A Comparative Analysis On The Political Leadership Style Of The Previous Five Philippine Presidents To President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

A Comparative Analysis on the Political Leadership
Style of the Previous Five Philippine Presidents to
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
KING CHEUNG G. AU
TERRY JOIE ALEXIS M. JUNTORIA
RUSSEL PHILIP B. NUESTRO
JUSTINE MARIE P. RODIL
History of Political Thought
Bachelor of Arts in Foreign Service
College of Arts and Sciences
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the political leadership style of the previous five
presidents of the Philippines up to President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, in order to understand how our
incumbent leadership style works and to determine if it is appropriate to our country’s current political
condition. Leadership style means the approach of a president or any politician during his/her term. The
first phase of the research involves interviewing political analysts in order to understand more the
political styles of the presidents. Published literatures were also gathered for a more accurate result of the
study. The final phase involves analyzing and comparing the data gathered from the interview and from
the published literatures and tabularizing the final data for an easier understanding of the political styles.
Keywords
Leadership Style, Philippine Presidents, Aquino, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, Duterte, economic, military,
religion, social welfare, opposition, approaches, characteristics, influences, liberal, economist, dependent,
paternalist, passive, charismatic, populist, Political analysis and opinions
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Leadership, according to the Merriam-Webster, is
the power or ability to lead other people. It is an
important skills that we develop as we mature and
gain more knowledge through socializing and
working with different people. It is an ongoing
process of influencing and supporting others to
work enthusiastically as a group or as a
community (M. Laya & J. Marquez, 2011). In
politics, leadership is the complicated yet essential
factor to govern any society. It is an essential skill
for everyone especially for leaders leading a
nation. Different societies have different approach
and style in leading their people. These leadership
styles may differ based from their culture, belief
and from where they grew up.
If leadership is the process of persuasion by which
an individual induces a group to pursue objectives
held or shared by the team, leadership style is the
way of which the process of leadership is being
carried out (John Gardner, On Leadership). It is
different from a leadership trait which is stable
and tends to be active regardless of any situation,
one that is like a personality. Leadership style is
flexible. One can change their leadership style
depending on the situation they’re in. Thus when
the situation changes, so does one style. It is a set
of behaviors that one intentionally chooses to use
which can be best fit to the situation (Murray
Johannsen).

Leadership style is essential on one’s presidential
personality for it can show how the president will
handle the country’s political condition. Political
leadership style fall under the field of political
psychology which examines the psychological
processes and behaviors of individuals and groups
that are engaged in power situation. It is an
academic field which focuses on the relationship
of psychological and political phenomena
(Barner-Barry & Rosenwein, 1985; Hermann,
1986).
In Philippine politics, we are used on having our
leaders coming from Luzon, though not all were
born exactly in Manila but most of them grew up
in the city, which is why we have that imperial
Manilenian style of leadership. In fact out of the
fifteen Presidents of the Republic from 1898 to
2016, we have twelve of them coming from
Luzon mainly Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo
(Cavite), Manuel L. Quezon (Quezon), Jose P.
Laurel (Batangas), Elpidio Quirino (Ilocos Sur),
Ramon Magsaysay (Zambales), Diosdado
Macapagal (Pampanga), Ferdinand Marcos
(Ilocos Norte), Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino
(Tarlac), Fidel V. Ramos (Pangasinan), Joseph
Ejercito Estrada (Manila), Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo (Pampanga) and Benigno Simeon Aquino
III (Tarlac). While Sergio Osmeña (Cebu),
Manuel Roxas (Capiz) and Carlos P. Garcia
(Bohol) were all from Visayas (The Manila
Times, May 12, 2016).
As President Duterte ascended to his seat last June
30, 2016 as the elected head of the State and
government of the country, it marked the end of
the long term power of the Imperial Manila.
Mindanaoans like Duterte have been long
complaining that Visayas and especially
Mindanao has been left behind from the progress
for it becoming undeveloped and slow in coping
up in modernization, treating it more like a colony
than really part of the nation. With him being in
the highest seat in the country, he can lead the
Mindanao to its development and set it free from
its misleading view of others (Manila Times, May
12, 2016).
Based on an interview with ANC, political analyst
Prospero de Vera said that Duterte's phenomenal
rise to the presidency upends traditional wisdom
that only candidates from Luzon or the Visayas
can win the presidency. The more important
phenomenon to this is that it broke the so called
“Mindanao curse” whereas all those who tried
from Mindanao like from Former Vice President
Emmanuel Pelaez to former Senator Nene
Pimentel couldn’t capture the national office
because of their limited votes just coming from
Mindanao. And what makes Duterte phenomenal
to this is that he won the votes of Metro Manila,
the large scale Imperial Manila, making it historic
in a sense. Having the first Mindanaoan President
is important for us for it not only changed our
national history, it also served as the start of
acceptance for us Filipinos and a historic
opportunity for our fellow countrymen in Visayas
and especially Mindanao which has been deprived
all of these years. (ABS-CBN News, May 10,
2016)
In terms of following traditional protocols and his
way of talking and choice of words which have a
negative view especially in the international
community, Duterte is seen as very different from
his predecessors. An analysis made by Barry
Desker, RSIS, posted on Eurasia Review (June 15,
2016) gave some points on the difference of
Duterte to his predecessors. First of all, he is the
first President who is not from the traditional
land-owning elite or oligarchy family but he’s
from a political family. His base is Davao and
claimed that he will continue on commuting daily
back and forth in Davao and Manila until the end
of his term.
His election signals a shift away from Manila-
centered politics and an effort to reach out to
hitherto marginalized sectors of Philippine
society. He uses English rather than the usual
Tagalog during speech and interviews. His cabinet
is mostly composed of his circle from his region.
He is open and being supported by the Philippine
left wing and has close ties with the founder of the
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) Jose
Sison, under whose leadership the CPP waged a
Maoist-influenced guerrilla insurgency. He even
welcomed Sison’s plan of returning home after
being in exile in the Netherlands since 1987.
Although government negotiations with the CPP

since 2011 are currently at an impasse, Duterte is
more likely to reach an agreement with the CPP
and its armed wing, the New People’s Army
(NPA).
This opening to the left is seen in two of Duterte’s
cabinet appointments who were nominated by the
National Democratic Front, an NPA ally. Judy
Taguiwalo, a University of the Philippines
professor and women’s rights advocate, is the
secretary of social welfare and development while
Rafael Mariano is secretary of agrarian reform.
Incoming Cabinet Secretary Leoncio Evasco Jnr,
a former NPA rebel and ex-priest, served as
Duterte’s campaign manager and has enjoyed
close ties with Duterte since the 1990s. (Eurasia
Review, June 15, 2016)
Conceptual Framework
Filipinos are used on the traditional economic-
focus and imperial leadership style that we
experienced from our five previous presidents
who were all from Luzon, thus, Filipinos, not all,
are now having a difficulty on coping up and
accepting a new style of leadership whereas our
incumbent is now more focus on disciplining the
country’s peace and order. Instead of focusing on
the idea of “development is prerequisite to peace
and order”, President Duterte focus on the idea of
“peace and order is prerequisite to economic
development” (Budget Secretary Benjamin
Diokno, November 16, 2016).
The main purposes of this study: First, to
determine and understand the leadership style of
President Rodrigo Duterte. Second, to determine
and compare the leadership styles of the previous
five Philippine Presidents. Lastly, to know if it is
appropriate to our country’s current political
condition.
Graph 1. Conceptual Framework
Review of Related Literature
In the descriptive study of Mona L. Laya and
Jason N. Marquez published last 2011 entitled
“Epitome in Political Leadership in Rodrigo
Duterte”, they listed up the many faces of
leadership of President Duterte after conducting
snowball and opportunistic sampling technique on
Dabawenyos during April to May and August of
2011. According to them, Dabawenyos viewed
Duterte as (1) An advocate of peace of order. The
number one reason why Davao City really
improved and had many investments knocking
from their doors. Back when Davao was viewed
unsafe because of the CPP-NPA, the then Mayor
made efforts in talks with the NPA members to
give peace and stability in the city which will then
help in developing its economic and tourism
sector. Also, it lessen the crime rate, dubbing it as
the “most peaceful city in Southeast Asia”. (2) A
man of action. The then Mayor of Davao City was
really famous for his strong-willed character that
residents will always vote for him if he run for re-
election for they felt secure whenever he’s the
Mayor. (3) A man of respect. They described him
as a hands-on leader, having to work personally to
the extent as driving jeepney and taxi and
interrogating drug addicts himself. Another reason
why Dabawenyos love Duterte is because he gave
and show them respect that is why they
reciprocate it also. (4) A goal and result-oriented
charismatic leader who stands firm with his
political principles and very consistent to his
Process
Interview
Inputs
Three
Political
analysts
and
experts
from UP
Manila
and LPU
Cavite
Outputs
Opinions of the
Political Analysts
on the different
leadership styles
of the previous
and current
Presidents
determine their
strengths and
weaknesses
Feedbacks
To determine and understand the
leadership style of the Duterte
Administration
To determine the leadership style of the
previous Presidents
To know the leadership style of
President Duterte if it is applicable to our
country’s current political condition

