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INTRODUCTION & 
CLASSIFICATION OF 
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE 
MADE BY: 
Abhinav Mudaliar(2010- 
2011)
DEFINITION- PROSTHODONTICS 
 Defined as the “branch of dentistry pertaining 
to the restoration and maintainence of oral 
function,comfort,appearance and health of 
the patient by restoration of natural teeth or 
the replacement of missing teeth and 
contiguous oral and maxillofacial tissues with 
the artificial substitution.
BRANCHES 
3 major divisions: 
-fixed prosthodontics 
-maxillofacial prosthetics 
-removable prosthodontics 
complete partial 
extracoronal intracoronal
REMOVABLE PROSTHODONTICS 
 It is devoted to replacement of missing teeth & 
contigous tissues with prosthesis designed to be 
removed by the wearer.It includes two disciplines: 
removable complete denture prosthodontics and 
removable partial denture prosthodontics. A RPD 
may be extracoronal or intracoronal depending on 
what type of retention is used to keep it in the 
mouth.
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN RPD 
Appliance 
It is a device worn by a patient in the course 
of treatment. e.g. orthodontic appliance, surgical 
,space maintainer. 
Abutment 
“A tooth,a portion of a tooth ,or that portion of a 
dental implant that serves to support & or retain a 
prosthesis.” 
Retainer 
The fixation device ,or any form of attachment 
applied directly to an abutment tooth & used for 
the fixation of a prosthesis, is called retainer.
Extracoronal partial denture 
The retention of this prosthesis depends on the exact 
parallelism of the two retentive units. 
Tooth supported RPD 
A partial denture that receives support from the natural 
teeth at each end of the edentulous space or spaces. 
Tooth tissue supported RPD 
The denture base that extends anteriorly/ posteriorly 
and is supported by teeth at one end and tissue on the other 
end – distal extension partial dentures.
Temporary removable partial denture 
They are used in patient where tissue 
changes are expected, where a permanent 
prosthesis cannot be fabricated till the 
tissues stabilize. 
Interim denture 
It is a temporary partial denture used for a 
short period to fulfill aesthetics, mastication 
or convenience until a more definite form of 
treatment can be rendered.
Transitional denture 
May be used when loss of additional teeth is 
inevitable but immediate extraction is not advisable 
or desirable. Artificial teeth may be added to the 
transitional denture as and when the natural teeth 
are extracted. 
Treatment denture 
It is used as a career for treatment material. It is 
used when the soft tissues have been abused by 
illfitting prosthetic devices.
Centric relation 
It is the most posterior relation of mandible to 
the maxilla at the established vertical dimension 
from which lateral movements could be made. 
Eccentric Relation 
Relationships of the mandible to maxilla other 
than centric relation that occur in horizontal plane. 
Centric Occlusion 
It is the maximum intercuspation between the 
upper and lower teeth.
INDICATIONS FOR RPD 
 Length of edentulous: RPD preferred for longer 
edentulous arches. 
 Abutment tooth: When there is no tooth posterior 
to the edentulous space to act as an abutment, a 
RPD is preferred. 
 Periodontal support of remaining teeth: When it 
is poor RPD is preferred because it requires less 
support from the abutment teeth. 
 Cross arch stabilization: When a remaining teeth 
have to be stabilized against lateral and anterior-posterior 
forces, a RPD is indicated.
 Excessive bone loss: In RPD, the artificial tooth can 
be positioned as per the operators preferences and 
the denture base can be fabricated to provide required 
support and aesthetics. 
 Aesthetics: RPD provide better aesthetics because 
the denture base gives the appearance of a natural 
tooth arising from the gingiva. 
 Immediate tooth replacement after extraction 
 Emotional problems: The appointment for removable 
partial denture is shorter and less demanding to 
patient. 
 Patient desires: Patient insist on RPD over FPD for 
the following reasons: 
 To avoid operative procedures on normal tooth. 
 For economic reasons.
RPD IS GENERALLY PREFERRED IN THE 
FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: 
 When more than 2 posterior teeth or 4 anterior 
teeth are missing. 
