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Zvuk
Što je zvuk?
● Vrlo važna komponenta svakog
multimedijskog elementa
● Ne može se izravno prihvaćati u računalo
ili ugraditi u multimedijalni dokument
● Proces digitalizacije 1969. u Bell Labs
gdje se postigla proizvodnja zvuka
pomoću računala
Zvukovne
datoteke
● Datoteke u
valnom obliku
● Pohranjuju
informacije o
zvučnim valovima
● Računalo ih
prihvaća u
analognom obliku i
putem zvučne
kartice pretvara u
digitalni oblik
● MIDI datoteke
● Izvodi se
aktiviranjem nekog
multimedijskog
programa
● Razvijen 80-tih za
glazbene
instrumente i
računala
Prednosti
korištenja zvuka u
multimediji
● Povećava interes i utjecaj kod korisnika
● Korisnik lakše pamti elemente ako su
povezani s odgovarajućim istim zvukom
● Upotpunjuje i uljepšava vizualne medije
● Dodaje elemente humora
● Povećava kod korisnika pozitivan dojam
nekog elementa
Što je zvuk?
● Zvuk je val titranja čestica zraka koji se
širi zrakom u određenom intenzitetu i
određenom brzinom
● Zvuk nastaje kada izvor zvuka vibrira i to
uzrokuje pomicanje molekula zraka koje
se nastavljaju širiti
● Čovjekovo osjetilo za sluh je uho
● Zvučni valovi ulaze kroz vanjsko uho,
dolaze na bubnjić i uzrokuju njegovo
titranje
Što je
zvuk ? (2)
● Frekvencija vibracija zvučnih valova mjeri se
u Hz
● Ljudsko uho može čuti zvukove od 20Hz do
20 000Hz
● "Frekvencijska selektivnost"
● Razlike između 20 i 150Hz može osjetiti
svatko, a između 15kHz i 17kHz malo tko
● Niske frekvencije od 20Hz do 400Hz
● Srednje frekvencije od 400Hz do 8000Hz
● Visoke frekvencije od 8000Hz do 20000Hz
Podjela
zvuka
Glasnoća
zvuka
● Ovisi o amplitudi zvučnog signala,
odnosno titranja tlaka zraka
● Intenzitet zvuka proporcionalan je
amplitudi
● Glasnoća se mjeri u decibelima (dB)
● To je jedinica 10 puta manja od bel (B)
● Bel je mjerna jedinica kojom s izražava
logaritam omjera istovrsnih veličina
Decibelna
skala
● Granica čujnosti 0 dB
● Šapat 30 dB
● Uredska buka 60-70 dB
● Vikanje 90 dB
● Automobil na autoputu 100 dB
● Pneumatski čekić (granica bola) 120 dB
● Ozljeda bubnjića nastaje za više od 130
dB
Digitalizacija
zvuka
● Zvučni valni oblik pretvara se u binarne
bitove podataka
● Najprije se zvučni valni oblik mora
pretvoriti u električki pomoću mikrofona
● Datoteke valnog oblika nastaju
digitalizacijom zvučnog signala -
UZORKOVANJE
Postupak
digitalizacije
● 1. Uzimanje uzoraka (sampling)
● 2. Pretvaranje uzoraka u brojčanu
vrijednost (kvantizacija i kodiranje
uzoraka)
Uzimanje
uzoraka
● Mjerenje amplitude zvučnog signala
● Broj uzoraka uzetih u razdovlju od 1 sec
naziva se UČESTALOST uzorkovanja
● Henry Nyquist je 1928. dokazao da
ukoliko analogni signal sadrži frekvenciju
do točke f, tada uzorak mora imati
frekvenciju najmanje 2f kako bi se mogla
izvršiti rekonstrukcija izvornog signala
Kvantizacija
i kodiranje
● Da bi se amplituda uzoraka mogla zapisati
određenim brojem bitova
● Vrijednost svakog uzorka se zaokružuje
na najbliži zadani uzorak (kvantizira)
● Kvantizacijom svodimo uzorke na
konačan broj razina kvantizacije

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Zvuk1

