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What Exactly is it?
• It is the next stage of internet when “things” are 
connected to web /network 
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which 
objects, animals or people are provided 
with unique identifiers(IP address) and has the 
ability to transfer data over a network without 
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer 
interaction. IoT has evolved from the 
convergence of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical 
systems (MEMS) and the 
Internet. 
• The ITU has described four dimensions in IoT: 
item identification (“tagging things”), sensors 
and wireless sensor networks (“feeling things”), 
embedded systems (“thinking things”) and 
nano-technology (“shrinking things”)
History 
internet of computers 
1969 
Internet of peoples 
1979 
Internet of things 
1999
Trends
Technology used 
1. Connectivity and networking 
2. Protocols 
3. Software 
4. Hardware 
5. Cloud and machine learning
Connectivity and networking
Protocols 
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a software protocol intended to be 
used in very simple electronics devices that allows them to communicate 
interactively over the Internet. It is particularly targeted for small low power 
sensors, switches, valves and similar components that need to be controlled or 
supervised remotely, through standard Internet networks. 
WebSocket standard simplifies much of the complexity around bi-directional 
web communication and connection management. 
IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and 
provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. 
6LoWPAN is a acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area 
Networks. It is an adaption layer for IPv6 over IEEE802.15.4 links. This protocol 
operates only in the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer rate.
Software 
Thingsquare Mist open source firmware is exceptionally lightweight, battle-proven, and 
works with multiple microcontrollers with a range of radios 
Contiki, Nodered, Thingspeak through which MATLAB can be used for data handling, 
Riot OS etc. 
All these provide software to log sensor generated data and to integrate sensors on 
gateway devices
Using NodeRed and IBM Bluemix 
http://iotsimulation.mybluemix.net/red/# 
http://quickstart.internetofthings.ibmclou 
d.com/iotsensor
Internet of Things (IoT)
Internet of Things (IoT)
[{"id":"588f19a5.a1db88","type":"iot","name":"IoT 
device","deviceId":"","messageType":"*","x":103,"y":195,"z":"11ea8b41.55 
b0cd","wires":[["c5767134.51056"]]},{"id":"c5767134.51056","type":"functi 
on","name":"Extract temperature","func":"var data ={};nnif 
(!context.global.hasOwnProperty("device")) {ntcontext.global.device = 
"";n}nnvar events= msg.payload.d;nvar temperature = 0;nn// 
Raspberry Pi events have "myPi" name, n// so extract 
cputemp nif(events.myName == "myPi") {ntcontext.global.device = 
"Raspberry Pi";nttemperature= events.cputemp;n} else {n// IoT 
simulator sensor eventsn// so extract tempntcontext.global.device 
= "IoT sensor";nttemperature = events.temp;n}nndata.cputemp = 
temperature;nnmsg.payload = 
temperature;nnreturnmsg;","outputs":1,"x":293,"y":196,"z":"11ea8b41.5 
5b0cd","wires":[["dec22b67.b2ea38"]]},{"id":"dec22b6 
7.b2ea38","type":"switch","name":"Switch high and low 
temp","property":"payload","rules":[{"t":"gt","v":"50"},{"t":"lt","v":"10"}],"c 
heckall":"true","outputs":2,"x 
":552,"y":196,"z":"11ea8b41.55b0cd","wires":[["975d7125.34bdc8"],["727d 
fdf1.29cfcc"]]},{"id":"975d712 
5.34bdc8","type":"function","name":"High Temp","func":"var temperature 
= msg.payload;nnvar twitMessage = "HIGH temperature Alert @ 
"+context.global.device+"!! The temperature is "+temperature+" deg C 
at "+new Date();nnreturn {topic: "", payload: 
twitMessage};","outputs":1,"x":773,"y":111,"z":"11ea8b41.55b0cd","wires": 
[["824d6856.5bc698"]]},{"id":"727dfdf1.29cfcc","type":"function","name":" 
Low Temp","func":"var temperature = msg.payload;nnvar twitMessage = 
"LOW temperature Alert @ "+context.global.device+"!! The temperature 
is "+temperature+" deg C at "+new Date();nnreturn {topic: "", 
payload: 
twitMessage};","outputs":1,"x":772,"y":278,"z":"11ea8b41.55b0cd","wires": 
[["824d6856.5bc698"]]},{"id": "824d6856.5bc698","type":"twitter 
out","twitter":"","name":"Tweet temperature 
alerts","x":978,"y":189,"z":"11ea8b41.55b0cd","wires":[]}]
Hardware 
• Wireless SOC(System on chip) manufactures 
like Gainspan , Wiznet , Nordic 
Semiconductor , TI and others are creating self-contained, 
RF-certified module solutions that 
have TCP, UDP and IP on chip. 