 If the canine & two of its adjacent teeth are missing. 
 When there is no distal abutment tooth. 
 Presence of multiple edentulous spaces. 
 If the teeth adjacent to edentulous spaces are 
tipped ,they cannot be used as an abutment for a 
fixed prosthesis. 
 If periodontally weakened teeth are present near 
the edentulous spaces.
 Teeth with short clinical crowns. 
 Insufficient number of abutments 
 Severe loss of tissue on the edentulous 
space. 
 Old patients
REQUIREMENTS OF AN ACCEPTABLE METHOD 
OF CLASSIFICATION . 
 It should permit immediate visualization of 
the type of partially edentulous arch that is 
being considered. 
 It should permit immediate differentiation b/w 
the tooth supported & the tooth and tissue 
supported RPD. 
 It should be universally acceptable.
CLASSIFICATION OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL 
DENTURE: 
Requirements of classification: 
 Allow visualization of the type of partially 
edentulous arch that is being considered. 
 Allow differentiation between tooth supported 
and tooth-tissue supported partial dentures. 
 Serve as a guide to the type of design to be 
used. 
 Be universally accepted. 
There are many classification available for 
classifying edentulous arches. The most 
common ones are:
CUMMER’S CLASSIFICATION: 
This is the first professionally recognized classification. It 
was introduced by Cummer in 1920. 
According to him partial dentures can be classified into 
four types based on the position of direct retainers: 
 Diagonal: Two direct retainers are diagonally opposite 
to one another. 
 Diametric: Two direct retainers are diametrically 
opposite to one another. 
 Unilateral: Two or more direct retainers present on the 
same side. 
 Multilateral: Three(rarely four) direct retainers in a 
triangular(rarely quadrangular) relationship.
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
KENNEDY’S CLASSIFICATION 
 Class I: bilateral 
edentulous areas 
located posterior to 
the remaining 
natural teeth. 
Class II: unilateral 
edentulous areas 
located posterior to 
the remaining 
natural teeth.
 Class III: unilateral 
edentulous area with 
natural teeth anterior 
and posterior to it, i.e. 
this indicates a single 
edentulous area which 
doesn’t cross the 
midline of the arch, 
with teeth present on 
both sides of it.
 Class IV: single, 
bilateral edentulous 
area located anterior 
to the remaining 
natural teeth. This is a 
single edent. area, 
which crosses the 
midline of the arch, 
with remaining teeth 
present only posterior 
to it.
APPLEGATE'S MODIFICATION (1960) 
 Applegate modified the above classification 
based on the condition of the abutment to 
include 2 or more additional groups:
 Class V: edent. area 
bounded anteriorly 
and posteriorly by 
natural teeth but in 
which the anterior 
abutment (e.g. LI) is 
not suitable for 
support. It is basically 
a class III situation for 
the anterior abutment 
cannot be used for 
any support.
 Class VI: edent. area 
in which the teeth 
adj.to the space are 
capable of total 
support of the required 
prosthesis. This 
denture hardly 
requires any tissue 
support. Most of the 
RPDs are tooth tissue 
supported. Hence this 
condition is classified 
as a separate group.
APPLEGATE’S RULES 
 Rule 1: classification should follow rather than 
precede extractions that might alter the original 
classification. 
 Rule 2: if the third molar is missing and not to be 
replaced, it is not considered in the classification. 
 Rule 3: if the third molar is present and is to be 
used as an abutment, it is considered in the 
classification. 
 Rule 4: if the second molar is missing and is not to 
be replaced, it is not considered in the 
classification.
 Rule 5: the most posterior edentulous area or areas always 
determine the classification. 
 Rule 6: edentulous areas other than those, which determine 
the classification, are referred to as modification spaces and 
are designated by their no: 
 Rule 7: the extend of the modification is not considered, only 
the no: of edentulous areas, i.e. the no: of teeth missing in 
the modification spaces is not considered only the no: of 
additional edentulous spaces are considered.
 Rule 8: there can be no modification areas in 
class IV. Because any additional edentulous 
space will definitely be posterior to it and will 
determine the classification.
