Production Technology using Hydroponics and Aquaponics

FARMING THE FUTURE THROUGH SOILESS AGRICULTURE (DA-BAR) CHITO F. SACE11/28/2017

 Introduction
 FAO reports (food insecurity, prediction)
 Deterrents to crop production
 Status, challenges, S&T gaps in the Philippines
 Concept of soiless culture
• Definition
• History
 Hydroponics
• Advantages/disadvantages
• Types of systems/culture
• Nutrient solution management
 Aquaponics
• Concepts
• Rule of thumb
• Management
CLSU Hydroponics and Aquaponics Demo Farm and Expt Sattion
Technologies/models
Future agriculture
Conclusion

 Despite the advances of modern agriculture
(UNFAO, 2011):
• from hi-tech farm mechanization
• modern irrigation systems
• advanced controlled environment agriculture
• onto plant genetics
 Food production remains at the mercy of nature
 Subject to various destructive elements of the
changing climate
https://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F
www.mb.com.ph%2
https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sou
rce=images&cd=&cad

 Close relationship of vegetable
consumption and food production
 Low vegetable production low
consumption
http://www.debatingeurope.eu/2012/10/22/what-needs-to-be-done-to-provide-food-security-for-the-worlds-hungry

Increasing trend of meat consumption
40 kg per capita of vegetables
NNC recommended at least 69 kg per
capita
WHO recommended 146-182 kg/yr
https://www.google.com.p
h/search?q=philippines+m
alnutrition&client

 Filipino consumes the lowest in Asia
 Major factors of increased incidence of
illnesses in the country
 Among the 10 risk factors of mortality in
the world (WHO)

 Lack of government appropriation to fund
critical programs
• Inadequate funds for irrigation systems
• In 1990’s
Philippines - 19.5%
China – 37.5%
Thailand – 24.8%
Vietnam – 30.8%
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 Loss of arable land
• Rampant conversion of agricultural land
into golf courses, residential subdivisions,
and industrial establishments, parks or
resorts
• Philippines is losing 2,300 ha/yr of
irrigated rice lands (WB, 1993)
• Small land-holders found it more profitable
to sell their land
http://peoplesgoals.org/devjustice/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-
06-26-at-3.48.50-PM.png
http://blog.worldagroforestry.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/oil-
palm-plantation-klum1.jpg

 Poor governance (UNDP)
• Nearly $2B or roughly 13% Philippines'
annual budget is lost to corruption each
year
• Institutionalized corruption
• Rampant graft and bribery

Rank Storm Dates of impact Deaths
1 Haiphong 1881 1881, Sept 27 20,000
2 Haiyan/Yolanda 2013 2013, Nov 7–8 6,300
3 Thelma/Uring 1991 1991, Nov 4–7 5,101
4 Bopha/Pablo 2012 2012, Dec 2–9 1,901
5 Angela Typhoon 1867, Sept 22 1,800
6 Winnie 2004 2004, Nov27–29 1,593
7 October 1897 Typhoon 1897, Oct 7 1,500
8 Ike/Nitang 1984 1984, Sep 3–6 1,492
9 Fengshen/Frank 2008 2008, Jun 20–23 1,410
10 Durian/Reming 2006 2006, Nov 29-Dec1 1,399
 Extreme weather events
• Around 19 tropical cyclones or storms
enter PAR yearly
• with 6 to 9 make landfall resulting in loss
of lives and high rehabilitation cost

Increasing world population
• In 2010 - 6.9 billion
• 2014 estimate - 7.16 billion
China - 1,364,280,000
India - 1,243,720,000
USA - 317,990,000
Philippines - 99,520,100
• In 2030 - 8.3 billion
• In 2050 - 9.1 billion

 Luke 21: 11
There will be great earthquakes,
famines and pestilences in various
places, and fearful events and great
signs from heaven.
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9GcQ8QksF0DnLsuXX8q6OyXLW8WfIprfxZ3YsqWNaaKjtHzaBFt7QFg
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bpxGEv_uR5EAalNvYvB5_fEhooc9AzEFu0KwoL9Pn4piSLMRw
http://i3.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article2791754.ece/ALTER
NATES/s615/Typhoon-Haiyan.jpg
http://i22.photobucket.com/albums/b321/Lamourlady/lo
custs.jpg

 Food demand
By 2030 - to increase by 50%
By 2050 – to increase by >70%
 Imagine the pressure on the
environment to meet the growing
food demand

 What interventions, parameters and factors
can equalize or even totally overturn the
destructive impact of climate change?
 Is food production possible without
aggravating the environment?
http://in-cyprus.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/food-shortage-750x347.jpg

There will be an abundant world
food supply in the coming years
 Based solely on the availability of today’s
technical knowledge
Utilizing advanced systems to grow
more food while conserving earth’s limited
resources
More important than
hard work and muscle
power of traditional
agriculture