decisions and advocacy that knows how to win the
hearts of the public. (5) Multidimensional,
entrepreneurial, autocratic leader. He knows how
to adapt his style to meet the expectations of his
followers. However, he takes risks in negotiating
with criminals and anti-government groups at the
same time giving a domineering stature in
advocating his political views and principles.
Laya and Marquez also gave an analysis on the
implications of Duterte’s political leadership with
respect to situational-leadership theory where it
stated his leadership is concrete case of situational
leadership in a multifaceted manner. They
mentioned statements of Hersey (1999) and
Blanchaer (2007) where the two mentioned said
that successful leaders should change their
leadership style based on the people they are
leading and the tasks that they are dealing with.
Thus, Duterte’s way are very situational based on
the people he’s dealing. For example when
dealing with criminals, drug addicts and informal
settlers he uses the telling and selling style which
is through a straight-forward command centered
on their maturity level and in terms of leftist and
anti-government groups he uses the participating
and supporting style where he finds time to talk
with them personally to foster peace and stability
in the city.
In an editorial article of Darwin Rasul III on
OpinYon (July 16, 2016), he also gave points on
these differences of Duterte from his
predecessors, having Duterte as a Modern Realist.
He was seen in also following a Hobbesian
tradition of exuding power by a sovereign that
perceived on limiting individual freedoms. Being
autocratic as what they described him,
establishing the safety of his countrymen for a
peaceful society, this approach alarm the human
rights advocates. He stated that “a realist-leaning
kind of governance is imperative for this country
to survive and move on.”
An article published by Philippine Daily Inquirer
last June 26 stated some difference between
former chief executive Benigno Aquino III and
incumbent President Duterte. They stated that
Pnoy has been using a consensus approach in
terms of resolving internal security that reflects
the Kantian dogma of liberalism which emphasize
on the impact of behavior and the protection of
people from excessive state regulation. A
paradigm that uses the application of reason,
making it easy for a more orderly, just and
cooperative world, restraining disorder that can be
depended by institutional reforms. Thus, the
exercise of governmental power is constrained by
law. He also uses the whole-of-the-nation
approach in which government and communities
work together in addressing the communist
insurgency. However this was dominated by his
Wendtian tendencies on making own choices by
relying too much on imaginable stories without it
having enough evidences. He always called the
public his bosses however he was always seen
very loyal to his men and political allies whenever
they are dragged in a controversy. The public also
disliked him for his habit of blaming his
predecessor for the issues in the country. On the
other hand, President Duterte is also very loyal to
his staff and has a devotion to his mother like
Pnoy yet he is famous for his Draconian
measures, having a Waltzian neorealism approach
which is a systemic approach that asserts
pragmatic, realistic and actual execution of
relative power in a similar rational manner that
will result in an expected range to ensure the
leader’s own survival and the state he’ll be ruling.
Another difference of Duterte from his
predecessors is his want for a change in
government form and constitution. He is very
vocal for his wants to push federalism to the
country. He said that he is afraid that war will
breakout if the proposed Bangsamoro Basic Law
will not push through and the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF) will decide to take
matters in arms to express its disappointments. He
agreed to push the federalism after meeting with
former governor Lito Osmeña, former senator
Aquilino Pimentel Jr., and Radio Mindanao
Network owner Reuben Canoy, who also believe
it is high time for the Philippines to adopt a new
form of government (Politiko, 2016). Both Senate
President, Koko Pimentel, and HR Speaker, Bebot
Alvarez, share the same thoughts on having
federalism in support of President Duterte.
According to Alvarez, "We must give the
President the necessary legislation which will be
his tool to effect meaningful and genuine change."
(GMA News Online, July 25, 2016). Alvarez

wants to pass bills such as the proposal to revise
the Constitution in preparation to a federal system
which President Duterte wants to the extent that
he is willing to give his seat even if it’s still his
term. Pimentel plans on having an information
drive on federalism in response on the result of
the Pulse Asia survey which showed that 73
percent of Filipinos have little or no knowledge of
the Constitution. He believed that Filipinos need
to have proper information for which they can
base their decisions. Both expressed hope that
Filipinos will support the proposed constitutional
amendment with the help of an information drive.
(The Philippine Star, 11: 48 AM, Aug. 3, 2016).
When the Martial Law ended, Corazon Aquino
was elected as the 11th
President of the Republic
of the Philippines. She has this kind of
“Simplicity, Sincerity and True Leadership”
during her administration. With this, her belief “to
ask what your country can do for you, but you ask
what can you do for your country” makes her
inspiration to become a great leader and as a 1st
woman President in Asia and the Philippines.
According to a previous study, Asian Women
Leaders have found that family ties are necessary
for women candidates to win elections (Richter
1990). She was considered by some as “feminist”
though she’s not claiming it but in her programs
education, health and equal job opportunities are
the highlights of her administration.
In the year 1992, Fidel V. Ramos was elected as
the 12th
President of the Republic of the
Philippines. In relation with this he has this kind
of leadership style, the so called “liberalist”.
During the early years, the economy of the
Philippines fluctuates, and with that he liberalized
the economy of the Philippines. Furthermore, he
implemented the Social Reform Agenda, and
addressed the long standing problem of poverty in
the country. He provides more job opportunities
for the people, a better and quality health care, a
quality education, and skills training for some
people wishes to have a work in the industry. The
administration provides an equal opportunity for
all. The administration of Aquino was lacking
foreign investor during her time; President Fidel
Ramos recovered the economic difficulties
through his liberalist leadership of style. Ramos is
described as a non-traditional President by
bringing out a new social and political order
which was seen as he actively reached out even to
his political opponent and insurgents just to unite
the nation behind a common vision. His
framework of governance focused on a 5-point
program which were peace and stability,
economic growth and sustainable development,
energy and power generation, environmental
protection and streamlined bureaucracy. His
political doctrine is people empowerment that is
espoused to his founded party, the Partido Lakas
Tao (People Power Party). He also formed
winning coalition of similar parties such as the
National Union of Christian Democrats, United
Muslim Democrats of the Philippines and merged
the strength of non-government organizations and
marginalized sectors who compose the majority of
the electorate (H.E. Fidel V. Ramos)
In an article of the New York Times (December
13, 1998), as remarked by Mark Lander, when
President Joseph Ejercito Estrada was elected as
the 13th
President of the Philippines he has this
kind of “relaxed style of leadership” where the
cronyism and corruption are starting to drift back
again. After his victory as the 13th
President, he
helped those largest contributors during his
campaign particularly the business people of San
Miguel Corporation. In addition, he also helped to
rescue the Philippine Airlines Company. With
this, according to Guillermo Luz the Executive
Director of Makati Business Club, “It is
something we are watching to worry about” and
that “Because it’s not just the old cronies who are
coming back. It is the practice of cronyism that is
coming back”. However, the Estrada’s
Administration tried to befriend with some
powerful people in terms of the business industry
to attract some foreign investors in the country. In
an article of northwest Asian weekly, in an ANC
Leadership Forum, Estrada was considered as
narcissist and shameless opportunist during the
administration. He was seen as no administrative
plan for the future of the country. In other words,
the only thing that he wants is prestige and power;
he is like a Machiavelli’s prince.
President Rodrigo Duterte's way of dictating his
political agendas has some similar fashion that of
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. The
Executive is indirectly having more authority,

disregards some laws particularly on the
extrajudicial killings and an increasing power of
the military. This kind of similarities of the two
has initiated what is called a "naked
authoritarianism" by Nathan Gilbert Quimpo in
his dissertation The Philippines: predatory regime,
growing authoritarian features. This new kind of
authoritarianism is however milder than Marcos'
dictatorship but has the potential of growing into
it. President Rodrigo Duterte has the tendency of
having a throwback of President GMA's
governance since President GMA has in her later
years became abusive of her power and became
corrupt and somehow tyrannical. The difference
between them is that President GMA handles
outside allies and the economy well whilst
President Duterte sees a different perception of
alignments and a little bit of disregard to the
economy as long as the rule of law is obeyed and
criminals are persecuted. During the Arroyo
administation used the military to its advantage
evidently. In an article by the Daily Inquirer, She
first utilized the AFP and signing the
Proclamation no. 38, General Order no. 1 after
declaring a "state of rebellion" led by Navy Ltsg.
Antonio Trillanes. It was followed by the signing
of Proclamation no. 427 General order no. 4 in
which the military and police were asked to
immediately carry out the necessary actions and
suppress the rebellio with regards to the
constitutional rights. On Feb. 24, 2006, in
anticipation of those plotting to overthrow GMA,
she announced a "state of national emergency"
followed by the Proclamation no. 1017 in live
television which was signed immediately after a
meeting with the National Security Council.
Under this proclamation by GMA, she ordered the
AFP “to maintain law and order throughout the
Philippines, prevent or suppress all forms of
lawless violence, as well as any act of insurrection
or rebellion, and to enforce obedience to all the
laws and to all decrees, orders and regulations
promulgated personally or upon direction.” On
Nov. 24 2009 after the "Ampatuan Massacre",
GMA issued Proclamation no. 1946 in declaring a
state of emergency in the provinces of
Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat and the City of
Cotabato for the purpose of preventing and
suppressing lawless violence in the aforesaid
areas. On Dec. 4, 2009, GMA issued
Proclamation No. 1959 declaring martial law and
suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus in Maguindanao, saying it was done to
suppress a rebellion by the armed group who was
believed to be responsible on the Ampatuan
Massacre. President GMA can also be seen as an
impatient person as she will without hesitation get
the attention of the person who failed their tasks
perfectly as per the news gmanetwork. She uses
her ability to shame to get her cabinets and
personnels to work effectiveley and efficiently.
Religion has also been a question for President
Duterte where he seems to acknowledge that there
should be a separation of the church and the state.
President GMA, being chosen by and believed in
by Catholics has always respected the church.
President Duterte nonetheless is seen as the
righteous even with his morality issues and feud
with the Church. This is because even with
President Duterte's morality issues, people tends
to love him for , at the time of the writing, is not
corrupt and is seen to be committed with his
people. This is what splits him from the past
presidents.
Successful presidency comes in on the effectivity
and productivity of a chosen leader. A study
shows that Character and personality are key
features in determining a president's term a
success or not. In James David Barber's The
Presidential Character, there are 4 types of
presidents. The Active-Positive,the Active-
negative, the Passive-Positive and the Passive
negative. President Benigno Aquino III was best
described as the Passive-Negative type of
president whom has not really desired of being a
president but rather to do a tribute to his parents.
His passiveness can be seen in his presidency
where he lacks effort and the drive during his
tenure. Contrary to president Rodrigo Roa
Duterte's strong character PNoy values loyalty to
his friends where it seems to be a problem at times
of corruption and swaying the laws whereas to
President Rodrigo Duterte don't mind anyone as
long as they are not doing corruption. He also
lacks political maturity in which he was not
trained to be ideological and lacks political
concepts that would envision the country. Both
presidents are seen to be nationalistic and stand
out to do everything for the Filipino people and
emphasize corruption to be an enemy of theirs. In
his presidency, President Aquino III blamed the

