On-Street Parking Management: Confront the Key Choices
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This document appears to be a slide deck presentation on on-street parking management. It discusses key choices cities must make regarding on-street parking goals and policies. It emphasizes the importance of preventing nuisance parking through clear rules and enforcement. It also discusses using pricing mechanisms like occupancy-based pricing to manage demand. The presentation stresses the need to earn public support by being transparent and using revenues to visibly improve the city. It offers suggestions to engage stakeholders and ease resistance to reforms. The overarching message is that on-street parking management is important to urban success if done properly.
![On-street parking should be boring
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
By Yoshimasa Niwa from Tokyo, Japan (IMG_0061.JPG) [CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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On-Street Parking Management: Confront the Key Choices
- 1. ON-STREET PARKING MANAGEMENT Confront the Key Choices Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org @ReinventParking Keynote Presentation for PIE 2017
- 2. On-street parking should be boring Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org By Yoshimasa Niwa from Tokyo, Japan (IMG_0061.JPG) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
- 3. On-street parking should be boring Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Public domain image by Kici via Wikimedia Commons
- 4. Sadly, it is often far from boring Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Jakarta, IndonesiaDhaka., Bangladesh
- 7. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image by Derek Harper from http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2592439 licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence Image from SFGate's City Insider blog
- 9. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Adelaide, Australia
- 10. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Smart (digital) single-space meter in San Francisco (Photo by Carlos Gomez on Flickr)
- 11. Many cities have improved their on-street parking management recently
- 12. Parking success for urban success Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Berlin, Germany
- 13. Take it seriously The stakes are high Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Summary
- 14. The right goals? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Summary
- 15. Do what you have to do Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Summary
- 16. Support and trust Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Summary
- 17. Wider opportunities Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Summary
- 18. Who is this guy? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 19. Who is this guy? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 20. Who is this guy? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 21. Who is this guy? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 22. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Who is this guy?
- 23. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Who is this guy?
- 24. TAKE IT SERIOUSLY THE STAKES ARE HIGH Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 25. How bad can it get? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Palembang, Indonesia
- 26. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 29. Does this help local business? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Beijing, China
- 31. How much of your traffic is reallyjust cruisingfor parking? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Seoul, South Korea
- 32. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Shortage or management problem? Obstructive on-street parking in Amman, Jordan; Kiev, Ukraine; and Beijing, China (Photos by Andrea Broaddus, Manfred Breithaupt and Paul Barter)
- 33. Chaos! There must be a parking shortage! Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org New Delhi, India
- 34. … or maybe not Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Shenzhen (2013) Parking chaos in the streets Half-empty off-street parking nearby Photos: Paul Barter
- 35. Weak on-street parking management Obstruction, double parking, cruising On-street parking panic Excessive parking supply Undermining urban success Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 36. Enough? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo: Paul Barter Bangkok
- 37. Enough yet? Is this urban success? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo: Paul Barter Near the center of Houston, USA (via Google Maps)
- 38. Enough yet? Urban success? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo: Paul Barter Noarlunga, South Australia (via Google Maps)
- 39. THE RIGHT GOALS? Which on-street parking management goals are best for building urban success? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 40. Parkingwhere you want it, the way you want it Toulouse, France Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo by Andrea Broaddus, GIZ-SUTP on Flickr
- 41. … nowhere else Beijing, China Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 42. … including no double parking Near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 43. And minimal cruising for parking Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Mumbai, India
- 44. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Perception of shortage Side- effects Full parking in streets
- 45. Ensure vacancies on arrival Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Seoul, South Korea
- 46. Vacancies versus turnover Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Palembang, Indonesia
- 47. Should revenue be a key goal? Jakarta, Indonesia Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 48. How about demand management (TDM)? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Source for map: Presentation by Sang Bum Kim (Assistant Mayor for City Transportation), “Policy Directions of Seoul for a Clean and Green City” to CUD Global Conference Seoul 2009 Seoul strictly limits the parking supply in 5 large business districts
- 49. How about demand management (TDM)? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Vienna, Austria
