for sem 3 B.Pharm students as per GTU syllabus

1. ADULTERATION OF CRUDE
DRUGS
Prepared By:
Pooja Khanpara
Asst. Professor
R.D. Gardi B.Pharmacy College
Rajkot

2. DEFINATION
Adulteration is a practice of
substituting original crude drug partially or
whole with other similar looking substances
but the latter is either free from or inferior
in chemical and therapeutic properties.
OR

3. Adulteration in simple words is the debasement of
an
article.
OR
Adulteration is broadly defined as
admixture or substitution of original or
genuine article/ drug with inferior,
defective or otherwise useless or harmful
substances.

4. ADULTRANT :
□The adulterant must be some
material which in both cheap and
available in fairly large amounts.
□Substitution is the addition of an
entirely different article in place of that
which is required e.g. Supply of cheap
cottonseed oil in place of olive oil (Sweet
oil).

5. TYPES OF ADULTERATION
1.Deliberate ( Intentional ) adulteration
2.Accidental ( In-deliberate)
adulteration

6. 1. DELIBERATE
ADULTERATION ( INTENTIONAL
)
Deliberate adulteration –
commercial mainly with
Are
normall
y
the intention of
enhancement of
profits.

7. 2. IN-DELIBERATE ( ACCIDENTAL )
ADULTERATION
In - Deliberate adulteration –
Are normally naturally occurring,
accidental, careless or by ignorance and
non harmful.

8. REASONS FOR ADULTERATION
1.Scarcity of the drug.
2.The high price of the drug in the market,
eg: Clove, Cinnamon, Cardamom
3.It is very common with the contraband
drugs e.g. Opium

9. CONDITIONS OR STAGES OF
ADULTERATION
The term 'adulteration' or debasement
of an article covers a number of
conditions, which may be deliberate or In-
deliberate.
Inferiority,
Spoilage,
Deterioration,
Admixture,
Sophistication ,

10. □ Is a natural substandar
d
conditio
n
(e.g
.
where a crop is taken whose
natural constituent is below the minimum
standard for that particular drug)
Inferiority

11. Spoilage
■Is a substandard condition produced
by microbial or other pest infestation,
which makes a product unfit for
consumption.

12. □Deterioration
Is the loss in the quality or value of an
article due to destruction valuable
constituents by bad treatment or aging or
to the deliberate extraction of the
constituents.

13. □ Is the addition of one articleto
another through accident, ignorance
or carelessness
e.g. Inclusion of soil on an
underground organ or the co-collection
of two similar species.
Admixture

14. ■ Is the deliberate addition of inferior material
with intent to defraud ( cheat to get money
) ; such materials are carefully produced and
may appear at first sight to be genuine.
■ E.g. Powder ginger may be diluted with
starch with addition of little coloring material to
give the correct shade of yellow colour.
Sophistication

15. □ Is the addition of an entirely different
article in place of that which is required.
□ E.g. Supply of cheap cottonseed oil in
place of olive oil (Sweet oil).
Substitution

16. METHODS OF DRUG ADULTERATION
1. Substitution with Inferior/Sub- standard
Commercial Varieties
2. Adulteration by Artificially Manufactured
Substitutes
3. Substitution by Exhausted Drugs
4. Adulteration by Addition of Worthless Heavy
Materials ( Harmful Adulteration)
5. Addition of Synthetic Principles
6. Usage of Vegetative Matter from the Same Plant
7. Adulteration of Powders

17. 1. Substitution with
Commercial
Varieties
Inferior/Sub
-
standar
d
Due to morphological resemblance to
the authentic drugs, different inferior
commercial varieties are used as
adulterant which may or may not have
any chemical or therapeutic potential as
that original natural drug

18. This is the most common type of
adulteration Eg. Arabian Senna and
Dog Senna have
been used to adulterate Indian Senna
(Cassia senna)Eg. Medicinal Ginger ( Zingiberofficinale)
is replaced by Japanese ginger
(Zingiber mioga )