These solutions include built-in security features, can 
reduce certification times and allow companies to add 
communication to any microcontroller-based (MCU-based) 
product with little RF expertise. 
• Prototyping boards and platforms 
From the Arduino to the Raspberry Pi to the 
new BeagleBone Black , there are a large number of 
community DIY and prototyping platforms available 
that are making its possible to create your own 
Internet of Things project
Cloud Platform and Machine Learning 
• Intel 
• IBM 
• Microsoft 
• Schneider 
• Cisco 
• GE labs 
• Sap Labs
Architecture 
The layered architecture has two distinct divisions with an 
Internet layer in between to serve the purpose of a common 
media for communication. The two layers at the bottom 
con-tribute to data capturing while the two layers at the top 
are responsible for data utilization in applications 
Edge layer: this hardware layer consists of sensor networks, 
embedded systems, RFID tags and readers or other soft 
sensors in different forms. These entities are 
the primary data sensors deployed in the field. Many of 
these hardware elements provide identification and 
information storage (e.g. RFID tags), information collection 
(e.g. sensor networks), information processing (e.g. 
embedded edge processors), communication, control and 
actuation.
Access gateway layer: the first stage of data handling happens at this layer. It takes care of message 
routing, publishing and subscribing and also performs cross platform communication, if required. 
Middleware layer: this is one of the most critical layers that operates in bidirectional mode. It acts as an 
interface between the hardware layer at the bottom and the application layer at the top. It is responsible 
for critical functions such as device management and information management and also takes care of 
issues like data filtering, data aggregation, semantic analysis, access control, information discovery 
such as EPC (Electronic Product Code) information service and ONS(Object Naming Service) 
Application layer: this layer at the top of the stack is responsible for delivery of various applications to 
different users in IoT. The applications can be from different industry verticals such as: manufacturing, 
logistics, retail, environment, public safety, healthcare, food and drug etc. With the increasing maturity 
of RFID technology, numerous applications are evolving which will be under the umbrella of IoT.
Applications
Internet of Things (IoT)
• Smart Home/Buildings 
• Smart Cities 
• Smart Grids 
• Environmental monitoring 
• Healthcare 
• Smart Business/inventory and Product management 
• Security and Surveillance
Smart Building /Home 
• Reducing the consumption of resources 
associated to buildings (electricity, water) 
• Both in economic terms (reduced 
operational expenditures) as well as societal 
ones (reducing the carbon footprint 
associated to buildings, which are a key 
contributors to the global greenhouse gas 
emissions 
• as well as in improving the satisfaction level 
of humans populating it.eg: optimum 
temperature using smart Hvac system 
Cybertecture 
mirror
• Smart Parking 
Smart Cities 
Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city. 
• Structural health 
Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges 
and historical monuments. 
• Noise Urban Maps 
Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric zones in real time. 
• Traffic Congestion 
Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and 
walking routes.eg: placemeter 
• Smart Lighting 
Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights. 
• Waste Management 
Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash 
collection routes. 