Arroyo administration for all the failures and the
will be failures of his administration. PNoy
blamed all the failure of the Disbursement
Acceleration Program to Budget Secretary
Florencio Abad. Another tragedy where PNoy's
blame game is apparent is during the infamous
Mamasapano massacre. He should be the one
taking the responsibility but instead played the
blaming to SAF Chief Director Getulio Napenas
wherein he believes that Napenas has and is the
one controlling the troops. His success however in
foreign affairs gave the country a good economy.
In an SWS December 2015 survey, the Aquino
administration received a "GOOD" performance
and three of which are from the foreign aspect,
these are (1) Foreign Relations (2) Promoting the
Welfare of OFWs (3) Protecting the country's
territorial rights. He has dependency on US
military on which he approves of the Enhanced
Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA).
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine and understand the
political leadership style of President Rodrigo
Duterte and compare it to the five previous
Philippine Presidents and to seek answers to the
ff. Questions:
• How do the different Presidents execute
their leadership style?
• How does the transition of style affect the
country?
• Does President Rodrigo R. Duterte’s
leadership approach expedient on the
country’s political condition
METHODOLOGY
This chapter clearly defines the research methods
used to conduct the study. The researcher explains
how the necessary data and information to address
the research objectives and questions was
collected, presented, and analyzed.
Research Design
According to Kothari (2004), research design is a
plan, a roadmap and blueprint strategy of
investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to
research questions; it is the heart of any study.
Research design refers to the strategy that one
chooses to integrate the various components and
variables of the study in a systematic and logical
manner. It serves as a blue print for the step by
step procedure in conducting a research study.
Qualitative Research Design
In the handbook of qualitative research Denzin
and Lincoln (2005) describe qualitative research
as involving “… an interpretive naturalistic
approach to the world. It means that qualitative
research provides descriptions for phenomena that
happens naturally. It is heuristic, meaning that it
uses experience to learn and not deductive.
Sources of Data
The researches both relied on primary and
secondary data for the accuracy and the
objectivity of the study.
Primary Data
Primary data are the ones that are observed and
experienced first-hand. The primary data for
this particular research was collected using
interviews. Interviews were done to three political
experts and analysts.
Secondary Data
Secondary data refers to data that was collected by
someone other than the user. Sources used to
gather the secondary data are the articles
published online, newspapers and history books
that were all stated in the review of related
literatures.
Data Collection
The researchers used interview method. Face to
face interviews was conducted with the political
analysts and experts but a follow-up review online
was conducted due to time constrain.
For the purposes of this research, the researcher
chose the participants who were viewed as the
best source of information as the experts and
analysts were likely to bring out the required data
specific to the research problem through their own
experience and knowledge about the topic. The
interview were carried out prior to setting of
appointments with the concerned respondents.
The interview had specified time limits of

approximately 30 minutes to one hour however
the first interview exceeded due to thorough
discussions. The interview was carried out with
the help of interview guide line questions.
Data Analysis
Data collected from the primary and secondary
sources were processed, compared, analyzed and
presented. Brief and relevant words that were
uttered by the political experts/ analysts was
further discussed and compared as to the analysis
of the articles that were in the review of related
literatures. Inductive analysis moves from specific
observations to broader generalizations and
theories. This analysis also known as the “bottom
up” approach.
Timetable Limitations
This analysis was only conducted to a Political
Analysts that will provide an idea and insights in
the previous Presidential Administrations.
Inclusion criteria for the interviewee must be a
graduate of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science,
Foreign Affairs, History, International Relations
or other related course, should have a good
analytical and critical thinking and be
knowledgeable about government, especially in
the previous Presidential Administrations.
Delimitations
This analysis provides insights and ideas about the
different leadership styles of the previous five
Presidential Administrations in the aspect of
economy, military, international relations and the
like. In addition with this, the leadership style of
the previous administrations will determine why
the current administrations have different
approaches in addressing the said issues that the
Philippines are dealing with. This analysis focuses
only on the five previous Presidential
administration starting from the year 1986 up to
the present administration.
Task
WEEK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
Planning The
Research Project
1.1
.
Formation of
Group
1.2
.
Choose the
Project Topic
2 Project Proposal
2.1
.
Writing up of
Project Proposal
2.2
.
Formulating
Research
Problems
2.3
.
Formulate
Research
Strategy, Design
and Methods
3 Research Project
3.1
.
Chapter 1:
Introduction
3.2
a. Background of
the Study
3.3
.
b. Statement of
the Problem
3.4
.
c. Review of
Related Literature
3.5
.
Chapter 2:
Methodology
3.6
Interview on
samples
3.7 Analyze Data
3.8
Chapter 3: Result
and Discussion
3.9
.
Chapter 4:
Conclusion
4
Submit Full
Research Project
5
Presentation of
Research Project
Table 1. Timetable

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter looked at the research methods that
were used in the study. Justifications on why the
researcher chose to use those methodologies were
given. Interviews was the main methods of data
collection used to gather relevant data to achieve
the research objectives. In data presentation,
qualitative methods was used. Data was analyzed
using the inductive analysis.
We conducted three interviews on the following
dates: March 9, 2017 with Mr. John Nuestro
Ponsaran, a Political Analyst from the University
of the Philippines Manila, March 14, 2017 with
Mr. Dan Jefferson Lopez, A Political Science
graduate and a faculty from the College of Arts
and Sciences under the Foreign Service
Department, and on March 17, 2017 with Ms.
Aina Mari Sisante who is also a faculty from CAS
under the Foreign Service Program. A follow-up
review online was conducted with Ms. Sisante on
March 18 for further clarifications. The interviews
revolve around our research topic regarding the
leadership style of the previous five Presidents of
our country and our incumbent President Rodrigo
Duterte. In relation with this, we ask them about
what is the strategy of each previous five
Presidents that makes them a good leader on how
they address the problems of the economy, debts,
military and other aspects and factors that
influences them on their decision making in
addressing these particular issues of the country.
Participant 1’s Statement and Opinion
Corazon C. Aquino practices the chronicles of
good and evil, meaning to say, according to Mr.
John Nuestro Ponsaran, for example, people will
tell her she knows nothing because she’s just a
plain housewife, she will answer them with “yes, I
know nothing about corruption and human rights.
The problem with her leadership style is that she
is largely influence by the US thus she remained
faithful in paying the foreign debt of the Marcos
administration. Her political psychology is heavily
influence by her religious affiliation to the Roman
Catholic. Cory executes her leadership style in a
low-intensity conflict which is a combination of
psychological warfare and military aggression.
Corazon Aquino’s greatest accomplishment was
restoring democratic institutions after the 20 year
Marcos dictatorship. She defeated 9 coup d’états.
Her popular leadership style was in direct contrast
to the imperial style of the Marcoses. (Abueva,
1993).
Fidel V. Ramos, also known as FVR won by
means of minority votes which only casts 23% of
the whole casting of the votes. Putting it in a
scale, 7 out of 10 Filipinos did not vote for him,
since there are a lot of presidential candidates. In
addition, he is also a strong advocate of
liberalization because he had been a formerly a
military second lieutenant and he became the
Commander in Chief during his administration. In
terms of economy, he transform the Philippines as
one of the economic tiger’s in Asia. In line with
this, he provided more job opportunities, a better
quality healthcare and he recovered the economic
condition of the Philippines through his liberalist
way of thinking. Fidel Ramos is a protestant and
with that, that makes him to not follow the
catholic teachings and affects his decision
making.
In the administration of Joseph Ejercito Estrada,
he was popularly known as ERAP, he is known to
project himself as the Robin Hood of the masses.
With this, during his campaign and his term, he
combats the continuing increase of poverty. Some
of the critics described President Estrada as
intellectually weak but he surrounded himself
with the most elite cabinet members. According to
our previous research, his administration started
the continuing rise of cronyism and corruption. In
relation with this, he appointed Remulla and other
people who supported him in the campaign.
In the year 2001, after the Estrada Administration,
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was elected as the new
President of the Philippines. Her administration
focuses on the aspect of economy. Furthermore,
she advocates the neoliberal economics and she is
also a micromanager. Among the previous
Presidents, she is the 2nd
President who had the
longest term in the Presidential History of the
Philippines following the late President Ferdinand
Marcos. Some of the criticisms of the Arroyo
Administration is that she politicized the military,

church, the civil service, the judiciary branch and
most of the aspect of government.
After the Administration of Arroyo, Benigno
Simeon Aquino III was elected as the new
President of the Republic of the Philippines.
Aquino become popular to the masses because of
the sympathy of the Filipino people for the death
of his mother, Cory Aquino in the year 2009.
After the death of his mother, he became popular
and some people want him to run for the
Presidential position. In connection with this, Mar
Roxas run as the Vice President in the year 2010
to give way for Benigno Aquino III to run for the
Presidency. When it comes to appointing his
cabinet members, he uses the “Kumpadre
Sysytem” because he appoints his former
classmates and even the previous appointees of
his mother during the Aquino Administration.
The new President of the Republic of the
Philippines, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte’s
leadership style is that he focuses on a particular
single issue first before jumping to another issue
to address this things. In addition with this, he
believes that peace and order is essential for the
development of the country. He practices the
principle of subsidiary in which he tells the
delegation what to do, first, he lays down the
general framework of what he wants to get done
and the delegation will be the one to execute the
task and they’re the one who’s assigned to fill up
the minor details. An identifiable factor on why he
won the election was the people felt powerless
and thus needed a father like figure as the next
President. The culture of paternalism can be
clearly seen and he used this to win the hearts of
the people. His approach is how like the LGU
Officials execute their work-they walk the talk.
He is fluid and informal, with the people getting
used to his attires and his behavior. He is also
consistent of being inconsistent, is also a man of
action, is pragmatic and situational, if he needs to
get aggressive, he will be, and he was able to use
his experiences in his last government handling.
President Duterte believes that political and
economic freedom cannot be attained at the same
time and that one must sacrifice. He wants to
decentralize the imperial powerful Luzon and he
wants the distribution of power to be equal and
fair among the archipelago.
While in our interview with Mr. Dan Jefferson
Lopez, he mentioned some similarities with the
statement of Mr. Ponsaran about the leadership
styles of the previous five presidents and
President Duterte. However, he also has different
opinions and contradiction from the first
interview.
He stated that Corazon C. Aquino was the first
female president of the Philippines who started off
her administration as a liberal and maintained
strong bond and influence with the United States.
Her administration has a system of government
that is democratic in the concept of United States.
It was also during her administration that the
Agrarian reform started when she focused on the
land-owning elites. Her political style is that she
will distribute lands for public use but is also
protecting their issues regarding Hacienda Luisita.
She had a strong affiliation with the Catholic
Church much like the same opinion of Mr.
Ponsaran. However, she had a very weak
connection when it comes to military. She
managed to survive the 9 coup d’ etas by using
her strong ties with the United States. She comes
off as strong in terms of external affairs of the
Philippines, but is weak in terms of her military
management. Mr. Lopez agreed to Mr. Ponsaran’s
statement about her using the method of low-
intensity conflict, yet, for him, it is because she is
not fond of political and military warfare when
problems come. She prefers the diplomatic
approach in handling various conflicts.
Fidel V. Ramos is a capitalist and focused on the
economic development of the Philippines and in
parallel with that, he modernized AFP and used
capitalism to improve military and knows which
sectors of the military is to be improved because
he is a former member of the military. He also
gave way to the rise of the protestant churches and
the Catholic Church weakened during his
administration. He also increased the country’s
national security as he strengthens the military. He
also maintained a good relationship with United
States and made Philippines one of Asia’s
Economic Tiger, however, he still had a hard time