- 50. So simple goals? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Not in anyone’s way Never full Revenue nice but never primary
- 51. DO WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO: PREVENT NUISANCE PARKING Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 52. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Carrera 15, Bogotá, Colombia: before and after Mayor Peñalosa’s 1999-2000 parking reforms Photos via Carlos Felipe Pardo http://www.reinventingparking.org/2010/10/parking-revolution-in-bogota-golden-era.html
- 53. Via designand clearmarkings/ signageif possible Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org CG Road, Ahmedabad, India
- 54. Is this parking on-street or off-street? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Ahmedabad, India
- 55. Basics that should go without saying Vehicle owner responsibility not driver Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Tokyo, Japan
- 56. Basics that shouldgo without saying Robust registry of vehicles Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Kathmandu, Nepal
- 57. Basics that shouldgo without saying In most countries, local wardens are best. Don’t just rely on traffic police. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Taipei, Taiwan
- 58. Basics that shouldgo without saying Keep it an administrative matter (civil) and out of the law courts as much as possible Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo ‘Traffic warden Campden’ by SalimFadhley under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=86724 Campden, London
- 59. Basics that should go without saying: Lax enforcement is not the answer to a backlash Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Beijing, China
- 60. Oppportunity: LPR Capture plates Digital enforce- ment Pay by plate License Plate Recognition Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 61. DO WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO: RATION (USUALLY WITH PRICING) Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 62. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.orgBogor, Indonesia
- 63. Toughest nut = late at night in old, dense residential Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Beijing, China
- 64. Japan’s approach Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org This makes the night parking ban reasonable and easier to enforce Night on-street parking ban So there is no point cheating on proof of parking Proof of parking See http://www.reinventingparking.org/2014/06/japans-proof-of-parking-rule-has.html
- 65. Permits Can you limit the number? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.orgImage by DeFacto [CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons
- 66. Daytime/non-residentialiseasier One option: time limits Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Melbourne, AustraliaStockholm, Sweden Image by Ellgaard via Wikimedia Commons
- 67. On-street pricing really does work No meters Meters Prices quadrupled (free parking) (price a little too low) (now too high) Grosvenor square, London Source: TRL via ITDP (2011): Europe‘s Parking U-Turn but based on a figure in Donald Shoup‘s High Cost of Free Parking Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 68. On-streetpricing works Saudi Arabia Used with permission: Andrew Perrier, Mawqif, Presentation to the 2nd Annual Parking Management Conference, Singapore, Feb. 2017. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 69. Basicsthatshouldgowithoutsaying: don’t banon-streetparkingfeesundernationallaw! Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image: Parking meter in Moscow https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parking_meter_in_Moscow_02.jpg by Stolbovsky - under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license Moscow, Russia Image: Kozitsky (Staropimenovsky incorrect file name) Lane, Moscow, 2007 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow,_Kozitsky_Lane.jpg by NVO - under a CC BY 3.0 license
- 70. Basics that should go without saying: fees must be duration-based to “work” Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 71. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Pricing mechanisms Beijing, China
- 72. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Pricing mechanisms Singapore
- 73. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Pricing mechanisms Hong Kong
- 74. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Pricing mechanisms Tokyo, Japan
- 75. Digital pricing mechanisms Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Ann Arbor digital pay-by-space multi-space parking meter. Image by Dwight Burdette (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons)
- 76. Digital pricing mechanisms Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Westminster, UK Glasgow, UK
- 77. Digital paid parking with no meters Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Shenzhen, China
- 78. Digital paid parking with no meters Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image via Google Street View https://www.google.com.sg/maps/@32.0813772,34.7762914,3a,75y,101.49h,87.47t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s1T3RHO7LBKGBsf7qZ0qtdA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en Tel Aviv, Isreal
- 79. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Digitalpaidparkingwithno meters:Singaporefrom2020 Image copyright: Channel News Asia, 25 Feb 2017Image: Singapore Land Transport Authority, Feb 2017
- 80. The right price? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Political judgement Serve traffic reduction goals Turnover (short durations) Public transport fares as benchmark Intensity of development or land values On-street prices higher than off- street Non-systematic occupancy targeting Occupancy targeting with simple zones Precise occupancy targeting with tiny zones
- 81. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image source: Donald Shoup, ‘Cruising for Parking’, Access Magazine, Spring 2007. http://www.accessmagazine.org/articles/spring-2007/cruising-parking/
- 82. Occupancy targeting behind the scenes is not new. Why make it explicit? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 83. Price zones: howbig? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Los Angeles Express Park Calgary
- 85. Occupancy targeting with a mix of cars and motorcycles? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Kathmandu, Nepal