BECKETT & WILSON’S CLASSIFICATION 
 They decided that the following must be 
considered while determining the 
prpportionate amount of support provided by 
the teeth & tissue. 
 a)the quality of abutment support. b)the 
magnitude of occlusal support. c)the 
harmony of the occlusion. d)the quality 
of the mucosa &residual ridge.
 class I:bounded 
saddle.abutment 
teeth qualified to 
support the 
denture.mucosa is 
not used for 
support. 
 Class II:free-end 
a)tooth-&- tissue-borne 
b)tissue-borne.
 Class III:bounded 
saddle.abutment 
teeth not so 
qualified to support 
the denture as 
described in classI.
BAILYN’S CLASSIFICATION 
 Proposed by Bailyn,it was the first 
classification to give importance to support of 
partial dentures by remaining tissues.he 
used descriptive letters like A& P .A-anterior 
restorations,where there are saddle areas 
antr to the 1st bicuspid P-posterior 
restoration, where there are saddle areas 
posterior to the canine.
FURTHER THEY ARE SUBCLASSIFIED AS 
FOLLOWS: 
 classI: bounded 
saddle(not more 
than 3 teeth 
missing) 
 Class 2:free end 
saddle(there is 
no distal 
abutment tooth)
 Class 3:bounded 
saddle(more than 3 
teeth missing) 
 Class1 is tooth 
supported,class2&3 
are tooth-tissue 
supported.In cases 
where anterior & 
posterior teeth are 
missing ,the class of 
anterior &posterior 
teeth are mentioned 
seperately,eg:A1P1,A 
2P1,A1P3.
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
NEUROHR’S CLASSIFICATION: 
Proposed in 1939, it is also based on support derived.It 
is not commonly used due to its unnecessary 
complexity. 
Class I:Tooth-bearing 
A unilateral or bilateral case falls into the above 
classification when there are teeth posterior to all 
spans and when there are no more than four teeth 
missing in any space. There are two possible variation 
in this class. 
 Variation 1:Missing posteriors predominate. 
--- Posteriors missing, anteriors in place. 
--- Posteriors missing, some anteriors missing. 
 Variation 2:Missing anteriors predominate. 
--- Anteriors missing, posteriors present. 
--- Anteriors missing, some posteriors missing.
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
Class II: Tooth and tissue-bearing 
A unilateral or bilateral case falls into the above classification 
when there are no teeth posterior to one or more spans or 
when there are more than four teeth(which include a 
canine) in one or more spans. Class II is further sub-divided 
into divisions with variations under each: 
Division 1:When there are no teeth posterior to one or more 
spans: 
 Variation 1:Missing posteriors predominate. 
---Posteriors missing, anteriors in place 
---Posteriors missing, some anteriors missing 
 Variation 2:Missing anteriors predominate. 
---None 
---Anteriors missing , some posteriors missing
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
Division 2: When there are teeth posterior in all spans, 
but when there are more than four teeth(including a 
canine) in any one or more spans. 
 Variation 1:Missing posteriors predominate. 
--- None 
--- Posteriors missing, some anteriors missing 
 Variation 2:Missing anteriors predominate. 
--- Anteriors missing, posteriors in place 
--- Anteriors missing, posteriors missing 
Class III: Tissue bearing complete dentures
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
MAUK’S CLASSIFICATION: 
Proposed by Mauk in 1942, it is based on number, 
length and position of the remaining teeth. 
 Class I: Bilateral space with no teeth posterior to it. 
 Class II: Bilateral space with teeth present posterior to 
one space. 
 Class III: Bilateral space with teeth present posterior to 
both spaces. 
 Class IV: Unilateral space with no teeth posterior to it. 
 Class V: Anterior space with unbroken posterior 
arches on both sides. 
 Class VI: Irregular spaces around the arch. The 
remaining teeth are single or in small groups.
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
GODFREY’S CLASSIFICATION: 
Proposed in 1951, it is based on the location and size 
of edentulous spaces. 
