This document discusses sociometry, which is defined as the study and measurement of social choice and relationships within groups. It outlines several key techniques of sociometry including sociometric matrices, sociograms, and sociometric indices. Sociometric matrices tabulate individuals' choices within a group. Sociograms use diagrams to represent the internal structure of choices. Indices provide quantitative measures of concepts like an individual's popularity or a group's cohesiveness. The document also covers objectives, situations, needs, types of choices, methods of analysis, and applications of sociometric techniques in research.
2. SOCIOMETRY
Latin word – socius means companion and metrum means measure
Idea given by J.L MORENO- as research and therapeutic technique
The inquiry into the evolution and organization of groups and the position of
individuals within them.
It is a technique for describing the social relationship among individuals in a
group.(kothari)
Means of presenting simply and graphically the entire structure of relations
existing at a given time among members of a given group.(Jennings)
3. DEFINITIONS
Number of methods of gathering and analysing data on the choice,
communication and interaction pattern of individuals in groups
Study and measurement of social choice
Studying the attractions and repulsions of members of groups
A person is asked to choose one or more persons according to one or more
criteria supplied by researcher.
4. OBJECTIVES OF SOCIOMETRY
Focusing on achieving business targets
Focusing on key contributors who create value -- the informal leaders
Enhancing the informal relationship networks
Focusing on culture -- providing connection, contribution and credibility.
Sociometric tools are invaluable in identifying informal leaders.
5. SITUATIONS OF SOCIOMETRY
To explore intra-group relationship which are hindering people producing
business results
To move your organization from isolated business units to collaborative
groups
To strengthen teams working in demanding situations
To surface and sort out issues of group conflict, trust and identity
To understand and address the "soft" and unspoken aspects of everyday group
life
6. NEED OF SOCIOMETRY
To develop appropriate behaviours for your ideal work culture
To integrate thinking, feeling and action in business relationships
7. TYPES OF SOCIOMETRIC CHOICE
Choice of people, choice of lines of communication, choice of lines of
influence, choice of minority groups
Depends upon the instructions and questions given to individuals.
With whom would you like to work?
Who do you like the most?
8. METHODS OF SOCIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Sociometric matrices
Sociograms
Sociometric indices
9. SOCIOMETRIC MATRICES
It contains most important possibilities and implications for behavioural
researcher.
Convenient method of tabulation
Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other symbols
11. ADVANTAGES
It is inclusive
Joint relationship among pairs are recorded
Matrices may be combined and compared
12. DISADVANTAGES
Limited information about members of the group
Not suitable for large group
Poor graphic device
Poor tool for detecting mutual choices and other internal structure of group
15. ADVANTAGES
Simple and valid method
Finding natural or local leader
Second leaders
May be applied for finding professional leaders
Small and medium size groups and for descriptive purposes
16. LIMITATIONS
Not suitable for larger groups ( > 20 people) and analytic purposes
Different individuals can draw different graph with same data
Identified individual may not shoulder responsibility
He may not be a neutral person
Vary over time
Don’t provide any reason for acceptance or rejection
17. SOCIOMETRIC INDICES
One common index is choice status of a person
CS=
𝑐
𝑛−1
The value of choice status is the direct index of the individual’s popularity in
the group.( sociometric status index )
Choice status of B & C
IMG_20181113_234153.jpg
B= 4/11-1 = 40 percent
19. SOCIAL COMPATABILITY INDEX
Number of mutual choices divided by one less than group size
=
6
11−1
=60 percent
20. EMOTIONAL EXPANSIVENESS INDEX
Sum total of choices divided by no of choices available
Emotional expansiveness = (17/22)*100 = 77 percent
21. GUESS-WHO TECHNIQUES
Hartshorne and May
A student is asked to read each descriptive statement and then they will
write down the name of the student who best fits that description
22. RESEARCH APPLICATIONS OF
SOCIOMETRY
Prejudice in schools
Praise and sociometric choice
Animal sociometry
Race, belief and sociometric choice.
23. APP IN SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC AND
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Simple, economical and naturalistic method of observation and data
collection
Human actions such as choosing, influencing, dominating, communicating
esp in group situations are needed.
Considerable flexibility
Adapted to wide variety of research in lab and field
Discover cliques in groups, communication and influence channels, patterns
of cohesiveness, connectedness, hierarchization