No industry supports hydroponics and
aquaponics technologies to advance
• Hydroponics/aquaponics in its infancy
• Lack of structures, systems, supplies (e.g.
greenhouse, reagents for nutrient solution,
etc. )
• Lack of research for various crops to be
grown in different regions
• Lack of awareness, promotion, advocacy
and training
• Lack of government support that would
translate results of researches into policies

Shift paradigm and pursue advance
agriculture
• Pursue climate-smart farming to propel the
2nd Green Revolution
• Go hydroponics and aquaponics

Climate-Smart Agriculture
 used synonymously with smart farming and
precision agriculture
 an integrative approach addressing
interlinked challenges of food security and
climate change
 to sustainably increasing agricultural
productivity, to support equitable increases
in farm incomes, food security and
development
 by adapting and building resilient agricultural
production and food security systems
 reducing greenhouse gas emissions from
agriculture (including crops, livestock and
fisherries)

 Hydroponics when clean water
and nutrients are used
 Aquaponics when aquaculture is
integrated with hydroponics
 Organics (organoponics) when
clean organic matter like peat,
compost, organic extracts are
used
 Geoponics when planting in the
soil; traditional agriculture

Aztecs Indians - nomadic tribe of the
Americas in 150-1130 CE
Neighboring tribes treated them
roughly
Drove them onto marshy shore of
Lake Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) and
denied of arable land

floating gardens or
• built rafts of branches and reeds
• piled soil dredged from the lake
• abundantly grew vegetables, flowers
• designed in a gamble to stave off poverty
• lesson of survival
• the first model of hydroponics/aquaponics
• first viable design of sustainable
agriculture
Aztecs built a magnificent city

 Dr. William F. Gericke, University of
California (Jensen,1997)
 originally applied to water culture
 now widely defined as the science of
growing plants without the use of
soil
derived from Greek words
(water) + (labor)
literally "water-working”
soiless culture

plant physiologists discovered that plants
absorb essential mineral nutrients as
inorganic ions in water
nutrients are artificially introduced into
plant's water supply
almost any
terrestrial plant
will grow
hydroponically

 soil is not crucial for plant to grow
 any growing medium will give adequate
support and keeps the plant upright
 modify plant’s diet resulting to larger
and better quality yield

 Nutrient solution contains
• macro elements (N, P, K, S,
Mg, Ca)
• micro elements (Fe, Zn, Mn,
Cu, Cl, Mo, Bo)
 From the air
• O, H, C
 Parameters
•pH: 5.8 – 6.8
•Temperature: 20-24°C
•EC: 1-3 S/cm
•DO: 4-10 ppm
• Maintaining the quality determines the success or failure
of any investment

27
CROPS
VEGETATIVE FLOWERING FRUITING
EC PPM EC PPM EC PPM
Tomato 1.0-1.5 600-750 1.5-2.0 750-1000 2.0-2.5 1000-1250
Cucumber 1.0-1.8 600-900 1.8-2.0 900-1000 2.0-2.4 1000-1200
Honeydew
melon
1.0-1.8 600-900 1.8-2.0 900-1000 2.0-2.6 1000-1300
Zucchini 1.0-1.8 600-900 1.8-2.0 900-1000 2.0-2.4 1000-1200
Bell pepper 1.0-1.6 600-800 1.6-2.2 800-1100 2.2-2.8 1200-1400
Leafy
vegetables
and herbs
0.5-1.4 250-700
based from recommendation of RDA, Korea

 Improve plant nutrition
 Closer plant spacing
 No soil-borne diseases
 Minimal insect infestation
 Efficient use of water and fertilizers
 Harvest have long shelf life

Institute for Climate Change and Environmental Management
Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Efficient use of water and fertilizers
Minimum weed control and less cultivation
Plants mature faster
No plowing and harrowing
Much labor is saved
Working condition is clean and comfortable

 Set-up can be expensive
 Needs greenhouse or simple protected
structure
 Requires higher technical knowledge
 Quality of nutrient solution needs to be
constantly monitored
 Most systems requires energy input

 Active system - uses pump to actively
move the nutrient solution
 Passive system - relies on the capillary
action of the growing medium or a
wick; usually too wet and do not supply
enough oxygen to the root system for
optimum growth rates

