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Taxonomy, Classification, and Identification Karl Hagenbuch Department of Biological Sciences San Antonio College
Taxonomy = the study of naming, describing and classifying organisms, including the rules, theories, principles and procedures Taxon =  a group of organisms recognized at any level of a taxonomical hierarchy (e. g. Family, Class)
Classification = the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchal system that is derived from an accumulation of information about the individual organisms, the end result expressing an interrelationship Why? Because it provides humans with a means to address organisms and their relationships to one another Because it allows humans to make inferences about unfamiliar organisms Because it is in our nature
Classification Systems: Artificial = based on obvious or convenient items of information called characters (e.g. flower color, locality). Natural = based on morphological features that give the sense of correlation with those of another organism.  (e.g. trees, grasses) Phylogenetic = based on the proposed lineage derived from a wide variety of information.
Aristotle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theophrastus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Carl von Linné Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician First to illustrate the usefulness of binomial nomenclature Developed the modern taxonomic hierarchy
Modern Hierarchy  (Biological Classification) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Modern Taxonomic Hierarchy
Carolus Linnaeus ,[object Object],Binomial Nomenclature Specific epithets: Descriptives –  Quercus macrocarpa  = Oak with big fruit Honorifics –  Quercus buckleyi  = Oak named for Mr. Buckley Localities –  Quercus virginiana  = Oak first described in Virginia
Phylogenetic Classification = the evolutionary history of a species or group of species Typically represented as a phylogenetic tree (cladogram)  a branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other taxa that are believed to have a common ancestor
 
The Pylogenetic Tree
 
Time
Species 1 Species 2 Species 3
 
Plant Classification Current classification systems follow the recognized taxonomic hierarchy, however, there is always some disagreement as to the membership requirements of various taxa The Core
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Identification = the assigning of an existing name to an unknown organism Methods Expert assistance – local university, school, museum Comparison method – guide books, internet Dichotomous key – local manuals, floras
Dichotomous Key Keys based on a sequence of pairs of contrasting statements The user chooses the statement that better describes the plant in question Each time a choice is made a number of plants are eliminated Eventually the number of possible identifications is reduced to one
Dichotomous Key 1.  Growth habit an herb 1.  Growth habit a vine, shrub or tree .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  2 .  .  .  .  4 4.  Growth habit a vine 4.  Growth habit a shrub or tree .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  5 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  7 7.  Growth habit a shrub 7.  Growth habit a tree .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  8 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  30
Dichotomous Key 30.  Leaf arrangement opposite 30.  Leaf arrangement whorled or alternate .  .  .  .  Fraxinus .  31 31.  Leaves simple 31.  Leaves compound .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 32 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 44 32.  Venation palmate 32.  Venation pinnate or reticulate .  .  .  .  .  .  .  Washingtonia .  .  .  .  .  .  33
Leaf Types
Leaf Types
Leaf Types
Leaf Types
Leaf Types
Dichotomous Key 33.  Margin entire 33.  Margin toothed .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  34 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  39 34.  Lobes present 34.  Lobes absent .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 35 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  37 35.  Blades palmately lobed 35.  Blades pinnately lobed .  .  .  .  .  Platanus .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  36
Dichotomous Key 36.  Lobes rounded 36.  Lobes pointed .  .  .  Quercus macrocarpa .  .  .  .  .  Quercus buckleyi
Thank You It is both an honor and pleasure to speak before the Master Naturalist I wish you all continued success

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Taxonomy

  • 1. Taxonomy, Classification, and Identification Karl Hagenbuch Department of Biological Sciences San Antonio College
  • 2. Taxonomy = the study of naming, describing and classifying organisms, including the rules, theories, principles and procedures Taxon = a group of organisms recognized at any level of a taxonomical hierarchy (e. g. Family, Class)
  • 3. Classification = the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchal system that is derived from an accumulation of information about the individual organisms, the end result expressing an interrelationship Why? Because it provides humans with a means to address organisms and their relationships to one another Because it allows humans to make inferences about unfamiliar organisms Because it is in our nature
  • 4. Classification Systems: Artificial = based on obvious or convenient items of information called characters (e.g. flower color, locality). Natural = based on morphological features that give the sense of correlation with those of another organism. (e.g. trees, grasses) Phylogenetic = based on the proposed lineage derived from a wide variety of information.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Carl von Linné Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician First to illustrate the usefulness of binomial nomenclature Developed the modern taxonomic hierarchy
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Phylogenetic Classification = the evolutionary history of a species or group of species Typically represented as a phylogenetic tree (cladogram) a branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other taxa that are believed to have a common ancestor
  • 12.  
  • 14.  
  • 15. Time
  • 16. Species 1 Species 2 Species 3
  • 17.  
  • 18. Plant Classification Current classification systems follow the recognized taxonomic hierarchy, however, there is always some disagreement as to the membership requirements of various taxa The Core
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.  
  • 23. Identification = the assigning of an existing name to an unknown organism Methods Expert assistance – local university, school, museum Comparison method – guide books, internet Dichotomous key – local manuals, floras
  • 24. Dichotomous Key Keys based on a sequence of pairs of contrasting statements The user chooses the statement that better describes the plant in question Each time a choice is made a number of plants are eliminated Eventually the number of possible identifications is reduced to one
  • 25. Dichotomous Key 1. Growth habit an herb 1. Growth habit a vine, shrub or tree . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . 4 4. Growth habit a vine 4. Growth habit a shrub or tree . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . . 7 7. Growth habit a shrub 7. Growth habit a tree . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
  • 26. Dichotomous Key 30. Leaf arrangement opposite 30. Leaf arrangement whorled or alternate . . . . Fraxinus . 31 31. Leaves simple 31. Leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 32. Venation palmate 32. Venation pinnate or reticulate . . . . . . . Washingtonia . . . . . . 33
  • 32. Dichotomous Key 33. Margin entire 33. Margin toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 34. Lobes present 34. Lobes absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 35. Blades palmately lobed 35. Blades pinnately lobed . . . . . Platanus . . . . . . . . . 36
  • 33. Dichotomous Key 36. Lobes rounded 36. Lobes pointed . . . Quercus macrocarpa . . . . . Quercus buckleyi
  • 34. Thank You It is both an honor and pleasure to speak before the Master Naturalist I wish you all continued success