in managing this because Philippines still has a lot
of foreign debt.
Joseph Ejercito Estrada is the “pang-masa”
president. Advocated that he is one in the masses
by using his charisma as a celebrity, although his
administration is not based on good governance.
He has a strong political will which also explains
why he prefers the political and minimalistic
approach in handling conflicts. The problems
during his administration is that he was used to
living a celebrity-like lifestyle and he forgot to
look over the national side. The relationship of his
administration to the United States is not that
strong but he was able to not borrow money to
other countries as often like the other presidents.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the second female
president of the Philippines. Compared to
Corazon Aquino, GMA was able to manipulate
the military, but for her own self-interest. Her
focus during her administration was economic
development. Being an economist herself, she
knows the loops and holes of the economic
policies of the country, and with that, she was able
to politicize and manipulate various sections of
the government. She was also able to manipulate
the media in which it involves the controlled
release of publicized issues. A contribution that
her administration has done was the
modernization of the system of government which
focused also on economic development.
Benigno Aquino III focused on eradicating
corruption and in revealing the corrupt people in
the government. It was during his administration
when a lot of foreign investors invested in the
country. He was also able to stabilize the
economic status of the country. His administration
was more peaceful, however, he had a weak
political will and he also used low-intensity
conflict in handling the military. He also had close
ties with the Catholic Church, same with his mom,
Corazon Aquino. He was very charismatic due to
the fact of his parent’s influence among the
people, however, he was not able to project his
own image to the people.
Rodrigo Duterte is a firm president and is one of
the few presidents that has a strong political will,
and it has a very strong effect on the people which
leads to public trust. He assures everyone that
everything he orders will be done, and he uses his
aggressiveness toughness and his knowledge to be
liked by people. His religious affiliation doesn’t
show and his political style is heavily influenced
by his experiences in handling different
government-related jobs in the locality of Davao.
He promotes regional integration for easy access
of needs. Used the military and the police forces
to do the things that he promised during his
campaign and him, being nationalistic is a great
factor on why he won the elections.
Asked about whether he think Duterte’s style is
effective in the country’s current political
condition and whether if it will not change until
the end of his term, he said that he believed so for
the president is firm on his words and promises.
But he also stated that Duterte’s leadership style
still change for leadership and people’s
expectation are flexible.
Ms. Ms. Aina Mari Sisante’s opinion about the
leadership styles of each presidents, although
general, is similar with the other two experts.
According to her, Aquino was a very transitional
type of President during her time. In connection
with this, her management style is totally different
because it was hardly felt by the people since the
political situation of the Philippines before she sit
as the President is under the Marcos
Administration, and the thing here is that she
democratizes the nation and ended the rule of
Marcos Administration in the country. However,
she doesn’t have any background in politics and
she is just a simple housewife and has a good
educational attainment. She has a motherly type of
leadership compared to the Duterte
Administration.
On the other hand, the Fidel Administration, he
came from the military but he did not declare a
martial law even though he is a militant. His
administration focuses and envisions the aspect of
military. In addition, he wants the Philippines to
be considered as the next Tiger of Asia in the
Southeast Asia yet his time his limited he still
makes the aspect of the economy of the
Philippines a well-developed one. In the aspect of

international relations, since he is a militant, he
has this kind of leadership style the so called
“strategist” in the aspect of military.
In the Estrada Administration, he has the
similarities with Duterte Administration, they both
came from the local government, and they served
as the Mayor of their city. In connection with this,
since Estrada came from the local government and
also he is an actor, so he has this kind of different
popularity compare to Duterte. However, he also
have a different leadership style approach to the
people and according to some literature, his
cabinet members is compose of the most elite
people. Since he has only 2 and a half years of
serving the Filipino people it’s so hard to judge
the Estrada Administration, with that he use his
popularity as an actor to combat the all-out war
against terrorist.
In the Arroyo Administration, since she is an
economist and the 2nd
Women President in the
Philippines, she focuses in the aspect of economy.
With this, she is also like Cory; she is like a
mother figure to all Filipino people who manages
the budget of the country. The aspect of the
economy of the Philippines maintain its standing
in a well-developed and progress one.
In the Noynoy Administration, he is not that tough
as Duterte, he is kind a soft in terms of decision
making. Since he has no wife, his administration
is so easy to be bullied and judge. When it comes
to the aspect of the economy, the Philippines
maintain its good standing in the aspect of
economy in Asia. As a son of Cory Aquino, this
also makes an advantage for Noynoy, though he is
not that good enough, it makes him as one of the
choice of the people to vote for him as the
President.
Lastly, the Duterte Administration, since he also
started his political life in the local government
his administration focuses on the local issues like
the drugs unlike the Arroyo and Aquino
Administration, they focuses on the aspect of
economy. Duterte is seen by the people as tough
when it comes to decision making. His popularity
is not based on where he came from but based on
how he talked, the way he act and other things. In
relation with this, this makes him so popular
because he talk how ordinary people talks during
his speeches, this makes him more appealing to all
the people.
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STYLE
PRESIDENT Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3
Corazon C.
Aquino
Democratizing Imperial Marcos
Style (Dictatorship)
Popular Leadership
Used low-intensity conflict
Highly influence and dependent
to the US
Used religion for consultation,
advice and influence.
Liberal
Democratic in the
concept of US
Diplomatic approach
(in handling conflict)
- Had very close ties
with the catholic church
Focused on social
welfare, education,
women’s rights
Transitional Type
Democratizing
Motherly style
Fidel V. Ramos
Militaristic
Liberalist and Capitalist
Protestant, did not let the
catholic church influence his
decision making
Militaristic
- Protestant, did not let
the catholic church
influence his decision
making
Strategist
Protestant, did not let
the catholic church
influence his decision
making
Joseph Ejercito
Estrada
Populist and charismatic
Intellectually weak but had
Populist and
charismatic
Populist
Composed his cabinet

composed his cabinet with
elites
Started the rise of cronyism
Used his large network and
connection of businessmen and
investors to stop and intimidate
his oppositions like boycotting
the media
Has a shadow Cabinet
Political and
Minimalistic (in
handling conflict)
Befriended
businessmen for local
and foreign investments
(though decrease
foreign debt by not
borrowing money from
foreign countries unlike
the others)
with elites
Gloria
Macapagal
Arroyo
Economist
Advocates neo-liberalism
Micromanager
politicized the military, church,
the civil service, the judiciary
branch and most of the aspect
of government
Split-level Christianity
Economist
politicize and
manipulate various
sections of the
government
Economist
Mother-figure who
focuses on handling
finances
Benigno
Aquino II
Populist
Good at foreign negotiations
Influence by parent’s legacy
uses the “Kumpadre System”
Like his mother, used religion
for
consult and advise for his
political affairs (influenced)
Stabilized the economic
status of the country
Good at foreign
negotiations
had a weak political
will
used low-intensity
conflict in handling the
military
kind a soft in terms of
decision making
Economist
Influence by parent’s
legacy
Rodrigo Roa
Duterte
Charismatic
Uses the influence of his
political myth
Nationalistic
Neo-populism
Not practicing his religious
endeavors
Doesn’t allow the Church to
interfere with his political
affairs
Focuses on a single issue
campaign strategy
Principle of subsidiary
Culture of Paternalism
Situational Leadership
Approach
Intimidate his oppositions with
his used of words and image
- Has a strong political
will
- Nationalistic
- Firm, Uses his
toughness and
knowledge to be liked
by the people
- His religious
affiliation doesn’t show
- His political style is
heavily influenced by
his experiences in
handling different
government-related
jobs in the locality of
Davao.
- promotes regional
integration for easy
access of needs.
Populist and
Charismatic
focuses on the local
issues like the drugs
tough when it comes to
decision making
Table 2. Specific Political Leadership Styles of C. Aquino to R. Duterte
(Based from the result of the Interviews)

Table 3. General Similarities on Leadership Style of C. Aquino to R. Duterte
(Based from the result of Interviews)
CONCLUSION
To sum it all up, the Presidential styles of the
current President and the previous 5 Presidents
were as follows.
Corazon Aquino transformed the Philippines from
a dictatorship regime of the Marcos to a
democratic one. In the Cory Aquino
Administration, she uses her traditional Filipina
motherly instinct in managing the government.
Her approach in her administration was very
motherly. According to the published literatures,
her personal background was so far to her being a
politician, it was like an unexpected turn. She has
also a strong religious belief and uses low-
intensity conflict in managing the military force.
She has the maternalistic style of leadership; a
way of leading by which it not expressed by
overwhelming motherly approach, but by the
ability to see connections and to nurture and
support the right aspects in order to build up or
strengthen the whole family, system or whole
body of an organization (J. Danieli).
Second, in the Ramos Administration, although
winning by a minority vote, he managed to
change on how people perceived him by
liberalizing the Philippines. Fidel V. Ramos is a
strategist, for the reason that he came from the
military. A few people say that AFP is
empowered during his administration. He has a
clear vision of an outward-looking Philippines,
and a vision to a broader international relations. In
terms of his economic approach, he was able to
boost the economy of the Philippines which
resulted as one of Asia's economic tiger during his
term. Ramos has the pure liberal leadership style;
advocating liberalism especially in individual
rights and one who is open-minded or not strict in
the observance of orthodox, traditional, or
established forms or ways (Merriam Webster).
General Similarities
C.
Aquino
F.
Ramos
J.
Estrada
G.
Arroyo
B.
Aquino
III
R.
Duterte
Charismatic
Populist
Liberalist
Paternalistic/Maternalistic
Political Myth Influence
Not allowing religious interference
Religion Dependent (Influenced)
Low-intensity conflict
Economist / Capitalist
(Focus on foreign relations and
investments)
Cronyism
Ability to Shame
Nationalistic
Repressive Apparatus

