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ANATOMY OF THE HEART,[object Object],By:,[object Object],Dr Mohammed Faez,[object Object]
The Heart,[object Object],The heart is a chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.,[object Object]
The Heart,[object Object],The heart is surrounded by membrane called Pericardium.,[object Object]
The Pericardium,[object Object],The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels.,[object Object],The pericardium lies within the middle mediastinum.,[object Object]
The Pericardium,[object Object]
The Pericardium,[object Object],Its function is to restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole and to serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract.,[object Object]
The Pericardium,[object Object],Pericardium – a double-walled sac around the heart composed of:,[object Object],A superficial fibrous pericardium,[object Object],A deep two-layer serous pericardium,[object Object],The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium,[object Object],The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the heart,[object Object],They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity,[object Object]
The Pericardium,[object Object]
The Pericardium,[object Object]
The Pericardium,[object Object]
The Pericardium,[object Object],Blood Supply,[object Object],The pericardium blood supply is from the pericardiacophrenic branches of the internal thoracic arteries.,[object Object],Nerve Supply,[object Object],The pericardium nerve supply the fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of serous pericardium are supplied by the phrenic nerve.,[object Object]
Heart Wall,[object Object],Epicardium – visceral layer of the serous pericardium,[object Object],Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart,[object Object],Fibrous skeleton of the heart – crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue,[object Object],Endocardium – endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface,[object Object]
Heart Wall,[object Object],Endocardium,[object Object],deepest layer of the heart,[object Object],smooth lining to reduce friction of bloodflow,[object Object],Myocardium,[object Object],middle layer of the heart,[object Object],location of muscle fibers responsible for pumping,[object Object],Pericardium,[object Object],outer protective layer,[object Object],composed of :,[object Object],visceral pericardium,[object Object],paricardial cavity,[object Object],parietal pericardium,[object Object]
Heart Wall,[object Object]
Heart Wall,[object Object]
The Heart,[object Object],The heart is a hollow muscular organ that is somewhat pyramid shaped and lies within the pericardium in the mediastinum .,[object Object],It is connected at its base to the great blood vessels but otherwise lies free within the pericardium.,[object Object]
The Heart,[object Object]
The Heart,[object Object],The heart surfaces:,[object Object],• The anterior (sternocostal) surface comprises the: right atrium, atrioventricular groove, right ventricle, a small strip of left ventricle and the auricle of the left atrium.,[object Object],• The inferior (diaphragmatic) surface comprises the: right atrium, atrioventricular groove and both ventricles separated by the interventricular groove.,[object Object],• The posterior surface (base) comprises the left atrium receiving the four pulmonary veins.,[object Object]
The Heart,[object Object]
The Heart Chambers,[object Object],Four chambers,[object Object],Two atria (Right and Left),[object Object],Two ventricles (Right and Left),[object Object]
The Heart Chambers,[object Object],Atria ,[object Object],Features ,[object Object],[object Object],Functions ,[object Object],[object Object]
push the blood into the adjacent ventricles.,[object Object]
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus (draining the myocardium)
Left side
Pulmonary Veins,[object Object]
the walls of the left ventricle are 3X thicker than those of the right ,[object Object]
propel blood to Pulmonary Trunk (right ventricle), Aorta (left ventricle) ,[object Object]
The Right Atrium,[object Object],The sulcusterminalisis a vertical groove on the outer surface of the atrium. This groove corresponds internally to the cristaterminalis .,[object Object],Above the coronary sinus the interatrial septum forms the posterior wall. The depression in the septum the fossaovalisare presents the site of the foramen ovale.,[object Object]
Heart
RA,[object Object]
The Right Ventricle,[object Object],Receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve .,[object Object],The edges of the valve cusps are attached to chordaetendineaewhich are, in turn, attached below to papillary muscles.,[object Object]
The Right Ventricle,[object Object],The wall of the right ventricle is thicker than that of the atria but not as thick as that of the left ventricle. ,[object Object],The wall contains a mass of muscular bundles known as trabeculaecarneae.,[object Object],The infundibulumis the smooth walled outflow tract of the right ventricle.,[object Object]
The Right Ventricle,[object Object],The pulmonary valve is situated at the top of the infundibulum. ,[object Object],It is composed of three semilunar cusps. ,[object Object],Blood flows through the valve and into the pulmonary arteries via the pulmonary trunk to be oxygenated in the lungs.,[object Object]
Heart
RV,[object Object]