 Open or non-recirculating system -
nutrient solution is delivered to
the plant roots and not reused
 Closed or recirculating system -
surplus solution is recovered,
reused, replenished, and recycled

x
ROCKWOOL
MINERAL WOOL
POLYPROPYLENE
SOILESS
CULTURE
(hydroponics,
aquaponics)
WATER CULTURE
(solution culture)
MEDIA CULTURE
(substrate culture)
NFT (Nutrient Film Technique)
DFT (Deep Flow Technique)
TUBE CULTURE
AEROPONICS
CASCADE NFT
EBB AND FLOW
NATURAL MEDIA
ARTIFICIAL MEDIA
INORGANIC
ORGANIC
PELLET-SHAPED
FIBER-SHAPED
OTHERS
SAND
GRAVEL
PUMICE
SCORIA
PEAT
SAWDUST
RICEHULL
COCONUT PEAT
CERAMSITE
PERLITE
VERMICULITE
POLYTHENE
STYROFOAM
x
x
x

 Tube culture - a film of
nutrient solution to pass
through the roots
 Cascade NFT – similar to
tube culture but nutrient
solution flows by gravity

 NFT - dissolved nutrients
are delivered passing the
bare roots of plants
 Aeroponics - fine drops
(a mist or aerosol) of
nutrient solution are
supplied to the roots

 DFT – there is
always some
amount of water to
keep the plants
alive
 Ebb and flow - in its
simplest form,
there is a tray
above a reservoir of
nutrient solution

 Natural media
Inorganic – sand, gravel, pumice,
cinder, scoria, brick shards
Organic – peat, coco peat, rice hull,
saw dust
 Artificial media
 Pellet-shaped – ceramsite, perlite
 Fiber-shaped - rockwool, mineral
wool, polypropylene
 Others – vermiculite, polythene, styro
foam

Aquaponics Lab, CEAC, The University of Arizona, AZ
Humidifier
Heater
Circulating fans
Pyronometer - a type of actinometer to measure broadband solar
irradiance on a planar surface; is a sensor that is designed to
measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m2) from a field of view
of 180 degrees
Computer
Real-time camera

Hydroponics Lab, CEAC, The University of Arizona, AZ
Mixing tanks (Solution A, Solution B and Acid tank)
Fertilizer Injector
Cooling fans
Cooling pads
CO2 injector
Oxygen injector
RH sensors
Temp sensors
Bee pollinators

FARMING THE FUTURE THROUGH SOILESS AGRICULTURE (DA-BAR) CHITO F. SACE11/28/2017 CEAC Aquaponics System, The University of Arizona
 Portmanteau of two cultures
 Aquaculture – raising fish
 Hydroponics – crop production
 Raising fish and vegetables in
one infrastructure

 naturally-occurring beneficial
bacteria, the essential but unseen
elements of aquaponics, are
responsible in converting ammonia
nitrogen into fertilizer for the
plants to consume
 populate anywhere where there is
water and biological activity
 first when toxic ammonia (NH3 or
NH4+) is converted to nitrite (NO2)
by Nitrosomonas bacteria, and
then to nitrate (NO3-) by
Nitrobacter species

 Fish gives off ammonia
 Nitrosomonas bacteria – digest toxic
ammonia (NH3 or NH4+) and convert to
nitrite (NO2-)
 Nitrobacter species – nitrite to
nitrate (NO3-)
 Bio-balls increase
surface area for
the bacteria to live

Dr. WILSON LENNARD
Ph.D. in Aquaponics
Consultant, Aquaponic Solutions
Aquaponic Gardening Community
http://aquaponicgardening.com/wp-
content/uploads/2011/08/Aquaponic-Gardening-
Rules-of-Thumb.pdf

Basic components
 Growing bed – container which holds
media/substrate and culture water
where plants are grown
 Fish tank - vessel for rearing and
feeding the fish
 Bio-filtration tank – vessel where the
nitrifying bacteria can grow and
convert ammonia into nitrates
 Sump collector - lowest point in the
system where water flows to and from

 Growing bed
Media culture better than water
culture
Media culture performs 3 filtering
functions:
 mechanical (solids removal)
 mineralization (solids
breakdown and return to the
water)
 bio-filtration – conversion of
ammonia to nitrites/nitrates

Media provides better plant support
More closely related to traditional
soil gardening
• Fewer components
• Lower construction cost
Easier to understand and learn

Fish wt/unit area
0.5 kg / 0.1 sq m
(1 lb / 1 sq ft)
Fish wt/volume of water
0.5 kg / 20 to 26 liters of water
(1 lb per 5 to 7 gallon)
 Grow bed : Fish tank ratio
 Start with a 1:1 ratio
 Increase up to 2:1 once system starts to
mature (4 – 6 months)

1. Growing bed area
Water depth ≈ 30 cm (1 ft)
Determine the growing bed area
1 m x 2.5 m x 3 units = 7.5 sq m
2. Fish weight
Fish wt/unit area
0.5 kg / 0.1 sq m x 7.5 sq m
37.5 kg
3. Fish tank volume
Fish wt/volume of water
 0.5 kg / 20 to 26 liters of water
 1,500 to 1,950 liters