Third, Joseph Ejercito Estrada served for only two
and a half year during his term. He is a populist
and charismatic because he is a former actor and a
local politician. His administration engage in all
out-wars in Mindanao, and he has this “utang na
loob” behavior in appointing people due to his
tendency to appoint his friends and those people
coming from the business industry. Although his
decision making was not that tough as compared
to President Duterte, the people in his cabinet
were wise and bright. He has the relaxed-
leadership style, under the laissez-faire leadership
which giving complete decision-making control to
the staff while the leaders neither get in the way
nor closely oversee them (S. Morgan), for his
spontaneous behavior and characteristics.
Fourth, in the Arroyo Administration, she had a
great start during her term but later on, she
politicized some aspects of the government. She is
also a micro manager meaning to say that every
detail matters to her, and that’s when the problem
arises. If anything goes wrong, she has the ability
to shame of the person in charge. She is a pure
economist. As for an example that participant
number three said, GMA is like a mother, but she
is the kind of mother that holds and budgets the
money. Her administration is heavily focused in
the settlement of the economy. Her leadership
style is neo-liberalist, a liberal who de-emphasizes
traditional liberal doctrines in order to seek
progress by more pragmatic methods (Merriam
Webster), favoring economic progress and free-
market trade capitalism.
Fifth, Benigno Aquino III is a former legislator
and is an economist. He was able to maintain and
stabilize the economy that GMA had started. He
became the President because of the turnout of
events. His presidency and style was highly
influence by his parent’s legacy that was left in
the country and that made him a charismatic
presidential candidate, although his ungreediness
for the opposition made him indecisive of his
decisions. His style is softer that President Duterte
and was not as tough when it comes to decision-
making. Pnoy’s leadership style is a passive
leadership which is a combination of passive
management exception, which tend to avoid work
unless mistake of problem can longer be avoided,
and a laissez-faire leadership which is defined as
absence of leadership all together (Brian C.
Holtz).
Lastly, the Duterte Administration, he is also
charismatic President ever since he was a Mayor
at Davao. He advocates peace and order for he
believed, as stated on his agenda, that peace and
order pre-requisite development (Diokno).
Duterte’s leadership style is a paternalistic one as
the Filipinos saw him as a Father-like figure and
that’s also a factor why he was chosen by the
people. He gives a dominant authority much like a
patriarch who acts and treats his people as part of
his extended family as he is very attached to the
people that is comes to a point that he speaks for
the mouth of the masses. However, his practical
use of everyday words and cussing may be
offending to the international arena. Although, in
reality, he doesn’t fully embody a paternalistic
style like what participant 2 stated because he still
show recognition to women leadership and not
focusing and being bias on male dominant only
unlike how a full dominant male would have act
with a very traditional paternalistic views.
The general similarities among the five previous
presidents were that their political styles is so far
from the political style of president Duterte. They
were soft-powered and focus on international
relations and economy. President Duterte looks
more on the issues that is going within the
national society and in solving national issues. He
focus and believed on the thought that “peace and
order pre-requisite development” which is in
contrast with the other presidents who focus on
the thought that “development pre-requisites
peace and order” and yet, his belief can be pretty
much similar of President’s Ramos focus which
the latter then focuses on liberalizing the country
through economic progress as he balanced it out
with the military modernization of the country for
the stability of peace and development.
As we can see, each person has a different style
and approach in handling things and situations,
and the pressure is more than heavy to our
presidents who are not only handling or handled
the executive department but is and was handling
the entire nation. Each of our president has
different leadership styles which they’ve

developed and was influenced based from their
primary affiliations and their experiences. Some
were even influenced by people in their lives or a
certain group. However, even with lots of
differences, we can still see some similarities
between them based from their focus, values and
characteristics.
The transition of leadership style starting from
Cory has a pretty big difference yet has a similar
feeling to our current incumbent. Cory Aquino’s
transitional leadership style is a maternalistic one,
democratizing the imperial Marcos dictatorial
style, which was then transcend to a liberalize
style by Ramos. Erap’s style is pretty hard to tell
for he only serve for 2 years and a half but we can
say that his style is pretty much laid back yet his
populist approach is very charismatic to people.
The leadership style was then again brought back
into a liberal but a modern one with Arroyo and
had its stability with Aquino III’s even though his
style is a passive one. But now with our
incumbent, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, we
can see that it took a big gap from the others for
his style is really different because of his tough
and firm personality but then it has a similar yet
contrast feel with Cory, whose style was like a
mother, for his leadership style is basically like a
father-figure is.
All in all, the main purpose of this study is to
determine the leadership style of our President
Rodrigo Duterte in order to understand him more;
his actions, decisions and focuses, by and as we
compare with him with the leadership styles of the
previous five presidents of our country. A key
factor on why the people chose President Duterte
is that they saw something different and they
hoped that different is change. He came from the
minority region of the Philippines and that is
something new in the Philippine Political set-up
whose been led by people coming from the
imperial Manila that share the same related styles
and focus. President Duterte’s leadership style
although is different from what Filipinos were
used to, we can say that it is what the Filipinos
want and needed now considering our political
condition. He was voted by the Filipino people
because of his own unique style of leadership. He
is still on his first year of term so we cannot
conclude that his leadership style, based from this
research, will remain the same until the end of his
term. As what stated in the Background of Study,
leadership style is flexible, Duterte’s leadership
style may change by the time this research is
published.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We extend our sincerest thanks to the God for the
well-being and health that we're necessary to
finish this research.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mr. John
Nuestro Ponsaran, Mr. Dan Jefferson Lopez, and
Ms. Aina Marie Sisante for proving an in-depth
interview for sharing their expertise and for
providing the necessary data in completing this
research.
We also place on record, our sincere thanks to Ms.
Raizza Corpuz for the continuous encouragement,
for sharing her expertise and for the valuable
guidance extended to us.
We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to
our parents who believed in our potential and for
always encouraging in completing this research
We also place on record, our sense of gratitude to
one and all, who directly or indirectly, have lent
their hand in this venture.

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information-drive

APPENDIX A
GUIDE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Can you elaborate the different leadership style of the previous five presidents of the Philippines and
compare it with President Duterte?
Considering that Philippines is a democratic and republican country, how do the different presidents
execute their leadership style?
Is their leadership style based on the setting of the places where they came from?
Place where they are born?
Their primary affiliation?
Based from their religious affiliation?
How does the transition of styles affect the country?

APPENDIX B
Research Interview with Mr. John N. Ponsaran
Duration: 2 hrs 22 minutes 34 seconds
Date: March 9, 2017 (Thursday)
Mr. Ponsaran: Uhhh anyway the three forms of leadership according to (inaudible) Weber which I am
very sure you are familiar with. Uhh. tignan niyo yung traditional leadership no, you compare it with
uhh.. charismatic leadership tapos yung pangatlo yung legal rational leadership no diba inaral niyo yun sa
sa klase niyo? Yan yung tatlong forms of leadership according to Weber in the uhh modern society. Pag
sinabi nating traditional leadership the datus no uhh.... the babaylans no uhh..... yung- yung heads of the
family no the leadership is traditionally acquired on them no tas pag sinabi mo namang charismatic
leadership no they are able to appeal to the hearts and minds for example which is High Cardinal Sin no
when he mobilize people to aggregate in EDSA si Mahatma Gandhi, Si Nelson Mandela no is a
charismatic leader no I believe so no such also in the case of Duterte. Combination siya ng Charismatic
plus Legal Rational kasi pag sinabi mong legal rational you are a leader by (inaudible) of being eleceted
to it. Yun yung tingin ko kay Duterte he's a combination of both charismatic leadership and uhh
traditional leadership. Um magandang bigyan diin din na sa Pilipinas kasi our launching pad of the
presidency is usually the senate and the vice presidency so in his case no it's local government no uhh
somehow it is unprecedented no unexpected no but the point is he was able to capture the minds and the
hearts of people kasi yun yung mahalaga no uhh we should be able to capture the hearts and minds of the
people. Then number two you should have no some story to tell there should be a chronicle, a kwento no
a storyline no that was also the case of of of Noynoy no uhhh Noynoy is not a presidential political timber
no (inaudible) to become a president someday no. But with the death of his mother no uhhh number one
number two he was able to come up with a storyline no that if you project yourself as an alternative to
GMA no you are winnable no, so that was the storyline created the good vs. the evil. So GMA
representing the corrupt archetype tas himself as the exact opposite no. When you project yourself as the
exact opposite of GMA, you are projecting yourself as a viable alternative no, just make yourself no her
exact opposite no that automatically qualifies you as an alternative presidential timber. Ganoon ang
ginawa no at sinuportahan siya ng mga ponbits ibig sabihin ng mga ponbits yun yung mga opinion leaders
no mga mga columnist (inaudible) was one along story with a very powerful storyline the storyline of the
good vs. the evil. Ang kagandahan dinugtong yun sa storyline between Aquino and Marcos kadugtong
siya kaya tignan niyo lagi a president is effective if there is a storyline...... So that is very important
halimbawa Erap para sa mahirap no is a story............ How do you perpetuate yourself with power. Yung
first M ay yung money. Yung second M ay yung machinery your political machinery, third M is merger,
how do you merge political parties no? Fourth M is marriage no for example marriage with another
political family no and another political clan. Next is murder, mayhem, you attack, you intimidate people
no, you instill fear among their hearts no, murder, mayhem, M A Y H E M diba mayhem what else? Myth
yung myth diba Erap para sa mahirap no what else no Diosdado Macapagal the poor man from lubao no,
what else? Noynoy aquino kung walang corrupt walang mahirap no. This are the storylines no the myths
the kwentos no. Uhhh and many others and many more......... They listed up the many faces of leadership
of uhh president Duterte after conducting snowball and opportunistic sampling technique no on the during
(inaudible) April to May no ang nakita ko first we have to consider that the Philippines is an archipelago
and it's compose of uhhh many islands uhhh he was able to successfully project the idea that what he was
doing in mandano, Minda-Mindanao specifically in Davao you will be able to uhhh replicate in the entire
archipelago no, that was also the the formula of of uhh Binay no when he ran for vice presidency diba?
Uhhh ganito kami sa Makati, sana ganito din sa buong bansa so that was also no the strategy uhh of
Duterte no to certain extent no. Uhhh yung yung ano Davao story no he wants to replicate that in in all
parts of the the archipelago no. Uhhh tas ayun marami ding tumulong sa kaniya na local government uhh
local government units no in the process considering the fact that the Philippines is composed of various
NGOs in various levels no. Halimbawa yung regional, provincial, city, municipal no and uhh uhh