• Smart Roads 
Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according 
to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic 
jams.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Smart Grid 
• Power Internet of Things (PIoT) can be widely applied in every aspect of smart grid, such as 
power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. AMR (auto meter reading) 
gives real time data. 
• IoT based online monitoring system of power lines for transmission tower leaning, conductor 
galloping, icing, temperature, wind deviation, micro meteorology and EV assistant 
management systems are some of the areas.
Environmental monitoring 
• natural phenomena and processes (e.g., 
temperature, wind, rainfall, humidity, 
noise etc) can be monitored and such 
heterogeneous data can be seamlessly 
integrated into global applications. 
• The vast deployment of miniaturized 
devices may enable access to critical areas, 
whereby the presence of human operators 
might not represent a viable option (e.g., 
volcanic areas, oceanic abysses, remote 
areas), from where sensed information can 
be communicated to a decision point in 
order to detect anomalous conditions 
Netamo weather 
sensor
• Sensors either wearable (e.g., 
accelerometers, gyroscopes) or fixed 
(proximity) will be used to gather data used 
to monitor patient activities in their living 
environments 
• The use of wearable sensors, together with 
suitable applications running on personal 
computing devices enables people to track 
their daily activities (steps walked, calories 
burned exercises performed, etc.), providing 
suggestions for enhancing their lifestyle and 
prevent the onset of health problems 
• Emergency situations 
Healthcare
Smart Business/inventory and 
Product management 
• RFID are customarily used to monitor and manage the 
movement of products through a supply chain, while readers 
are placed throughout the facility to be monitored. IoT 
technologies can provide enhanced flexibility in terms of 
readers positions, while at the same time enabling seamless 
interoperability between RFID-based applications 
• real-time product availability and maintain accurate stock 
inventory. 
• after-market support, whereby users can automatically 
retrieve all data about the products they bought. 
• Also, identification technologies can help in limiting thefts 
and in fighting counterfeiting by providing products with a 
unique identifier 
• bio-sensor technologies in combination with RFID 
technology final product quality and possible shelf life 
deterioration of the product, e.g., in the food industry 
parameters such as temperature and bacterial composition 
in order to guarantee required quality of the final product.
Security and Surveillance 
• Ambient sensors can be used to monitor 
the presence of dangerous chemicals. 
• Sensors monitoring the behaviour of 
people may be used to assess the presence 
of people acting in a suspicious way. 
• Personal identification by means of RFID or 
similar technologies is also an option. 
• Fire safety 
• Access control
Challenges &Future Trends 
• Network Foundation—limitations of the current 
Internet architecture in terms of mobility, 
availability, manageability and scalability 
• Security, Privacy and Trust 
• Managing heterogeneity—managing and 
standardization of heterogeneous applications, 
environments and devices constitute a major 
challenge. 
• Managing and Mining large amount of 
information and data 
• Design of transducers to match small energy 
sources like irregular vibrations.
References 
[1] ITU Internet report, 2005 
[2] Lu Tang, Neng Wang, “Future Internet: The Internet of Things”, 2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory 
and Engineering (ICACTE) 
[3] Yen-Kuang Chen, “Challenges and Opportunities of Internet of Things”,2012 IEEE 
[4] Daniele Miorandi , Sabrina Sicari ,Francesco De Pellegrini ,Imrich Chlamtac,”Internet of things: Vision, applications and research 
challenges” 
[5] Yang Song, Bingjun Han, Xin Zhang, Dacheng Yang,” Modelling and Simulation of Smart Home Scenario Based On Internet Of 
Things” 
[6]Goldman Sachs, IoT Primer, “The Internet of Things: Making sense of the next mega Trend”, September 3,2014 
[7]www.wikipedia.com 
[8] Louis Coetzee, Johan Eksteens, ”The Internet of Things – Promise for the 
Future? An Introduction”, IST-Africa 2011 Conference Proceedings 
[9] http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-technologies 
[10] Iker Mayordomo, Peter Spies, Fritz Meier, Stephan Otto, Sebastian Lempert, Josef Bernhard and Alexander Pflaum ”Emerging 
technologies and challenges for internet of things” 
[11] Qinghai Ou, Yan Zhen, Xiangzhen Li, Yiying Zhang, Lingkang Zeng “Application of IoT in smart grid power transmission”,2012
Thank you 
Questions??