Grow bed area
 Water depth ≈ 30 cm (1 ft)
 Grow bed area = 7.5 sq m
Fish weight
 Fish wt = 37.5 kg
Fish tank volume
 Fish tank volume of water
0.5 kg / 26 --» 1,950 liters ≈ 2.0 cu m
Component ratio
 Bio-filtration tank/sump = 0.7m3
 Grow bed =7.5m2 *0.3m*60%=1.35m3
 Total volume = 2.05 cu m
FT:GB = 2:2.05 ≈ 1:1
0.5 kg = 37.5 kg
26 L Volume
Volume = 37.5 kg(26L)
0.5 kg
Volume = 1,950 L

Venturi
system
Automatic
belt-feeder

Flood and Drain system
the simplest system to design and
is appropriate for a 1:1 grow bed to
fish tank ratio
Draining action pulls oxygen
through the grow beds
Achieve using a timer
Flow the entire volume of fish tank
through the grow beds every hour

Water quality parameters
 Temperature (22 to 28 ͦC)
 pH (6.8 to 7.0)
 Total dissolved solids (560 to
1,400 ppm)
 Dissolved oxygen
(6 to11 ppm at
80 to 125%
saturation)

Feeding rate
 Feed fish as much as they will eat in 5
minutes, 1–3 times per day.
 Adult fish eat approx 1% of its
bodyweight per day
 Fish fry (babies) eat as much as 7%
 Be careful not to over feed
the fish
 If fish not eating:
Probably stressed
High temperature range
Low oxygen level

Demonstration Farm and Experiment Station

oServe as platform of modern agriculture
oProvide technical assistance to various
stakeholders
oFacilitate transfer of generated technologies
through training/workshop
oVenue for research

59
Commercial greenhouse for tomato, cucumber,
melon, pepper, zucchini production

Backyard production model for leafy vegetable
and herbs production

Household production model for leafy vegetable
and herbs

Miniature vertical Model– Leafy vegetables

Packages of technology for cherry tomato,
zucchini, honeydew melon, bell pepper,
cucumber, leafy vegetables and herbs
Integrated farming system
Livestock production

Butterfly gardening/bee culture
Utilization of different pollinators
Honey bee
Stingless bee
Bumble bee

Recycling of discarded nutrient solution for open
field production of papaya, sigarilyas, calamansi,
grapes

 Botanical extracts for IPM
 Sponge propagation technique

Designs parameters
• Climate
Temperature
Wind
Rain
• Crop to be grown
• Capital investment
Features
• Employs natural ventilation
• Supports heavy trellising weight
• Offers better protection from rain and wind
• More aerodynamic
• Low-cost and made from locally-available
materials
• Gothic-type structure require less support
Design of Tropical Greenhouse

Aquaponics production systems for vegetable
production

Aquaponics polyculture
• Tilapia
• Vegetables
• Duckweed
• Aquarium fish
• Freshwater prawn

Water Management for Hydroponic Honeydew Melon Production
ISBN: 978-3-639-51691-3
Automated Water Management of Hydroponics Melon

 Designs and fabrication of Automatic Irrigation
Controllers
•Low-cost soil-moisture-activated controller
•Time-triggered controller

Establishment of demonstration farm

Conduct of training/seminar/workshop
 Conduct of studies/thesis/dissertation for
undergraduate, MS and PhD students
 Consultation/advisory assistance for other
researchers
Serve as agri-tourism site of CLSU
Collaborate with other institution/agencies

 Hydroponics and aquaponics – major production systems

 create a sustainable source of food in
skyscrapers using modern technologies
 empowers people in the city to produce their
own food

With 85,000 plants in
3,100 sq m; produces
oxygen for more than
3,100 people every
year; process 1,708
pounds of heavy metals,
filter more than 2,000
tons of harmful gases
and catch more than
881 pounds of dust.
 Completed in 2015, Bogota, Columbia

COUNTRY AREA, ha SOURCE/YEAR
China 2,760,000 Yang, 2011
Korea 57,444 Lee, 2011
Spain 52,170 Eurostat, 2005
Japan 49,049 MAFF, 2011
Turkey 33,515 Turkstat. 2011
Italy 26,500 Eurostat, 2007
Mexico 11,759 Sagarpa, 2010
Netherlands 10,373 Eurostat, 2007
France 9,620 Eurostat, 2005
United States 8,425 US Census Hort Spec, 2010
Source: The University of Arizona, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/sites/
ag.arizona.edu.ceac/files/WorldGreenhouseStats.pdf

A collapsible greenhouse for future Lunar
or Martian Colonies

We can no longer gather fruits and
hunt animals just like what our
forefathers did
Deliberately we have to produce food
to survive
Teach the next generation about
future agriculture
Start in our own backyard

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