barangay no, this are the five levels of uhh uhh local government. Uhh is ayun may storyline siya number
two no yung his bid to replicate no the successful Davao story no in the entire archipelago. According to
them the (inaudible) view Duterte as an advocate of uhh peace and order no uhhh.... Si Noynoy at si
Duterte may pagkaka-pagkakapareho in one sense no. They focus on... a single issue campaign strategy.
Si Noynoy ang single issue strategy niya, "Kung walang corrupt, Walang mahirap", no that's his single
issue campaign strategy. Uhh kasi yung iba diba marami no, mga education, women empowerment,
environment no, uhh ako kung pananaw ko, it became successful because uhh Filipinos no have yet to..
fully deepen their level of political consciousness. Eh ang kaya lang nating minsan bigyan pagpapahalag
ay yung simple simple.... uhhh.... political slogans like this no 'di masyadong complex or complicated no.
Uhh hence no, (inaudible) more effective no, kasi papaano pag campaign strategy ko halimbawa ay ang
campaign strategy ko ay ay... uhhh... integrated sustainable energy democracy no katambal ng uhh...
sustainable integrated comprehensive food security katambal halimbawa ng ng... compe(ti)tive tax reform
package uhhh... naiintimidate yung makikinig no naiintimidate yung makikinig... Unlike if no you just put
it in very simplistic terms, "Kung walang corrupt, Walang mahirap", no kung walang kriminalidad no
kung walang kriminidad uhh.. uhh.. magiging maunlad ang bansa but it's base on the premise that peace is
a prerequisite to development no parang-parang ganun yung storyline niya, peace is a prerequisite to
development, peace and order, order, peace and order is a prerequisite to development. Kasi may
dalawang pananawit, development is a prerequisite to peace and order. Pag lahat ay maunlad, walang
mag-aalsa, walang magiging miyembro ng bagong bayan o New People's Army kaya paunlarin daw
muna, that will result in uhhh peace no and order no. Yung iba naman ang pananaw peace and order no, is
a prerequisite to development. Kailangan mo muna magkaroon ng kapayapaan bago dumagsa ang
negosyo at pamumuhunan. Si Duterte no is uhh.. uhh... single issue campaign strategy is peace and order
no, where people are able to identify because tatandaan natin maraming tao biktima ng street crimes
maraming mga tao biktima ng corruption, kasi ano ba depinisyon natin ng corruption? Corruption is the
uhh... uhh... redistribution of wealth from the poor to the rich kasi yung kinuha sating income tax
binubulsa ng mga korakot diba eh tayo mga middle income class tayo double income class so corruption
is the redistribution of the wealth from the poor tayo no, to the rich. Edi it's a... also a form of crime diba
eh yung mga tao nakaidentify pag na tumunog itong mga problema sa krimen na 'to uhh.. mas uunlad ang
Pilipinas. According to them (inaudible) view Duterte as an advocate of peace and order, the number one
reason why Davao city improved and that many investments knocking on their doors. Yun yung sinasabi
ko sa inyo as peace and order as a prerequisite to uhh.. the influx of uhh... no technological development,
investment, etc., back when Davao was viewed unsafe because of the CP NPA the then mayor made
efforts and talks with the NPA members to make peace and stability in the city which will then help in the
economic sector. So that's one strategy of Duterte na uhh.. to bring to the fold, people from various no
political persuasion no from the extreme left to the advocates of federalism to some members of the
business sector no. Uhh.. if you (inaudibe) government for the longest time no uhh.. and even the
members of the academe no. Sino sino yung mga makakaliwa na ipinasok niya? Diba si Judy Tagiwalo
diba? Si Judy Tagiwalo of the DSWS no si Judy Tagiwalo. Si...uhh.. Rafael Mariano no Rafael Mariano, I
can not (inaudible) fully if it's Department of Agriculture or Department of Agrarian Reform please check
no, si Rafael Mariano. NAPSI no, National Anti-Poverty Commision, si Lisa Masa dating miyembro ng
Gabriella diba si Lisa Masa no? Aktibista. Si Judy Tagiwalo dating dating NPA ang alam ko. Dating
martial law activist no. Si.. si.. uhh... Rafael Mariano, ka-Paeng Mariano, dating tagapangulo ng kilusan
ng Pilipinas no, PNB, nagsusulong ng ng tunay na reporma sa sa.. lutas, so that is one leadership style of
Duterte, acommodate people from various political political persuasion no. At ang napansin ko sa kanya
no (inaudible) principle of subsidiarity, no the principle of subsidiarity no. Anong ibig sabihin ng
principle of subsidiarity? No yung dedication no, I will tell you what to do no, you accomplish it, you
accomplish it... uhhh... so uhh he delicates to the best people who can accomplish the job no. 'Di katulad
ng iba diba style nila micro-management no talagang yung bawat detlaye no ay pinakikialaman no and
that is the style of Gloria, micro-management, halimbawa pag meron siyang gustong ipasang batas, tapos
yung mga kongresista na bata, diba yung mga kongresista nung panahon ni Gloria Macapagal Arroyo yun
yung mga bagong henerasyon na kongresista, diba mga bata no, mga anak ng mga matatandang

kongresista. Diba may dalawang klase ng mga konresista yung mga TRAPO mga traditional politicians
saka yung mga bata yung BIMPO, Yung mga Batang Isinubo ng Magulang sa Politika, BIMPO kasi
TRAPO BIMPO. Edi hindi niya masyadong makontrol yung mga bata kasi they belong to a different
generation. Ang gagawin ni GMA tatawagin niya yung mga nanay, "Uy yung mga kongresista na anak
niyo ha hindi bumoto in favor of my legislation" o see that's an illustration of her micro-management
style, micro-management... so that's a leadership style si Duterte he's more into uhh laying down the
general framework. Ito ang gusto ko ito ang inaasahan no, you implement that in the policy level no
ganoon siya. Sasabihin niya yung mga expectations niya and then no tapos his appointees will implement
in the (inaudible) ang tawag doon principle of subsidiarity.................... So ganun general tapos no kayo
mag-implement, principle of subsidiarity. Also it lessens the crime rate dubbing it as the most peaceful
city in Southeast Asia, a man of action no, a man of action, the then mayor of Davao was really famous
for his strong willed character the residents always vote for him if he run for election they feel secure
whenever he's the mayor. Ang naging problema napansin ko yung ne- yung culture of paternalism no. Pag
sabihing culture of Paternalism uhh.. you always look at somebody as a father figure no kasi kung ikaw
ay empowered, you should not be forever dependent on on on a leader no (inaudible) empowerment
noon. You can be productive no as a a citizen, without necessarily being too dependent no or upon a
specifical administration. Uhh ang nangyari naging father figure siya uhh... sa kaniya nakadepende no
uhh, compromise yung (inaudible) of the empowerment of the citizens no masyadong paternalistic no
lahat ay inaasa sa kaniya no ang lahat ay- halimbawa peace and order no (inaudible) of peace and order is
equivalent to Duterte. Kasi peace and order can be producted through citizen's vigilance. Diba halimbawa
tayo pag nakakita tayo ng mali ini- ii... pinagbibigay alam natin sa owtoridad no, pag nakakita tayo ng
mali, itinutuwid natin sa pamamagitan ng moral suasion o pag papakita ng paliwanag no ng single-
mindedness, ang nangyari, pag pag may krimen no, ang inaasahan ang tutugon si Duterte. That should not
be the case because that is too government centric (inaudible) kailangan naman puro top down dapat may
bottom down din, you should meet halfway o dapat nga ang style natin, bibingka strategy. Papaano
magluto ng bibingka? May apoy sa ilalim may apoy sa ibabaw, hindi pwedeng ang apoy laging nasa taas
no kasi masusunog. Dapat bibingka strategy nun kasi yung isang effort, on the level of the- on the level of
the management may effort doon on the (inaudible) bibingka strategy no so uhh in in the process no you
coordinate. Yun yung yun yung nangyari, kaya noon nung prinesenta niya sarili niya sa Pilipinas, uhhh
nagkakompyansa yung mga tao na ay sa wakas meron na tayong masasandigan. The father figure who
will be liberating us no from ones form of operation, various form of injustice, in terms of domination.
Uhh yun yung nakita kong problema no because the people felt very powerless such as they are looking
for a father figure who will redeem them. No so they feel that they are being harassed by tax examiners,
they feel that they are being harassed by kotong police man they, they uhh feel uh they're being harassed
by labor increasing uhh price of commodities, they felt that they are being harassed by by.. uhh... un-
unscropolous capitalist no. Kaya ang nangyari, ay nandito si Duterte tagapagtanggol natin, not realizing
that, the people can actually be a strong force to use. Yung mamayan may malaking pwersa para sa
pagbabago, if nasanay tayo na we feel so disempowered tapos somebody (inaudible) as an alternative, as
a saviour, uhh... we became very enamored no uhh into (inaudible) uhhh.. Marcos best describe him as
(inaudible) uhhh.. He he resorts to yung pagsanib, subsidiarity, nagdedelagate siya. Pero gusto kong
linawin may pagkakataon tulad nung sinabi dito, he is an action man kasi that is the character of most
LGU's no. Kasi diba nakalubog ka sa tao , you have face to face indirect contact with them kaya yung
ganoong training niya sa LGU, magagamit niya no in national governments kasi direkta yung ugnayan sa
tao, kasi LGU no kaya nakita ng tao, he will not just be guilty of saliva festival no, puro salita, acutally he
will be walking the talk no, kasi he's an action man and that is the character of most LGU officials. Kasi
may nasunog na pabrika pupunta talaga sila mayor....................... I do not know if it's good or bad no kasi
it can also be bad kasi he just want to gain browny points for the upcoming election pero it will also be
good if you want to look better no aspiration of your people. Diba nakikipagkwentuha pa sa kanila,
compare that to other president na pupunta lang sa ospital kasi may binomba tapos photo-ops lang tapos
aalis na no. Nagkwentuhan, that that will just be only for a very short period of time 'cause he has other
concerns for other people. At isa pang nakita ng mga tao kay Duterte, yung kaniyang pagiging fluid no,