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Internet of Things (IoT)

  • 3. • It is the next stage of internet when “things” are connected to web /network • The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people are provided with unique identifiers(IP address) and has the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and the Internet. • The ITU has described four dimensions in IoT: item identification (“tagging things”), sensors and wireless sensor networks (“feeling things”), embedded systems (“thinking things”) and nano-technology (“shrinking things”)
  • 4. History internet of computers 1969 Internet of peoples 1979 Internet of things 1999
  • 6. Technology used 1. Connectivity and networking 2. Protocols 3. Software 4. Hardware 5. Cloud and machine learning
  • 8. Protocols Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a software protocol intended to be used in very simple electronics devices that allows them to communicate interactively over the Internet. It is particularly targeted for small low power sensors, switches, valves and similar components that need to be controlled or supervised remotely, through standard Internet networks. WebSocket standard simplifies much of the complexity around bi-directional web communication and connection management. IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. 6LoWPAN is a acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. It is an adaption layer for IPv6 over IEEE802.15.4 links. This protocol operates only in the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer rate.
  • 9. Software Thingsquare Mist open source firmware is exceptionally lightweight, battle-proven, and works with multiple microcontrollers with a range of radios Contiki, Nodered, Thingspeak through which MATLAB can be used for data handling, Riot OS etc. All these provide software to log sensor generated data and to integrate sensors on gateway devices
  • 10. Using NodeRed and IBM Bluemix http://iotsimulation.mybluemix.net/red/# http://quickstart.internetofthings.ibmclou d.com/iotsensor
  • 13. [{"id":"588f19a5.a1db88","type":"iot","name":"IoT device","deviceId":"","messageType":"*","x":103,"y":195,"z":"11ea8b41.55 b0cd","wires":[["c5767134.51056"]]},{"id":"c5767134.51056","type":"functi on","name":"Extract temperature","func":"var data ={};nnif (!context.global.hasOwnProperty("device")) {ntcontext.global.device = "";n}nnvar events= msg.payload.d;nvar temperature = 0;nn// Raspberry Pi events have "myPi" name, n// so extract cputemp nif(events.myName == "myPi") {ntcontext.global.device = "Raspberry Pi";nttemperature= events.cputemp;n} else {n// IoT simulator sensor eventsn// so extract tempntcontext.global.device = "IoT sensor";nttemperature = events.temp;n}nndata.cputemp = temperature;nnmsg.payload = temperature;nnreturnmsg;","outputs":1,"x":293,"y":196,"z":"11ea8b41.5 5b0cd","wires":[["dec22b67.b2ea38"]]},{"id":"dec22b6 7.b2ea38","type":"switch","name":"Switch high and low temp","property":"payload","rules":[{"t":"gt","v":"50"},{"t":"lt","v":"10"}],"c heckall":"true","outputs":2,"x ":552,"y":196,"z":"11ea8b41.55b0cd","wires":[["975d7125.34bdc8"],["727d fdf1.29cfcc"]]},{"id":"975d712 5.34bdc8","type":"function","name":"High Temp","func":"var temperature = msg.payload;nnvar twitMessage = "HIGH temperature Alert @ "+context.global.device+"!! The temperature is "+temperature+" deg C at "+new Date();nnreturn {topic: "", payload: twitMessage};","outputs":1,"x":773,"y":111,"z":"11ea8b41.55b0cd","wires": [["824d6856.5bc698"]]},{"id":"727dfdf1.29cfcc","type":"function","name":" Low Temp","func":"var temperature = msg.payload;nnvar twitMessage = "LOW temperature Alert @ "+context.global.device+"!! The temperature is "+temperature+" deg C at "+new Date();nnreturn {topic: "", payload: twitMessage};","outputs":1,"x":772,"y":278,"z":"11ea8b41.55b0cd","wires": [["824d6856.5bc698"]]},{"id": "824d6856.5bc698","type":"twitter out","twitter":"","name":"Tweet temperature alerts","x":978,"y":189,"z":"11ea8b41.55b0cd","wires":[]}]
