1  as  the  primary  path  and  PE2  as  the  backup/alternate  path.     •  CE1  is  configured  with  the  BGP  PIC  feature.  BGP  computes  PE1  as  the  best  path  and  PE2   as  the  backup/alternate  path  and  installs  both  routes  into  the  RIB  and  CEF  plane.  When   the  CE1-­‐PE1  link/PE  goes  down,  CEF  detects  the  link  failure  and  points  the  forwarding   object  to  the  backup/alternate  path.  Traffic  is  quickly  rerouted  due  to  local  fast   convergence  in  CEF.  
  • 30. How  to  Work:  Dual  CE-­‐PE  Line/Node  Failure     •  eBGP  sessions  exist  between  the  PE  and  CE  routers.  Traffic  from  CE1  uses  PE1  to  reach  network   x.x.x.x/24  through  router  CE3.     •  CE1  has  two  paths:  PE1  as  the  primary  path  and  PE2  as  the  backup/alternate  path.     •  An  iBGP  session  exists  between  the  CE1  and  CE2  routers.   •  If  the  CE1-­‐PE1  link  or  PE1  goes  down  and  BGP  PIC  is  enabled  on  CE1,  BGP  recomputes  the  best  path,   removing  the  next  hop  PE1  from  RIB  and  reinstalling  CE2  as  the  next  hop  into  the  RIB  and  Cisco   Express  Forwarding.  CE1  automaGcally  gets  a  backup/alternate  repair  path  into  Cisco  Express   Forwarding  and  the  traffic  loss  during  forwarding  is  now  in  subseconds,  thereby  achieving  fast   convergence.    
  • 31. How  to  Work:  IP  MPLS  PE  Down     •  The  PE  routers  are  VPNv4  iBGP  peers  with  reflect  routers  in  the  MPLS  network.     •  Traffic  from  CE1  uses  PE1  to  reach  network  x.x.x.x/24  towards  router  CE3.  CE3  is  dual-­‐homed  with   PE3  and  PE4.  PE1  has  two  paths  to  reach  CE3  from  the  reflect  routers:  PE4  is  the  primary  path  with   the  next  hop  as  a  PE4  address.     •  PE3  is  the  backup/alternate  path  with  the  next  hop  as  a  PE3  address.     •  When  PE4  goes  down,  PE1  knows  about  the  removal  of  the  host  prefix  by  IGPs  in  subseconds,   recomputes  the  best  path,  selects  PE3  as  the  best  path,  and  installs  the  routes  into  the  RIB  and  Cisco   Express  Forwarding  plane.  Normal  BGP  convergence  will  happen  while  BGP  PIC  is  redirecGng  the   traffic  towards  PE3,  and  packets  are  not  lost.  
  • 32. ConfiguraGon  Template     router bgp 65000 no synchronization neighbor 10.0.0.10 remote-as 65000 neighbor 10.0.0.10 update-source Loopback0 no auto-summary ! address-family vpnv4 bgp additional-paths install neighbor 10.0.0.10 activate neighbor 10.0.0.10 send-community both exit-address-family ! address-family ipv4 vrf abc import path selection all neighbor 10.10.10.20 remote-as 65534 neighbor 10.10.10.20 activate exit-address-family      
  • 33. Conclusion     IGP  Fine  tuning    100%  Dynamic  and  simplified  can  reach  sub  second  convergence  Gme   LFA-­‐FRR   LFA  Tunnel  Pre-­‐computed,  pre-­‐installed   Prefix-­‐independent   Simple,  deployment  friendly,  good  scaling   Can  reach  <  50  ms  convergence  Gme  suitable  for  Intra-­‐AS  and  L2-­‐VPN  traffic   But     Topology  dependant   IPFRR  IGP  computaGon  is  very  CPU-­‐intensive  task     BGP  PIC   Can  achieve  <  50  ms  convergence  Gme  for  Inter-­‐AS  and  L3-­‐VPN  traffic