  • 2. Što je zvuk? ● Vrlo važna komponenta svakog multimedijskog elementa ● Ne može se izravno prihvaćati u računalo ili ugraditi u multimedijalni dokument ● Proces digitalizacije 1969. u Bell Labs gdje se postigla proizvodnja zvuka pomoću računala
  • 3. Zvukovne datoteke ● Datoteke u valnom obliku ● Pohranjuju informacije o zvučnim valovima ● Računalo ih prihvaća u analognom obliku i putem zvučne kartice pretvara u digitalni oblik ● MIDI datoteke ● Izvodi se aktiviranjem nekog multimedijskog programa ● Razvijen 80-tih za glazbene instrumente i računala
  • 4. Prednosti korištenja zvuka u multimediji ● Povećava interes i utjecaj kod korisnika ● Korisnik lakše pamti elemente ako su povezani s odgovarajućim istim zvukom ● Upotpunjuje i uljepšava vizualne medije ● Dodaje elemente humora ● Povećava kod korisnika pozitivan dojam nekog elementa
  • 5. Što je zvuk? ● Zvuk je val titranja čestica zraka koji se širi zrakom u određenom intenzitetu i određenom brzinom ● Zvuk nastaje kada izvor zvuka vibrira i to uzrokuje pomicanje molekula zraka koje se nastavljaju širiti ● Čovjekovo osjetilo za sluh je uho ● Zvučni valovi ulaze kroz vanjsko uho, dolaze na bubnjić i uzrokuju njegovo titranje
  • 6.
  • 7. Što je zvuk ? (2) ● Frekvencija vibracija zvučnih valova mjeri se u Hz ● Ljudsko uho može čuti zvukove od 20Hz do 20 000Hz ● "Frekvencijska selektivnost" ● Razlike između 20 i 150Hz može osjetiti svatko, a između 15kHz i 17kHz malo tko ● Niske frekvencije od 20Hz do 400Hz ● Srednje frekvencije od 400Hz do 8000Hz ● Visoke frekvencije od 8000Hz do 20000Hz
  • 9. Glasnoća zvuka ● Ovisi o amplitudi zvučnog signala, odnosno titranja tlaka zraka ● Intenzitet zvuka proporcionalan je amplitudi ● Glasnoća se mjeri u decibelima (dB) ● To je jedinica 10 puta manja od bel (B) ● Bel je mjerna jedinica kojom s izražava logaritam omjera istovrsnih veličina
  • 10. Decibelna skala ● Granica čujnosti 0 dB ● Šapat 30 dB ● Uredska buka 60-70 dB ● Vikanje 90 dB ● Automobil na autoputu 100 dB ● Pneumatski čekić (granica bola) 120 dB ● Ozljeda bubnjića nastaje za više od 130 dB
  • 11. Digitalizacija zvuka ● Zvučni valni oblik pretvara se u binarne bitove podataka ● Najprije se zvučni valni oblik mora pretvoriti u električki pomoću mikrofona ● Datoteke valnog oblika nastaju digitalizacijom zvučnog signala - UZORKOVANJE
  • 12. Postupak digitalizacije ● 1. Uzimanje uzoraka (sampling) ● 2. Pretvaranje uzoraka u brojčanu vrijednost (kvantizacija i kodiranje uzoraka)
  • 13. Uzimanje uzoraka ● Mjerenje amplitude zvučnog signala ● Broj uzoraka uzetih u razdovlju od 1 sec naziva se UČESTALOST uzorkovanja ● Henry Nyquist je 1928. dokazao da ukoliko analogni signal sadrži frekvenciju do točke f, tada uzorak mora imati frekvenciju najmanje 2f kako bi se mogla izvršiti rekonstrukcija izvornog signala
  • 14.
  • 15. Kvantizacija i kodiranje ● Da bi se amplituda uzoraka mogla zapisati određenim brojem bitova ● Vrijednost svakog uzorka se zaokružuje na najbliži zadani uzorak (kvantizira) ● Kvantizacijom svodimo uzorke na konačan broj razina kvantizacije