 Class A: Tooth-borne denture base in the anterior part 
of the mouth. It may be an unbroken five- tooth space, 
broken five-tooth space or an unbroken four-tooth 
space. 
 Class B: Mucosa-borne denture base in the anterior 
region. It may be an unbroken six-tooth space, an 
unbroken five-tooth space, or a broken five-tooth 
space. 
 Class C: Tooth-borne denture base in the posterior 
part of the mouth. It may be an unbroken three-tooth 
space, a broken three-tooth space, an unbroken two-tooth 
space, or a broken two-tooth space.
 Class D: Mucosaborne denture base in the 
posterior region. It may be an unbroken four-tooth, 
three-tooth, two-tooth, or a single-tooth 
space.
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture
Introduction & classification of removable partial denture

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Introduction & classification of removable partial denture

  • 1. INTRODUCTION & CLASSIFICATION OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE MADE BY: Abhinav Mudaliar(2010- 2011)
  • 2. DEFINITION- PROSTHODONTICS  Defined as the “branch of dentistry pertaining to the restoration and maintainence of oral function,comfort,appearance and health of the patient by restoration of natural teeth or the replacement of missing teeth and contiguous oral and maxillofacial tissues with the artificial substitution.
  • 3. BRANCHES 3 major divisions: -fixed prosthodontics -maxillofacial prosthetics -removable prosthodontics complete partial extracoronal intracoronal
  • 4. REMOVABLE PROSTHODONTICS  It is devoted to replacement of missing teeth & contigous tissues with prosthesis designed to be removed by the wearer.It includes two disciplines: removable complete denture prosthodontics and removable partial denture prosthodontics. A RPD may be extracoronal or intracoronal depending on what type of retention is used to keep it in the mouth.
  • 5. COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN RPD Appliance It is a device worn by a patient in the course of treatment. e.g. orthodontic appliance, surgical ,space maintainer. Abutment “A tooth,a portion of a tooth ,or that portion of a dental implant that serves to support & or retain a prosthesis.” Retainer The fixation device ,or any form of attachment applied directly to an abutment tooth & used for the fixation of a prosthesis, is called retainer.
  • 6. Extracoronal partial denture The retention of this prosthesis depends on the exact parallelism of the two retentive units. Tooth supported RPD A partial denture that receives support from the natural teeth at each end of the edentulous space or spaces. Tooth tissue supported RPD The denture base that extends anteriorly/ posteriorly and is supported by teeth at one end and tissue on the other end – distal extension partial dentures.
  • 7. Temporary removable partial denture They are used in patient where tissue changes are expected, where a permanent prosthesis cannot be fabricated till the tissues stabilize. Interim denture It is a temporary partial denture used for a short period to fulfill aesthetics, mastication or convenience until a more definite form of treatment can be rendered.
  • 8. Transitional denture May be used when loss of additional teeth is inevitable but immediate extraction is not advisable or desirable. Artificial teeth may be added to the transitional denture as and when the natural teeth are extracted. Treatment denture It is used as a career for treatment material. It is used when the soft tissues have been abused by illfitting prosthetic devices.
  • 9. Centric relation It is the most posterior relation of mandible to the maxilla at the established vertical dimension from which lateral movements could be made. Eccentric Relation Relationships of the mandible to maxilla other than centric relation that occur in horizontal plane. Centric Occlusion It is the maximum intercuspation between the upper and lower teeth.
  • 10. INDICATIONS FOR RPD  Length of edentulous: RPD preferred for longer edentulous arches.  Abutment tooth: When there is no tooth posterior to the edentulous space to act as an abutment, a RPD is preferred.  Periodontal support of remaining teeth: When it is poor RPD is preferred because it requires less support from the abutment teeth.  Cross arch stabilization: When a remaining teeth have to be stabilized against lateral and anterior-posterior forces, a RPD is indicated.