- 86. EARN SUPPORT AND TRUST Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 87. Peoplehate feelingtricked Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Washington, DC (Photo by ‘Dada1960’ in Wikimedia Commons)
- 88. Make it easy to add time or register start/stop time Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image by RichardBH - Pay by phone at University of Guelph under CC BY 2.0 license
- 89. “Parking ambassadors” Image by Gerald England and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Tameside, UK
- 90. Address privacy concerns ? Image by opensource.com (Facebook: The privacy saga continues) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 91. Make sure there are visible improvements Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Vienna, Austria
- 92. TheThe Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Bearman of Bearman Cartoons Aug 8 2010 under this Creative Commons License
- 93. Make parking management primary not revenue and be willing to prove it Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 94. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Performance pricing (occupancy targets) Lowest price that hits target Allays retailer fears Walk a bit for lower prices Visit off- peak for lower prices Debate principle not each adjustment
- 95. Whocan(andwill)vetoparkingmanagementif unpersuaded? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Power High Context setters (keep satisfied) Players (engage closely and influence actively) Low Crowd (monitor, minimal effort) Subjects (keep informed) Low High Interest
- 96. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org New Delhi, India Ahmedabad, India
- 97. SomeDonaldShoup suggestions Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Enforcement Target scofflaws Warnings only for first-time violations Pricing Discount for locals Parking benefit districts Surplus to charity
- 98. Parking Benefit Districts: Can it take off? Can we aim higher? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org By Kamyar Adl (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0] via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGiant_snowball_Oxford.jpg
- 99. Permits But not for residents of new buildings Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Nightingale 2 apartment project in Fairfield (an inner north suburb of Melbourne) recently approved with zero car parking. Image source: The Fifth Estate http://www.thefifthestate.com.au/innovation/residential-2/nightingale-2-no-parking-ok-with-vcat/88373
- 100. Willoff-streetparking “transitions”ease resistanceto on-street management? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 101. OPEN WIDER OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUR CITY Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 102. Can we aim so high that ... No shortage perceived No pressure for more supply Parking-related fears eased “Management first, before supply” is plausible No fuss. It just works Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 103. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org 0.25 € / per 15 min 0.50 € / per 15 min 0.75 € / per 15 min (Image source: Dr Friedemann Kunst) Potsdamer Platz, Berlin. Image by Michael J. Zirbes (public domain image) https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=715371 Berlin –urbansuccess withoutparkingexcess?
- 104. Strong On-street Parking Management Less perception of shortage Motorists more willing to use and pay for off-street parking Market gets right signals on parking investments Less fear of developments that add to parking demand Courage to abolish parking minimums Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 105. Strong On-street Parking Management Less perception of shortage Motorists more willing to use and pay for off-street parking Market gets right signals on parking investments Less fear of developments that add to parking demand Courage to abolish parking minimums Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 106. Future proof? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo by Grendelkhan CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikipedia
- 107. PARKING MANAGEMENT Opens Wider Opportunities Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org @ReinventParking WEDNESDAY
- 108. THANK YOU Questions?
Notas do Editor
- Have this slide up before I start speaking. Then just say “On-Street Parking Management” and move to the next slide. Keynote #1: Mon 8:15 AM - 9:30 AM so 75 min slot. Aim to speak for 60 min to allow for Q and A. Aim to ALSO have some interaction within the 70 minutes. Keynote #2: Wednesday 8.30-9.30 so 60 minutes. Aim to speak for 45 to allow for Q and A.
- It would be nice if we could make on-street parking management boring. Can we make it work so well and so unobtrusively that people hardly think about it. Like elevators. Or electricity supply. We only think about them when they go wrong. Image sources: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Road_sign_121-C.svg Public domain image. By Yoshimasa Niwa from Tokyo, Japan (IMG_0061.JPG) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
- But maybe that is too optimistic. After all, there is often money involved. And usually not just a monthly bill like electricity. In that case, could we make it boring like fast food? With no special fuss or conflict over the offer or the prices. And short waiting time.
- But as you know, parking in the streets is often far from boring. In fact sometimes it’s dramatic. By the way, since many of you may already know a lot about my topic today, one way I hope to keep your interest (and to play to my strengths) I will share lots of international examples and curiosities.
- It has conflict … sometimes even fights.
- In Palembang Indonesia, every 30 m of these streets has an “authorization” to collect parking fees. Like a tiny little parking contract. But the person with that letter then sub-contracts to someone else for a daily fee. Getting the authorization letters is obviously not about who has the best parking management track record… I’ll let you speculate how the letters get allocated in practice. You won’t be surprised to hear that the city government sees only a small % of the revenue we know changes hands based on simple counts.