20. Here the substances artificially prepared
to resemble the original drug ( provide
the general form and appearance i.e
colour, shape, size) and are used as
substitute of the original one.
2. Adulteration by Artificially Manufactured
Substitutes

21. Generally, this practice is followed for
much costlier drugs
Eg. Artificial invert sugar for Honey
Eg. Paraffin wax made yellow coloration
and substituted for Bees wax.
Eg. Compressed chicory in place of Coffee

23. 3. Substitution by Exhausted Drugs
In this type the same plant drug is
admixed
but it is devoid of any medicinally
active constituents as they are already
extracted out. (no active medicinal
components as they have already been
extracted out).

24. This practice is most
common
in case of
volatile
oi
l
containing materials like
clove,
fennel , cardamom, cinnamon
etc., Eg. Exhausted Clove to
Clove
Eg. Exhausted Ginger to Ginger
24

26. Materials ( Harmful Adulteration)
Here, the wastes from market are collected
and admixed with original drug.
This is particularly noticed for
liquids and unorganized drugs.
4. Adulteration by Addition of Worthless Heavy

27. Eg. Limestone inAsafoetida
Eg. Pieces of amber colored glass in
Colophony
Eg. Addition of rodent
is a
waste matter to
verycardamom
see
d adulteration
harmful
Eg. White stones in
rice

29. Sometimes to fortify inferior natural
products, synthetic principles are added
Eg. Adding Citral to Oil of Lemon
Eg. Benzyl benzoate to Balsam of Peru
etc.
5. Addition of Synthetic Principles

30. Plant
Some times, the other plants growing
along with medicinal plant are mixed
due to their resembling colour, odour
and in some cases constituents.
6. Usage of Vegetative Matter from the Same

31. Eg. The lower plants like
Moss,
Liver
wart
s
and epiphytes growing on plant (bark)
portion are mixed with
Cinchona
Cinnamon
o
r
Eg : Stems portions are mixed along with
leaf drugs like Lobelia, Senna, Datura etc

32. 7. ADULTERATION OF POWDERS
Besides the entire drugs, the powdered
forms are frequently , found to be
adulterated.
Eg. Red Sanders wood in Capsicum
Eg. Exhausted Ginger powder in powdered
Ginger
Eg. The powdered bark is frequently
adulterated with Brick powder

35. QUESTION BANK
Long Essays: 10 Marks
1.Explain in detail the various methods of adulteration of
crude drugs with examples.
2.Explain the five different methods used for adulteration
of
crude drugs and discuss.
4.Define adulteration. Explain the various methods of
adulteration with examples.
5.What do you mean by deliberate and indeliberate
adulteration give examples

36. Short Essays: 5 Marks
1.Define adulteration and explain the various methods of
adulteration.
2.Define adulteration and give the reasons for
adulteration with examples.
3.What do you mean by deliberate and indeliberate
adulteration with examples?
4.Discuss with examples on adulteration of powder and
liquid drugs.
5.Explain in detail the methods of adulteration of crude
drugs with examples.
6.Name five different methods used for adulteration of
crude drugs and explain with examples.
7.What is adulteration? Explain in-deliberate adulteration
of crude drugs with examples

37. 8. Name five different methods used for adulteration of
crude drugs and explain with examples.
9. What is adulteration? Explain in-deliberate adulteration
of crude drugs with examples
10.What is adulteration? Explain the deliberate
adulteration of crude drugs with examples.
Short Answers: 2 Marks
1. Define Adulteration and Substitution.
2. What do you mean by deliberate and indeliberate
adulteration?
3. Give the various reasons of adulteration
4. Artificial adulteration with examples.
5. Name the different methods of adulteration of crude
drugs.

38. 6. Define adulteration and sophistication.
7. What are exhausted drugs? Give examples.
8. What is harmful adulteration? Give examples.
9. Give the difference between substitute and official
drug with example.
10.What is substitution? Give examples.
11.What is deterioration? Give example.
12.Adulteration of crude drugs with artificial
adulterants