  • 11.  Excessive bone loss: In RPD, the artificial tooth can be positioned as per the operators preferences and the denture base can be fabricated to provide required support and aesthetics.  Aesthetics: RPD provide better aesthetics because the denture base gives the appearance of a natural tooth arising from the gingiva.  Immediate tooth replacement after extraction  Emotional problems: The appointment for removable partial denture is shorter and less demanding to patient.  Patient desires: Patient insist on RPD over FPD for the following reasons:  To avoid operative procedures on normal tooth.  For economic reasons.
  • 12. RPD IS GENERALLY PREFERRED IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS:  When more than 2 posterior teeth or 4 anterior teeth are missing.  If the canine & two of its adjacent teeth are missing.  When there is no distal abutment tooth.  Presence of multiple edentulous spaces.  If the teeth adjacent to edentulous spaces are tipped ,they cannot be used as an abutment for a fixed prosthesis.  If periodontally weakened teeth are present near the edentulous spaces.
  • 13.  Teeth with short clinical crowns.  Insufficient number of abutments  Severe loss of tissue on the edentulous space.  Old patients
  • 14. REQUIREMENTS OF AN ACCEPTABLE METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION .  It should permit immediate visualization of the type of partially edentulous arch that is being considered.  It should permit immediate differentiation b/w the tooth supported & the tooth and tissue supported RPD.  It should be universally acceptable.
  • 15. CLASSIFICATION OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE: Requirements of classification:  Allow visualization of the type of partially edentulous arch that is being considered.  Allow differentiation between tooth supported and tooth-tissue supported partial dentures.  Serve as a guide to the type of design to be used.  Be universally accepted. There are many classification available for classifying edentulous arches. The most common ones are:
  • 16. CUMMER’S CLASSIFICATION: This is the first professionally recognized classification. It was introduced by Cummer in 1920. According to him partial dentures can be classified into four types based on the position of direct retainers:  Diagonal: Two direct retainers are diagonally opposite to one another.  Diametric: Two direct retainers are diametrically opposite to one another.  Unilateral: Two or more direct retainers present on the same side.  Multilateral: Three(rarely four) direct retainers in a triangular(rarely quadrangular) relationship.
  • 19. KENNEDY’S CLASSIFICATION  Class I: bilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the remaining natural teeth. Class II: unilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the remaining natural teeth.
  • 20.  Class III: unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth anterior and posterior to it, i.e. this indicates a single edentulous area which doesn’t cross the midline of the arch, with teeth present on both sides of it.
  • 21.  Class IV: single, bilateral edentulous area located anterior to the remaining natural teeth. This is a single edent. area, which crosses the midline of the arch, with remaining teeth present only posterior to it.
  • 22. APPLEGATE'S MODIFICATION (1960)  Applegate modified the above classification based on the condition of the abutment to include 2 or more additional groups:
  • 23.  Class V: edent. area bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by natural teeth but in which the anterior abutment (e.g. LI) is not suitable for support. It is basically a class III situation for the anterior abutment cannot be used for any support.
  • 24.  Class VI: edent. area in which the teeth adj.to the space are capable of total support of the required prosthesis. This denture hardly requires any tissue support. Most of the RPDs are tooth tissue supported. Hence this condition is classified as a separate group.
  • 25. APPLEGATE’S RULES  Rule 1: classification should follow rather than precede extractions that might alter the original classification.  Rule 2: if the third molar is missing and not to be replaced, it is not considered in the classification.  Rule 3: if the third molar is present and is to be used as an abutment, it is considered in the classification.  Rule 4: if the second molar is missing and is not to be replaced, it is not considered in the classification.
  • 26.  Rule 5: the most posterior edentulous area or areas always determine the classification.  Rule 6: edentulous areas other than those, which determine the classification, are referred to as modification spaces and are designated by their no:  Rule 7: the extend of the modification is not considered, only the no: of edentulous areas, i.e. the no: of teeth missing in the modification spaces is not considered only the no: of additional edentulous spaces are considered.
  • 27.  Rule 8: there can be no modification areas in class IV. Because any additional edentulous space will definitely be posterior to it and will determine the classification.