  • 14. Hardware • Wireless SOC(System on chip) manufactures like Gainspan , Wiznet , Nordic Semiconductor , TI and others are creating self-contained, RF-certified module solutions that have TCP, UDP and IP on chip. These solutions include built-in security features, can reduce certification times and allow companies to add communication to any microcontroller-based (MCU-based) product with little RF expertise. • Prototyping boards and platforms From the Arduino to the Raspberry Pi to the new BeagleBone Black , there are a large number of community DIY and prototyping platforms available that are making its possible to create your own Internet of Things project
  • 15. Cloud Platform and Machine Learning • Intel • IBM • Microsoft • Schneider • Cisco • GE labs • Sap Labs
  • 16. Architecture The layered architecture has two distinct divisions with an Internet layer in between to serve the purpose of a common media for communication. The two layers at the bottom con-tribute to data capturing while the two layers at the top are responsible for data utilization in applications Edge layer: this hardware layer consists of sensor networks, embedded systems, RFID tags and readers or other soft sensors in different forms. These entities are the primary data sensors deployed in the field. Many of these hardware elements provide identification and information storage (e.g. RFID tags), information collection (e.g. sensor networks), information processing (e.g. embedded edge processors), communication, control and actuation.
  • 17. Access gateway layer: the first stage of data handling happens at this layer. It takes care of message routing, publishing and subscribing and also performs cross platform communication, if required. Middleware layer: this is one of the most critical layers that operates in bidirectional mode. It acts as an interface between the hardware layer at the bottom and the application layer at the top. It is responsible for critical functions such as device management and information management and also takes care of issues like data filtering, data aggregation, semantic analysis, access control, information discovery such as EPC (Electronic Product Code) information service and ONS(Object Naming Service) Application layer: this layer at the top of the stack is responsible for delivery of various applications to different users in IoT. The applications can be from different industry verticals such as: manufacturing, logistics, retail, environment, public safety, healthcare, food and drug etc. With the increasing maturity of RFID technology, numerous applications are evolving which will be under the umbrella of IoT.
  • 20. • Smart Home/Buildings • Smart Cities • Smart Grids • Environmental monitoring • Healthcare • Smart Business/inventory and Product management • Security and Surveillance
  • 21. Smart Building /Home • Reducing the consumption of resources associated to buildings (electricity, water) • Both in economic terms (reduced operational expenditures) as well as societal ones (reducing the carbon footprint associated to buildings, which are a key contributors to the global greenhouse gas emissions • as well as in improving the satisfaction level of humans populating it.eg: optimum temperature using smart Hvac system Cybertecture mirror
  • 22. • Smart Parking Smart Cities Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city. • Structural health Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments. • Noise Urban Maps Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric zones in real time. • Traffic Congestion Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and walking routes.eg: placemeter • Smart Lighting Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights. • Waste Management Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection routes. • Smart Roads Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.
  • 24. Smart Grid • Power Internet of Things (PIoT) can be widely applied in every aspect of smart grid, such as power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. AMR (auto meter reading) gives real time data. • IoT based online monitoring system of power lines for transmission tower leaning, conductor galloping, icing, temperature, wind deviation, micro meteorology and EV assistant management systems are some of the areas.