an-anfluid, informal, where people are able to identify with him no kasi yung iba ang tingin nila, very
elitist and orient(ation) siya ay (inaudible)............................... Isa pa na katangian niya ay yung typical
Filipino culture na sumisipol ng babae, diba yung parang mga formalities and restriction imposed
imposed by ano , the upper class, linalabag niya lahat yung protocol, (inaudible), ettiquete at yung mga
tao kinikilig dun, kinikilig dun, because he is, th-the people are able to uhh able to identify with him
nakabarong tapos naka-nakamaong diba nagmumura which is very typical of us, kasi tayo naman
nagmumura kasi tayo 'di naman tayo nagmumura sa galit but as a form of expression. Ako nagmumura
ako lagi sa klase, it appeals to my students, tuwang tuwa sila tuwang tuwa sila. Uhh...pag uhh.. pag uhh
nagmumura ako, probably that is also true no with respect to how people perceive him. No uhh... Multi-
dimensional entrepreunal authocratic leader, uh he knows how to adapt this style through the expectation
of his uhh.. followers. Ang problema sa kaniya, he is consistent of being inconsistent no he is consistent
of being- nagfiflipflop siya no. On one occassion he will this on one occassion that is not what he meant,
yun yung problema, kasi that will create an issue no in terms of what policy direction do he really want to
pursue. Initially nakaktuwa yun but eventually that will lead to so much confusion no it will impact on
our investment, it will impact on our tourism, it will impact on our international reputation
no............................. Because Noynoy, alam niyo si Noynoy tamad kasi yan. Nung congressman palang
yan wala namang naipasang batas yan si Noynoy, tapos lagi pa nagyoyosi sa labas ng congress hall. So no
one thought of him as a potential presidential, timber. Tapos pag tinignan mo iyong CV niya, curriculum
vitae, mga trabaho niya, sa sa ano sa Hacienda Luisita, sa Mon Dragon, I do not know what is Mon
Dragon, saan ba yun? Apparel, sa mga damit?................ Tapos nabasa ko yung kaniyang write-up sa
kanyang yearbook no, poorly written no, made in with a lot of grammatical errors............. Because
Noynoy is not really a brilliant student no, kasi naging estudyante yan ni Gloria eh no, yung mga grades
niyan ang baba-baba eh............................Mababa ang tingin niya kay Noynoy kasi Noynoy is a studious
student in economics when he was in Ateneo. So uhh that's the distinction, so Noynoy is a- diba
naimbento yung term na Noynoying, waiting for something to happen, being laid-back no, not actually
oriented no Noynoying planking no tas ano pa ba?.....................................................
Ahhh yung situational leadership theory yes no, is a form of leadership where you base your leadership
style on a case to case basis no. Ahh Parang sa rational ethics, may tatlo kasing klase ng ethics diba ehh,
ginagawa mo ito kasi yung mismong yun yung mismong ginagawa mo tama yun yung isa. Yung
pangalawa naman, ginagawa mo ito dahil ang magiging epekto niya, ang ibubunga niya, mabuti no
magkaiba yun no. You do this because the fact in itself no is correct, (inaudible) the act of itself is correct
no. Yung isa naman is consequential ethics, ginagawa naman ito because it's impact no it's effect no will
be positive no. Tapos yung pangatlo na yung situational ethics, case to case basis on case to case basis...
And uhh.. Duterte appears to be uhh.. yun nga uhh.. operating along that line. Depende kung sinong
kausap no pag pag mga taga-Northern Luzon, iba yung sinasabi niya diba? Pag uhh.. pag iba yung
audience, especially during the election no increases his browny points..................................................
Isa-isahin naman natin yung mga dating presidente no. Uhh let us start with uhh.. uhh.. Cory Aquino no.
Yung leadership style ni.. ni... ni.. Cory Aquino no ay alinsunod pa rin dun sa chronicle of good vs. evil
no. Uhhh meron nga pumuna sa kaniya na wala siyang alam ang sabi niya ay "Ay oo nga wala akong
alam- kasi she is just a- ay oo nga oo nga wala akong alam sa korupsyon, wala akong alam sa paglabag sa
pangkarapatang pantao". She used it against her critics no. Ang ang problema kay kay.. Cory no uhh.. she
is she is still largely influenced by uhh.. the US no, in fact no when she was given the chance no to.. take
advantage of the moral ascendancy no being enjoyed by the country after after Marcos no she remained
faithful no in paying our foreign debt no (inaudible) pagkakataon sana iyon dahil sa ginawa sa atin ng
diktatorya sa ilalim ni Marcos na iginiit na wag na nating bayaran ang mga inutang ni Marcos dahil hindi
naman natin pinakinabangan. Pero ang ginawa ni Cory no, she decided to fully honor no the existing
debts whether used productively no or otherwise used by the Filipinos. Uhh. because of her very strong
allegiance with the US. Kaya lang naman napatalsik si Marcos ay dahil uhh.. ang gusto lang ng US ay
mapalitan ng sumusunod sa kaniya na popular sa tao. Si Marcos sumusunod sa kaniya kaso hindi popular

sa tao. Kaya ang pinalit ay katulad ni Cory na sumusunod pa rin pero katanggap-tanggap at popular sa
tao. Uhhh ano ang kaniyang political psychology? She was uhh largely influenced by her political
affiliations. Ang lahat ng bagay ay (inaudible) kay Maria no, ikokonsulta mo kay Maria and that political
psychology no she was able to pass on from from her leadership no down to Noynoy na kumokunsolta
din sa Diyos. Si Noynoy diba, pumupunta pa sa mga madre when he needs to decide on a crucial uhh
issues about this uhh.. political theory no yun yung kay Cory. Pero tandaan natin na kahit babae si Cory
wag nating isipin na siya ay malumanay, mahina, dahil mas maraming paglabag sa pangkarapatang
pantao ang nangyari noong panahon ni Cory no sa pamamagitan ng low-intensity conflict no. Ibig sabihin
ng low-intensity conflict, kombinasyon siya ng psychological warfare at saka ng military aggression. Si
Marcos kasi ang ginawa diba all-out military aggression. Kombinasyon kombinasyon ng dalawa yung
ginamit niya. Tandaan natin uhh.. hindi lang ito usapin ng pagiging babae no. Kasi usapin din dito kung
anong interest ang kinakatawan niya. Ano bang interest ang kinakatawan ni Corazon Aquino? Interest ng
mga panginoong may lupa. Tas sasabihin natin ay babae, mahinahon, malumanay. Th-that is not the case
no because first and foremost what she interests does she represent no? The ranks of the land lords no,
mga panginoong may lupa. Kasi kung titignan natin ang Pilipinas isa tayong triumviulate. Mga
panginoong may lupa, mga national bourgoeise tas tayo mga tas mga manggagawa tapos mga
magsasaka..............................
Sunod naman ay si Ramos. Si Ramos is the first Ramos is acutally non-Catholic President. He is a
protestant. Ang kaniyang leadership style ay uhhh is very focus and a strong advocate of liberalization,
(inaudible) and the regulation no. This are the policies of globalization to liberize the economy to
deregulate the government, to privatize uhh, more on corporation. He is strongly influenced by the US no
kasi because of his training no he was a soldier. No diba the official also credited the premium to peace
and order to uhhh facilitate the order in Mindanao no but that was not very very successful no, uhh pero
kahit papaano na naasimulan niya. Ngayon itong si si Ramos, uhh alam natin isang minority president no.
Ibig sabihin ng minority president, napakaliit ng nakuha niyang boto sa eleksyon kasi multi-party system
tayo. Kasi pag two-party system tayo, we always get the majority................................... Nanalo lng siya
by only 21 to 23% of the votes no. Ibig sabihin 7 out of 10 Philippines did not vote for you.......... So that
was his major challenge, kaya ang ginawa niya he tried to reach out and form coalition mga coaltion no.
Mga coalition governments no. He tried to reach out on various political parties. At alam naman natin sa
Pilipinas kung sino president kahit minority-president ka pa, people will uhh, aggregate towards you, they
will change political affiliation at a drop of a hat. Parang kapag kay Duterte no lahat naglipatan sa kaniya
at iniwan ang liberal party........................................... Isa din siya sa aktibong nagsulong ng Philippines
2000 diba. He wants to prosper the Philippines, from becoming the sickman of Asia to the Tiger of Asia
(inaudible) again that captured the hearts and minds of the people na yung Ramos of long time
prosperity............ nakatulong din yung endorsement sa kaniya ni Cory no Cory endorsed uhhh.. Fidel V.
Ramos no because of the political- because Cory is politically idebted to Ramos no when Ramos
supported the (inaudible) EDSA.
Pagkatapos ni Ramos ay si Erap no. An advantage of Erap is that he rose from the ranks no. He came
form the LGU no tapos ginawa niya pang launching pad yung senate no. Uhhh... he was able to propagate
the myth no that he was one with the poor no. Erap para sa mahirap. A storyline that can be easily
understood , appreciated no and digested by the people. Uhh.. consider also the fact that Erap projected
himself as the Robinhood of the masses. Magnanakaw sa mga mayayaman at ipamamahagi ko sa mga
mahihirap and that was his characterization of most of his films. At ito rin yung panahon na na na na th-
that the line that distinguishes showbiz, sports no vis-a-vis politics is blurring. Ito na din yung panahon na
nakapasok si Loren Legarda, si Jaworski..... si Noli de Castro eto yung panahong yun. Kaya tignan natin
yung political culture ng Pilipinas no................................................................
Uhh so obviously Gloria is an advocate of neo-liberal economics. Uhh.. she supported the general
agreement on tariff and trade, she is the author of the 1995 Mining Act of the Philippines, she liberalized