The Left Atrium,[object Object],Receives oxygenated blood from four pulmonary veins which drain posteriorly.,[object Object],The cavity is smooth walled except for the atrial appendage.,[object Object],On the septal surface a depression marks the fossaovalis.,[object Object]
The Left Atrium,[object Object],The mitral (bicuspid) valve guards the passage of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.,[object Object]
LA,[object Object]
The Left Ventricle,[object Object],The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle but the structure is similar. ,[object Object],The thick wall is necessary to pump oxygenated blood at high pressure through the systemic circulation. ,[object Object],Trabeculaecarneaeproject from the wall with papillary muscles attached to the mitral valve cusp edges by way of chordaetendineae.,[object Object]
The Left Ventricle,[object Object],The vestibuleis a smooth walled part of the left ventricle which is located below the aortic valve .,[object Object]
Heart
LV,[object Object]
The Heart Valves,[object Object],Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart,[object Object],Composed of an endocardium with a connective tissue core.,[object Object],Two major types,[object Object],Atrioventricular valves,[object Object],Semilunar valves,[object Object]
Heart
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves,[object Object],Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the atria and the ventricles,[object Object],R-AV valve = tricuspid valve,[object Object],L-AV valve = bicuspid or mitral valve,[object Object],AV valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract,[object Object],Chordaetendineae anchor AV valves to papillary muscles of ventricle wall,[object Object],Prevent prolapse of valve back into atrium,[object Object]
AtrioventricularValve,[object Object]
Semilunar Heart Valves,[object Object],Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles,[object Object],Have no chordae tendinae attachments,[object Object],Aortic semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta ,[object Object],Pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk,[object Object],Heart sounds (“lub-dup”) due to valves closing,[object Object],“Lub” - closing of atrioventricular valves,[object Object],“Dub”- closing of semilunar valves,[object Object]
SemilunarValve,[object Object]
The Heart Valves,[object Object],Atrioventricular valves          Semilunar valves,[object Object],Right AV (Tricuspid),[object Object],separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.  Prevents backflow into atrium.,[object Object],Left AV (Bicuspid),[object Object],separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.  Prevents backflow into atrium.,[object Object],Pulmonary valve,[object Object],separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries. Prevents backflow after ventricular contraction.,[object Object],Aortic valve,[object Object],separates the left ventricle from the aorta.  Prevents backflow after ventricular contraction .,[object Object]
The Heart Valves,[object Object],Pulmonary,[object Object],semilunar valve,[object Object],Right AV,[object Object],(tricuspid),[object Object],valve,[object Object],Aortic,[object Object],semilunar valve,[object Object],Chordai,[object Object],tendineae,[object Object],Papillary,[object Object],muscle,[object Object],Left AV,[object Object],(bicuspid),[object Object],valve,[object Object]
The Heart Valves,[object Object]
Arterial Supply of the Heart,[object Object],The arterial supply of the heart is provided by the right and left coronary arteries, which arise from the ascending aorta immediately above the aortic valve.,[object Object]
Coronary Arteries ,[object Object],The origins of the coronary arteries are as follows:,[object Object],The left coronary artery arises from the aortic sinus immediately above the left posterior cusp of the aortic valve .,[object Object],The right coronary artery arises from the aortic sinus immediately above the anterior cusp of the aortic valve.,[object Object]
Right coronary artery,[object Object],Branches,[object Object],Right marginal arteries (acute marginal artery),[object Object],Posterior interventricular artery. (in post. IV sulcus),[object Object],Sinoatrial nodal artery.,[object Object],Atrioventricular nodal artery.,[object Object]
Left coronary artery,[object Object],Branches,[object Object],Left anterior descending (LAD) or anterior interventricular artery. (lies in anterior IV sulcus),[object Object],Septal branches.,[object Object],Diagonal branches,[object Object],Left marginal artery. (Obtuse marginal artery),[object Object],Left circumflex artery.,[object Object]
Coronary Arteries ,[object Object]
Heart
Venous Drainage of the Heart,[object Object],Most blood from the heart wall drains into the right atrium through the coronary sinus ,which lies in the posterior part of the atrioventricular groove .,[object Object],It is a continuation of the great cardiac vein.,[object Object], It opens into the right atrium to the left of the inferior vena cava,[object Object]
Venous Drainage of the Heart,[object Object]
Nerve Supply of the Heart,[object Object],The heart is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system via the cardiac plexuses situated below the arch of the aorta.,[object Object],The sympathetic supply arises from the cervical and upper thoracic portions of the sympathetic trunks, and the parasympathetic supply comes from the vagus nerves.,[object Object]
THANK YOU,[object Object]
Heart
Heart
Heart

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