- But of course, parking meters are an outrage! Or are the parking meters planning an outrage? We know they are getting smarter … but maybe not that smart. But anyway, the point is, even very smart parking management can and does go wrong politically. Unfortunately, it is not boring when that happens.
- Enforcement can sometimes seem like ‘warfare’ even if those TV shows are exaggerating a bit. [… and yes, that is Donald Shoup and his wife there in the bottom left shot. I was lucky enough to meet him in Beijing at a parking conference, what else]
- And we all know the vigorous arguments that break out over almost any proposals to change street parking into anything else.
- On a more positive note. We have been seeing a lot of progress in technology and in practice, with learning about what works and what doesn’t. It’s exciting for parking geeks at least. This is a good kind of “not boring”.
- Despite all that, there is hope. Cities all over the world.. Including some that are not famous for good governance, have managed to improve their on-street parking management. It is getting easier. Before I continue, can I find out a little about you. First, where is your parking work? 1. Chicago region? 2. Rest of the US? 3. Canada? 4. Mexico? 5. Somewhere else? Second, which part of the parking scene are you from? Municipality? Some other kind of institution with parking to manage, like a university, airport, hospital or transit agency? Vendors serving on-street parking? Other vendors? Off-street parking operations? Parking consultants? Others? Parking construction? Even if you are not directly involved in on-street parking, some of the issues here will still be relevant. And on-street parking often impacts on the wider parking ecosystem.
- Look up from the parking … Parking success enables urban success (without parking excess)
- Here is a summary of what I am going to say this morning. First I will argue that this is important. It is worth your efforts. It matters.
- Then we will explore some possible goals for on-street parking management to focus on.
- Then I will speak for a while about the practicalities. How do we achieve those goals? How do we prevent parking from causing an awful and dangerous mess in the streets? How do we ration parking when we need to?
- As we saw just now, we can’t do much without support. So I’ll tackle that too.
- I will end with a short ad for my Wednesday talk. One of the big reasons on-street parking management is important is that getting it right (=getting it boring enough!) can open up lots of other choices. Enable urban success (and parking success) without parking excess.
- What about me: … Started with reading Donald Shoup and Todd Litman’s books. I became intrigued. Partly because they contradicted each other and emphasized very different things. But also because they offered hope of progress. And I had always thought parking was too depressing. Then hustled to get the chance to look into the situation in Asia … My initial motivation was I wanted to find out if Shoup was relevant at all there.
- Some academic policy papers discussing policy options and their pros and cons … and trying to get the options clear.
- The Asian Development Bank study led to a reputation in Asia. Asked by German International Assistance agency (GIZ) to help in Indonesia and China … Eye Opener. Anecdote about arriving in Palembang and hearing about their dissatisfaction with a previous parking expert who recommended the German best practice. Which is all well and good. But they were so far from being able to do that. They needed pointers for the first few steps in the right direction. They wanted someone to listen to their problems right now and how to take some baby steps to ease them. So I did a lot of listening and learning. Realizing how complicated the situation was … Not just a case of incompetence or ignorance. But an entrenched situation, with vested interests, and difficult to change.
- Having done that ADB thing, suddenly I was seen as the regional parking guy (independent of the industry at least) Rapid assessments, training and strategic advice for cities around Asia. So some expertise by now. But still more of an observer than someone at the pointy end … But Acknowledge all of the expertise in the room… Many of you know this stuff. It is your daily work. Many of you will know details that I mention much better than I do.
- On-street parking management basics … Prepared for GIZ, which is the German equivalent of USAID. Intended mainly for an audience in low-income and middle-income countries. Also available in Spanish and in Chinese
- Blogging at RP. Which is also a learning experience. Mention podcast plan? No but ask around as I meet people … do you listen to podcasts?
- Pretty bad
- Pretty bad
- At a BRT station
- This is in Beijing’s main CBD
- A key influence on the environment for walking
- Does anyone want to take a guess? … No, 30% of urban traffic is NOT cruising for parking. Usually less. But at places/times with saturated parking it is often MORE than that!
- When they see parking chaos in the streets, people often jump to the conclusion that shortage is the problem
- Weak on-street PM causes shortage panic and hence tendency to excessively boost supply This example in Delhi is still grossly under-used … It also contributes to traffic congestion panics and the urgent to overbuild roads!!
- You don’t have to be “anti-car” to realize that it is a pity for weak parking management to stampede us into wasteful oversupply of an expensive commodity like parking, especially in busy or dense areas
- The idea is that things could have been different if we had taken on-street parking management more seriously many decades ago. The impulse to provide so much off-street parking that there is no need to price it is not just because this is “the suburbs”. Even the suburbs might have been different if there had been less need to fear on-street chaos.