mining in the Philippines, uhh.. which allowed 100% of the ownership no and control of the financial and
technical aspect of the mining operation no. Uhhh.. micromanager si Gloria, pag may hindi siya
nagustuhan and the camera is rolling, tatawagan niya yung concerned person.................................. so to
emphasize that she moves (inaudible) ang problema she must be very guilty kasi siguro ang isip niya
(inaudible) ang ginawa niya pinakita niya na matapang siya no she corrupted the military no. Siyempre
the corruption of military started with Marcos no and took advantage of that no, she politicized the
military, she politicized the church no, sinusuhulan niya binibigyan niya ng sports utility vehicle no, she
politicized the civil service, she politicized the Judiciary no, uhh with many appointees no with many-
uhh.. she politicized the every aspect of government at siya rin yung may pinakamaraming labas ng
bansa. Ang iniisip ko naimpluwensyahan siya ng kaniyang ama, kasi pag-labas ng ama niya, lagi siya
sumasama nung bata siya..................... Second to Marcos no, she is the longest running president. Uhh
kaya tawag din sa kanya the lost decade, sayang sayang............... She has a high IQ but low EQ.
Magagalitin magagalitin, uhhh pinahihiya niya yung mga tao pag hindi niya nagustuhan. She will even
confront them no in front of the media.Uhhh she was uhhh.. endeared no, endearing to the people that she
is a Nora Aunor look alike diba. Yun yung exact size ng nunal tapos maliit. Uhh.. isa pa ay uhh.. pinakita
din na ano na she is the alternative and opposite to to Erap. Uhh...
John Ponsaran: At saka ng mga executive edge, yun yung mga power elite na nagsasabwatan na military
officials, the business leaders and the executive edge (sabwatan yan). Sa US meron din ganiyang
sabwatan ang tawag dun Military Industrial Complex, sabwatan ng Presidente, sabwatan ng Defense
Secretary, kasabwatan ng Presidente. Tatlo ang Defense Secretary, sabwatan kasama ang Legislative
Branch at yung mga weapon’s manufacturer ang ibig sabihin yung mga merchants of death those who
send weapons, ano, kaya sabwatan sila so that they create an impression that the US needs to go to war in
order to survive. Ang tawag natin minsan diyan ay iron triangle kung saan nagsasabwatan yung executive,
at yung legislative, at saka yung, yung
Interviewer I: Judiciary.
John Ponsaran: yung business, yung business, interested, yung interest group in the form of business kaya
gusto ko mabasa niyo yon yung empower to youth ni (inaudible) even in summary, para makita niyo na
ayan ang pagkakapare-pareho sa lahat ng (inaudible) kasi, kasi you will be able to identify the over laps
between two administration pero may makikita kayong similarities of pattern they used soft and hard
power, yung, power elite model, yung ano, yung political psychology dun na-impluwensyahan ang
kanilang ng economic interest, ano, ano ba yung economic interest? Kaya may pagka-Marxist din,
gamitin niyo din yung Marxism. Ano yung, kasi naapektutan ng substructure yung superstructure. Ano
yung substructure? The economic base, what is a superstructure? The way we think, our culture, our
politics, di ba? So, The superstructure, meaning our philosophy is politics, our culture are reflections of
our economic conditions. Halimbawa bakit yung mga taga-PUP, mabilis, mabilis sila mag-rally, mataas
yung pampulitikang kamalayan nila, mataas yung kanilang superstructure kasi mga anak sila ng mga
magsasaka at saka ng mga mangingisda at saka ng mga maralitang taga-Luzon, so that is there (inaudible)
but that is there objective condition that’s their concrete condition, so that is their economic condition yun
yung kanilang substructure. Kaya ganun yung pananaw nila. Bakit yung mga katutubo walang pintuan?
Meron lang silang lagusan? Kasi ang kanilang material na kondisyon economic philosophy everything is
(inaudible) everything is in common, so walang private partnership and it is illuminated by (inaudible).
So yung kultura ng paggawa nila ng bahay na-impluwensyahan ng kanilang economic lifestyle, do you
get my point? (inaudible) yung kultura ng paggawa nila ng bahay naapektuhan ng political na kondisyon.
Kaya tignan niyo na-impluwensyahan ang kanilang pananaw ng economic condition, ano, saang uri ba
sila nanggaling? Naghaharing uri. Ano? In that case they will only preserve the interest of the middle
class. Uhm, (inaudible) election as a competition it only creates an illusion that there is a compensation
for power pero ang katotohan diyan it’s the same circle of elite that ahhh… compete. Mas gusto ko
banggitin niyo din yung Trabu at saka yung Trapo context no? yung appointment nila yun yung kanilang

universal style yung Trabu at saka yung Trapo, trabu.. Trapo, traditional politician, Trabu, traditional
bureaucrat. Ibig sabihin yung trapo lagging nahahahlal sa… sa puder, no? These are the political
dynasties. May dalawang klase ng political dysnasty yung una, horizontal dynasty at saka yung vertical
dynasty. Pag sinabi nating horizontal, yung nanay, vice mayor, yung asawa, mayor, yung anak,
congressman, yung anak, konsehal, horinzontal, they occupy the positions at the same time. Yung isa
naman vertical pag natapos yung position ni Tatay the term will be pass on to the.. eldest in the family, so
parang vertical so political dynasty pa rin siya di ba? Yung Trabu naman pagka-appoint sa iyo sa isang
political…pagka-appoint sayo sa isang government position at kapag natapos yung isang term you get
appointed to another gubernatorial position. Ano ang nangyayari? Parang their holding their politics.
Minsan appointee ka sa DSWD or DPWH tapos if you have been.. ah..if you have been .. popular, you
run for a senate position tapos kapag natalo ka na or kapag natapos yung term mo after three executive
terms, maa-appoint ka nanaman sa (inaudible). So Trabu, Trabu, Trapo. Eto ang masama after their term
in their office by the appointee or elective, ano ang ginagawa? They go back to their private practice.
Bringing with them with their massive network no? when they were in the government, no diba? Bringing
with them with their massive…ahh..manage of how the government functions, nagagamit nila yon in
helping the private sector that they (inaudible) Do you get my point? Tapos kapag nahalal nanaman ang
kanila benefactor the expression again will be appointed in the office, Trabu nanaman siya, traditional
bureaucrat and that vicious goes on and on and on kaya tawagin natin (inaudible) and all these presidents
have (inaudible) leadership styles. Kaya dapat Makita niyo (inaudible). Aahhh. Tapos..ah.. sino ba
(inaudible) si Mariz Umali ano.
Interviewer I: Reporter
John Ponsaran: Ahh…kasi parang sa pammamagitan ng pagpapakita ng kaniyang lower nature. Kasi may
higher nature tayo at Lower nature. Yung Higher nature yung superego at ego tapos yung lower nature
natin yung ating eve, diba? Psychology at sa pamamaraan ng pagpapakita ng eve niya, no? parang akala
ng tao he’s being..he’s being true and just being honest for them that is a sign of, ewan ko kung leadership
style kasi they are not considering anything, kaya ganon.
John Ponsaran: Yung kay Duterte nandiyan din yung brand, ano, yung brand of nationalism niya, yung
he’s projection as a..as a..nationalist, he’s projection as an anti-imperialist..he’s projection against the US
war aggression kasi pinapakita niya nag anon na tatanggalin ko na ang DFA no?aaahhh…he doesn’t want,
he wants to delete from the clatches control of US from the Philippines but to deliberate the country to
hegemonic of US. Yun yung isa appeal sa kaniya inaudible) Tapos ngayon he appears to be in good terms
with the law si President Trump naman taking them that they have the same leadership style. (Inaudible).
Before we end, bakit popular ang Martial Law? Kasi ang Martial Law is a recurring theme (inaudible)
dahil nabigo ang Sistema ang edukasyon upang ito’y ipaunawa sa mamayanan at sa mga kabataan,
nabigo. Pangalawa, nabigo ang lahat ng sumunod na Administrasyon upang palaguin ang Pilipinas kaya
inakala nila mas mabuti pang bumalik sa panahon ni Marcos because all the rest of the Presidents failed to
making the lives of the Filipinos. Failed to improve the quality life of Filipinos kaya ang tingin nila
(inaudible) nagkakaroon ng decline no? on this man pattern, nagde-degenerate or nagde-deteriorate, no?
In the golden age daw of Marcos Leadership. Yun yung dalawa. Kasi mas mamapakita natin na, makikita
may potensyal ang mga Pilipino makikita natin ito bilang alternatibo at makikita natin ito bilang
magandang hinaharap sa Pilipinas. (Inaudible). They share same the aspects of leadership. From Cory to
Ramos, yung naging problem diyan, yung naging transition diyan nanggaling kay Cory na puro krisis kay
Ramos naman from being the sick man of asia naging tiger of economy, niliberalized yung economy, yan
yung naging transition don. From Marcos to Erap naman ang gusto ni Erap is to put the masses at the
center stage no? tapos may jeepney erap. Yung kay Ramos may pagka-eliptist, globalization, mining,
industrialization para maramdaman ng tao and helps us to reverse us kaso. Yung kay GMA, ang naging
problema naman ay GMA ay she institutionalized the corruption she politicized the government bodies
9inaudible) soft power and hard power kay Ramos, kay Erap All-out War. GMA appointed the most

number of military officials, isipin mo former military official inappoint sa Commission on Human
Rights. (Inaudible)

A Comparative Analysis On The Political Leadership Style Of The Previous Five Philippine Presidents To President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

A Comparative Analysis On The Political Leadership Style Of The Previous Five Philippine Presidents To President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

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A Comparative Analysis On The Political Leadership Style Of The Previous Five Philippine Presidents To President Rodrigo Roa Duterte