A pdf document on a project entitled "Electromagnetic Induction". This file includes a detailed reference of Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetism interspersed with relevant pictures.

1. KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, NO.1,
MADURAI
Electromagnetic Induction

2. ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY
Under the guidance of
MISS. I. SELVAMATHY
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 1,
NARIMEDU, MADURAI-625002

3. KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (NO 1)
NARIMEDU MADURAI-625002
PHYSICS
2013-2014
BONA FIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled “Electromagnetic
Induction” is a record of bona fide work carried out
by Vishnuprasad.V.P in Physics prescribed by Kendriya
Vidyalaya, Narimedu, Madurai -625002.
ROLL NUMBER: DATE:
INTERNAL EXAMINER : PRINCIPAL :
EXTERNAL EXAMINER :

4. DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled
“Electromagnetic Induction” submitted to KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
NO.1, MADURAI for the subject Physics under the guidance of
MISS. I. SELVAMATHY is a record of original work done by me. I
further declare that this project or any part of it has not been
submitted elsewhere for any other class.
Class:
Place:
Date:

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I praise and thank the god almighty from the bottom
of my heart, who has been an unfailing source of strength, comfort and
inspiration in the completion of this project work.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr.C.MUTHIAH
Principal, Kendriya Vidyalaya (No.1), Madurai, for the successful
outcome of this project work.
I wish to express my deep and profound sense of gratitude to my
teacher and guiding light MISS I SELVAMATHY (PGT PHYSICS) for her
expert and valuable guidance, comments and suggestions.
I also express my gratitude to my parents and friends who have helped
me in preparing this project.

6. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ᴥ Introduction
ᴥ Objective
ᴥ Apparatus required
ᴥ Theory
ᴥ Conclusion
ᴥ References

7. INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field
will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the
fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors and many types of
electrical motors and generators.
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetic induction are extremely important since they
provide a means to precisely describe how ,many natural physical phenomena in
our universe and behave.
Michael Faraday

8. The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain
a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of
technological innovations that define modern society. Understanding Faraday’s
laws of electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our
daily life function because of the principles behind Faraday’s law.
From natural phenomena, such as the light we receive from the sun, to
technologies that improve our quality of life, such as electric power generation,
Faraday’s law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.
(a) Representation of magnetic fields
inside a solenoid
(b) Cross-sectional view

9. Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby an electric field is
induced, or generated by a changing magnetic field.
In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction, he
wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to induce
current.
Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different phenomena: the
motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire, and the
transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field.

10. EXPERIMENT

11. APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Insulated Copper wire
 An iron rod
 A strong magnet
 A light emitting Diode (LED)

12. OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong
magnet.
THEORY
The magnetic flux ( or B) through a surface is the component of
the magnetic field passing through the surface.
The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is
maxwell.
Representation of Magnetic flux ( ) in a
solenoid

13. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which contains
measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the change of voltage
in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through
a surface of vector area S is
B
Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit of
Wb/m2
(T). is the area of the surface and is the angle between
magnetic field lines and the normal.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux
through a small amount of area where we may consider the
magnetic field to be constant.
B
From the magnetic vector potential and the fundamental
theorem of the curl, the magnetic field may be defined as
B

14. where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface
, which is denoted as .
LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction states that
“The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is equal to
the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux through the
circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds true only when the
closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the
Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all circumstances.
The magnetic flux ( ) changes due to the change in magnetic field.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the wire
loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy available per unit
charge that travels once around the wire loop.

15. Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting
the wire to create an open circuit. And attaching a voltmeter to
the leads.
According to Lorentz force law,
X
And the EMF of the wire loop is
X
where (i) is the electric field
(ii) is the magnetic field
(iii) is the infinite length along the wire
And the line integral is evaluated along the wire.

16. The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time varying magnetic
field is always accompanied by spatially varying, non-conservative
electric field and vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is
X
where is the curl operatoe and again is the electric field
and is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position and time .
The four Maxwell’s equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore, it is possible to “prove” Faraday’s law starting with
these equations. Faraday’s law could be taken as the starting point
and used to prove the Maxwell-Faraday equation and/or other
laws.

17. CONCLUSION
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s
law is not hard to grasp. It relates an induced electric potential or
voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far
reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from
shining of the sun to electricity and power in our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s law has on us.

18. REFERENCES
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.scienceforall.com
 www.100scienceprojects.com
 Google images