  • 28. BECKETT & WILSON’S CLASSIFICATION  They decided that the following must be considered while determining the prpportionate amount of support provided by the teeth & tissue.  a)the quality of abutment support. b)the magnitude of occlusal support. c)the harmony of the occlusion. d)the quality of the mucosa &residual ridge.
  • 29.  class I:bounded saddle.abutment teeth qualified to support the denture.mucosa is not used for support.  Class II:free-end a)tooth-&- tissue-borne b)tissue-borne.
  • 30.  Class III:bounded saddle.abutment teeth not so qualified to support the denture as described in classI.
  • 31. BAILYN’S CLASSIFICATION  Proposed by Bailyn,it was the first classification to give importance to support of partial dentures by remaining tissues.he used descriptive letters like A& P .A-anterior restorations,where there are saddle areas antr to the 1st bicuspid P-posterior restoration, where there are saddle areas posterior to the canine.
  • 32. FURTHER THEY ARE SUBCLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:  classI: bounded saddle(not more than 3 teeth missing)  Class 2:free end saddle(there is no distal abutment tooth)
  • 33.  Class 3:bounded saddle(more than 3 teeth missing)  Class1 is tooth supported,class2&3 are tooth-tissue supported.In cases where anterior & posterior teeth are missing ,the class of anterior &posterior teeth are mentioned seperately,eg:A1P1,A 2P1,A1P3.
  • 35. NEUROHR’S CLASSIFICATION: Proposed in 1939, it is also based on support derived.It is not commonly used due to its unnecessary complexity. Class I:Tooth-bearing A unilateral or bilateral case falls into the above classification when there are teeth posterior to all spans and when there are no more than four teeth missing in any space. There are two possible variation in this class.  Variation 1:Missing posteriors predominate. --- Posteriors missing, anteriors in place. --- Posteriors missing, some anteriors missing.  Variation 2:Missing anteriors predominate. --- Anteriors missing, posteriors present. --- Anteriors missing, some posteriors missing.
  • 37. Class II: Tooth and tissue-bearing A unilateral or bilateral case falls into the above classification when there are no teeth posterior to one or more spans or when there are more than four teeth(which include a canine) in one or more spans. Class II is further sub-divided into divisions with variations under each: Division 1:When there are no teeth posterior to one or more spans:  Variation 1:Missing posteriors predominate. ---Posteriors missing, anteriors in place ---Posteriors missing, some anteriors missing  Variation 2:Missing anteriors predominate. ---None ---Anteriors missing , some posteriors missing
  • 39. Division 2: When there are teeth posterior in all spans, but when there are more than four teeth(including a canine) in any one or more spans.  Variation 1:Missing posteriors predominate. --- None --- Posteriors missing, some anteriors missing  Variation 2:Missing anteriors predominate. --- Anteriors missing, posteriors in place --- Anteriors missing, posteriors missing Class III: Tissue bearing complete dentures
  • 41. MAUK’S CLASSIFICATION: Proposed by Mauk in 1942, it is based on number, length and position of the remaining teeth.  Class I: Bilateral space with no teeth posterior to it.  Class II: Bilateral space with teeth present posterior to one space.  Class III: Bilateral space with teeth present posterior to both spaces.  Class IV: Unilateral space with no teeth posterior to it.  Class V: Anterior space with unbroken posterior arches on both sides.  Class VI: Irregular spaces around the arch. The remaining teeth are single or in small groups.
  • 44. GODFREY’S CLASSIFICATION: Proposed in 1951, it is based on the location and size of edentulous spaces.  Class A: Tooth-borne denture base in the anterior part of the mouth. It may be an unbroken five- tooth space, broken five-tooth space or an unbroken four-tooth space.  Class B: Mucosa-borne denture base in the anterior region. It may be an unbroken six-tooth space, an unbroken five-tooth space, or a broken five-tooth space.  Class C: Tooth-borne denture base in the posterior part of the mouth. It may be an unbroken three-tooth space, a broken three-tooth space, an unbroken two-tooth space, or a broken two-tooth space.
  • 45.  Class D: Mucosaborne denture base in the posterior region. It may be an unbroken four-tooth, three-tooth, two-tooth, or a single-tooth space.