- … whatever your vision for urban success might be
- Parking where you want it (in the designated spaces … and if it suits THIS street)
- … and nowhere else (ie not on sidewalks, not on verges)
- … and no double parking … This is often a sign that there is also probably lots of cruising for parking.
- It should be a no brainer to try to reduce all this completely pointless traffic
- Vacancies when people are arriving avoids these two key sets of outcomes
- Vacancies when people are arriving … ie preventing saturation Illegal parking doesn’t count!
- Prejudges needs/wants of visitors … and their diversity. High turnover may still see saturation and its side-effects (such as cruising, etc) if demand is high enough and vacancies low. Unlike vacancies, turnover goals don’t provide good guidance for price-setting. And can’t adapt to increasing demand. Arguably if you achieve vacancies then turnover (and durations, and right durations in the right places) will take care of themselves Image: this section of road in Palembang had a high average turnover rate but also consistently close to 100% (or more) occupancy.
- Should revenue be a goal? Nothing intrinsically wrong with revenue. Nice side-effect. And can be used to do good things. BUT some places seem to have lost sight of parking management. Parking revenue has become an end in itself. Political poison if parking management priorities are more influence by revenue considerations than by parking management goals. This tends to undermine both parking management AND revenue, so self defeating. I will say more about this when I get to pricing and enforcement in a little while.
- TDM IS a useful goal for wider parking policy, especially in transit-oriented downtowns. The primary way is to limit SUPPLY (at least supply available to commuters and shoppers/visitors) But, of course, you can only do this IF you have the political support for that.
- The old and dense cores of many European cities often combine parking TDM with pleasing a key set of stakeholders (residents) by reserving lots of on-street parking for residents only (in “blue zones” for example) so that neither commuters nor shoppers can use it. But only if you want TDM. You DON’T need to support using parking for TDM to support better on-street parking management!! They are NOT the same thing.
- I am not calling this section “enforcement” because it is more than that. Aim to prevent bad parking and encourage the behaviour we want, with penalties as just part of the toolbox.
- Enforcement is part of this, of course.. But so is good design.
- But good design makes enforcement easier. Clear expectations. Self-enforcing. Much learning has been going on. Some cities are getting good at this. (but not my area, so one slide is enough) CG Road was designed by Allan Jacobs, UC Berkeley urban designer and author of the book, Great Streets among others.
- Just down the street from the last slide. Here is some frontage parking, common in South Asia, Indonesia, China and several other countries. In this case it straddles the boundary between public right of way and private land.
- Basics that you might think go without saying… Except it does need saying. Such as ‘vehicle owner responsibility’ not driver responsibility. Tokyo example: until 2006 had no way to enforce against short-term parking violations because of driver responsibility rule. Image: Tokyo illegal parking
- Spare a thought for unfortunate places where there is no up to date register of vehicles… . Don’t take it for granted. There are places where it is not there. India and Indonesia for example.
- General advice: traffic police should not have sole responsibility for enforcement.
- Now back to enforcement … need to run through the key ideas. Have some international interest. General advice: traffic police should not have sole responsibility for this.
- Backlash: OK but LAX enforcement is not the answer. Chaos reigns but parking tickets a capricious lottery. Beijing example.
- Technology is helping with enforcement efficiency and ambitions … LPR/ANPR
- Of course, you only need to ration if you need to … But when we need to, we must bite that bullet and do it. Some people won’t like it. But refusing to ration means ignoring the cost of parking excess … that slow-motion wasteful tragedy
- Dense residential areas are difficult. Seinfeld and NYC … but spare a thought for your colleagues in Beijing.
- Could some variation on this work elsewhere?
- Amsterdam limits the number of residential permits. But still doesn’t price them to ration. Waiting lists of years in many districts.
- Time limits are an option but only sometimes… Not for high-demand cases (can have turnover AND nasty side-effects of high occupancy) But anyway, there is usually very poor compliance. And enforcement costs are high (and they are intensely disliked). If really want time limits in high demand cases, then combine with pricing for higher compliance and easier enforcement
- Moscow example … Before (2007) and after 2012 when pricing introduced (and parking management gradually improved and extended since then) Until 2011, Russian law made it impossible for local governments to charge hourly parking fees
- Some cities still do this badly of course … You might think it goes without saying … but fees that are not duration based can not deliver any parking management benefits!
