All classical search for the center of the universe tentatively ended with Newton. A new beginning of search based on Newton's laws of motion just began.

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Cosmos: Part 8
Nature and nature’s law hid in
night;
God said “Let Newton be” and
all was light.
Alexander Pope
NEWTON’S PRINCIPIA

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Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) was
an English physicist and
mathematician (described in his
own day as a "natural philosopher")
who is widely recognised as one of
the most influential scientists of all
time and as a key figure in the
scientific revolution.
His discovery of the law of gravity
and the laws in mechanics laid the
foundations for classical mechanics.
He also made seminal
contributions to optics, and he
shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz
for the development of calculus.
Wikipedia.

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Principia Mathematica
The most important document
in the field of physics was
published in 1686 by Sir Isaac
Newton through the Royal
Society in his book entitled:
“Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica”
Which in modern day English is:
“The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Science”.
Since then the kinetic behavior
of a particle is completely and
satisfactorily describable by his
three basic theorems.
Title page of the first edition of the Principia.

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On the Shoulders of Giants
The Principia has long been recognized as one
of the intellectual landmarks in the history of
physics. It is the first book to show clearly the
close relationship between mathematics and
formal logic. . . . No other book has such an
influence on the subsequent history of
mathematical philosophy.
A. N. Whitehead and Bertrand Russell: Principia Mathematica.
Cambridge University Press. 1910.
Newton was rather modest with his own
achievements. In his letter to Robert Hooke in
February 1676, he wrote:
If I have seen further it is by standing on the
shoulders of giants.

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3 LAWS OF MOTION
Newton’s
I
II
III

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Newton’s Three Laws of
motion
In forms slightly different from
the original versions, Newton’s
laws of motion can be stated as
follows:
Law No. ❶ :
A particle in rest will remain
forever at rest, and a particle in
uniform rectilinear motion will
continue to move on forever at
constant speed in the same
direction. It will change its
state of motion only and only
when it is compelled to do so
by forces impressed on it.

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Newton’s 2nd Law of
motion
When a particle is acted on by
an external force, it accelerates.
The acceleration is proportional
to the magnitude of the applied
force 𝑭𝑭 and is in the same
direction as the applied force. If
the particle has a mass of 𝑚𝑚
and the applied force is
represented by the vector 𝐹𝐹,
then:
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑚𝑚𝒂𝒂

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Newton’s Third Law of
motion
Whenever one body exerts a
force F onto a second body, the
second body exerts the force −F
on the first body. 𝑭𝑭 and −F are
equal in magnitude and
opposite in sense.
|𝑭𝑭| = | − 𝑭𝑭|

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Simple laws & universal
application
We now have established that in
nature, there are different
properties pertaining to motion:
velocity, force, impetus and
inertia.
By setting up the Laws of
Mechanics, Newton established
the relationship between the
various elements. He also showed
that the same physical laws are
universal and can be applied to all
matter, whether living or
nonliving, on earth or in space,
thus revolutionizing our view of
the universe.
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑚𝑚𝒂𝒂
|𝑭𝑭| = | − 𝑭𝑭|

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Foundation of Classical
Mechanics
This is the first time in history that the
kinetic behavior of a particle is
completely and satisfactorily describable
by the three theorems. Since Newton’s
time these theorems were accredited
with the status of laws and had become
the very foundation of classical
mechanics.

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The Nature of
Momentum and Force
Although Newton provided us
with the rules to calculate
momenta and forces, he did not
give an explanation to their
nature. Nobody had been
successfully found a solution so
far even in this modern age.
Our articles on Phonons are to
explain what momentum and
force really are and how the
answers also unveil to us the
existence of a new fundamental
force in addition to the existence
4 forces in nature.
Articles on the cause of motion already
published in the website: new-
physics.com:
Part 1. World in motion
Part 2. Cartes to Newton
Part 3. Newton's Principia
Part 4. Newton & Kung Fu
Part 5. Conclusion – Phonons
Example: de Broglie’s matter waves
in 3 parts.

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If we want to proceed
further to Newton’s theory
of gravitation, we have to
meet with a diversion.
CONTACT
FORCE
ACTION-AT-A-
DISTANCE FORCE

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Two different kinds of
force
Mechanical force is a
contact force. Gravitation is
an action-at-a-distance
(AAAD) force.
They are of different kind
and need to be treated
separately.
We have dealt with contact
force in our search for its
source which ended up with
the phonon.
For gravitation we shall
study it together with
electricity and magnetism
which also act at a distance.
Action
without
contact
Action with
contact

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To be continued in: Action-at-a-distance forces:
Gravitation, electricity and magnetism.