  • 25. Environmental monitoring • natural phenomena and processes (e.g., temperature, wind, rainfall, humidity, noise etc) can be monitored and such heterogeneous data can be seamlessly integrated into global applications. • The vast deployment of miniaturized devices may enable access to critical areas, whereby the presence of human operators might not represent a viable option (e.g., volcanic areas, oceanic abysses, remote areas), from where sensed information can be communicated to a decision point in order to detect anomalous conditions Netamo weather sensor
  • 26. • Sensors either wearable (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes) or fixed (proximity) will be used to gather data used to monitor patient activities in their living environments • The use of wearable sensors, together with suitable applications running on personal computing devices enables people to track their daily activities (steps walked, calories burned exercises performed, etc.), providing suggestions for enhancing their lifestyle and prevent the onset of health problems • Emergency situations Healthcare
  • 27. Smart Business/inventory and Product management • RFID are customarily used to monitor and manage the movement of products through a supply chain, while readers are placed throughout the facility to be monitored. IoT technologies can provide enhanced flexibility in terms of readers positions, while at the same time enabling seamless interoperability between RFID-based applications • real-time product availability and maintain accurate stock inventory. • after-market support, whereby users can automatically retrieve all data about the products they bought. • Also, identification technologies can help in limiting thefts and in fighting counterfeiting by providing products with a unique identifier • bio-sensor technologies in combination with RFID technology final product quality and possible shelf life deterioration of the product, e.g., in the food industry parameters such as temperature and bacterial composition in order to guarantee required quality of the final product.
  • 28. Security and Surveillance • Ambient sensors can be used to monitor the presence of dangerous chemicals. • Sensors monitoring the behaviour of people may be used to assess the presence of people acting in a suspicious way. • Personal identification by means of RFID or similar technologies is also an option. • Fire safety • Access control
  • 29. Challenges &Future Trends • Network Foundation—limitations of the current Internet architecture in terms of mobility, availability, manageability and scalability • Security, Privacy and Trust • Managing heterogeneity—managing and standardization of heterogeneous applications, environments and devices constitute a major challenge. • Managing and Mining large amount of information and data • Design of transducers to match small energy sources like irregular vibrations.
  • 30. References [1] ITU Internet report, 2005 [2] Lu Tang, Neng Wang, “Future Internet: The Internet of Things”, 2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE) [3] Yen-Kuang Chen, “Challenges and Opportunities of Internet of Things”,2012 IEEE [4] Daniele Miorandi , Sabrina Sicari ,Francesco De Pellegrini ,Imrich Chlamtac,”Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges” [5] Yang Song, Bingjun Han, Xin Zhang, Dacheng Yang,” Modelling and Simulation of Smart Home Scenario Based On Internet Of Things” [6]Goldman Sachs, IoT Primer, “The Internet of Things: Making sense of the next mega Trend”, September 3,2014 [7]www.wikipedia.com [8] Louis Coetzee, Johan Eksteens, ”The Internet of Things – Promise for the Future? An Introduction”, IST-Africa 2011 Conference Proceedings [9] http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-technologies [10] Iker Mayordomo, Peter Spies, Fritz Meier, Stephan Otto, Sebastian Lempert, Josef Bernhard and Alexander Pflaum ”Emerging technologies and challenges for internet of things” [11] Qinghai Ou, Yan Zhen, Xiangzhen Li, Yiying Zhang, Lingkang Zeng “Application of IoT in smart grid power transmission”,2012

Notas do Editor

  1. Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) is a technology that combines computers with tiny mechanical devices such as sensors, valves, gears, mirrors, and actuators embedded in semiconductor chips
  2. 1999 - A big year for the IoT and MIT kevin ashton p&g supply cahin using rfid before that Carnegie melon in early 1980’s coke vending machine
  3. Ninja sphere monitors temp,lighting your pet,fireplace ,washing machine or anything you conect to your sphere
  4. Temp,hiumidity pollutants,noise
  5. hapifork
  6. Scout alarm t sense if someone has been your backyard or home while you were away