- Mechanisms: attendants … Often now with digital handledls. Seen in Manila, Delhi, Seoul, Taipei (and here in Beijing)… OK for low-income countries But very high costs when incomes rise … as in Seoul.
- Mechanisms: Singapore … coupons! In early 1980s was an upgrade from paper tickets by attendants when labour became too costly. Rejected parking meters for high capital cost.
- Mechanisms: meters that only accept contactless smart cards (Octopus)
- Mechanisms: Japan parking meters with sensors. But coin only. And all one hour limits. And all 100 yen per 20 minutes
- Mechanisms: getting easier and better than ever.
- Mechanisms: getting easier and better than ever.
- Mechanisms: controversial idea – jump straight to no meters: Shenzhen
- Mechanisms: controversial idea – jump straight to no meters: Tel Aviv Several providers: 2 pay-by-phone provider and one in-vehicle meter provider No need for exclusive contracts!!! I heard yesterday in the Tech Bootcamp that maybe Amsterdam is moving in this direction too? Also has multiple providers.
- Mechanisms: Pay-by-sky … in Calgary Also Singapore: 2020 to GPS-based pricing for on-street (piggybacking on GPS-based Electronic Road Pricing) Land Transport Authority (LTA) has awarded the tender to develop the next-generation Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system to the consortium of NCS Pte Ltd and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engine System Asia Pte Ltd … next-generation ERP system based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Technology, at a cost of $556 million
- How to set the prices …
- So how to set the prices? Many options but one seems best. Remember that key goal: enough vacancies when people are arriving
- More on occupancy targeting. Not a new idea. But there are benefits of making it very explicit!
- Tiny zones like SFPark, LA’s Express Park or Washington DC’s new trial? Image of Washington DC case or LAExpress Calgary: Relatively simple, like Seattle Annual rates reviews using ParkPlus occupancy data Time of day pricing (Weekdays: 09:00 – 11:00, Weekdays: 11:00 – 13:30; Weekdays: 13:30– 15:30; Weekdays 15:30 – 18:00; and Saturdays 9:00 – 18:00)
- Largish price zones without time-of-day pricing. When problems emerge can break up a zone and/or add some time-of-day refinements …
- How much should motorcycles pay in cities like this, if we do occupancy targeting? A bit complicated but can do it. Also how much space to give motorcycles versus cars. Currently motorcycles often pay ½ the car rate which is very high on a per square foot basis!
- Clarity on expected behaviour. Good, clear signage and markings to make it clear. Keep them as simple as possible.
- Enforcement: Make it easy to not get tickets: technology can help too
- Parking assistance and advice, not just enforcement. Also, enforcement priorities that match local stakeholder concerns (eg safety)
- Enforcement: Avoid provoking a backlash. Will privacy concerns ruin the party? I don’t know. Can we find ways to use LPR to the full without sparking a backlash? …
- Make sure the pricing (and other on-street PM efforts) really yield an improvement! (so lax enforcement and underpricing DON’T help!) Which brings us back to performance pricing …
- DON’T leave your fees the same for decades … when you do raise them, everyone (including you) will see it as just a tax If parking management goals are not VERY clearly the primary goals, then people suspect parking price setting is about anything but parking management.
- Revenue versus parking management. Get it right.
- More on why performance pricing seems to help with the politics: if zones are small and time-of-day pricing applies, then we are at least giving price-sensitive people some options for avoiding pricy places and times.
- Key stakeholders are highly local: especially local residents and local businesses Acknowledge reality that locals feel some claim or some sense of ownership over parking in “their” streets. Both residents and businesses to some extent.
- Supporting key stakeholders = LOCAL business and LOCAL residents. Yes … can’t do anything without enough support But it doesn’t work well to treat essentials of PM as negotiable. Instead find ways to do good parking management AND please key stakeholders. Fortunately, good PM often is in some of their interests. But further sweetening needed for some often. Engage with them to help them understand PM priorities and to learn their key concerns (digging deeper than superficial).
- Some of Shoup’s ideas are focused on this need: to offer value to both retailers and local residents. While also easing needless irritation/pain.
- No permits for residents of NEW buildings (to help abolition of parking minimums) Does that seem unfair to new residents? Please note: this is about new BUILDINGs, not new residents. Nightingale 2 apartment project in Fairfield (an inner north suburb of Melbourne) recently approved with zero car parking.
- Including parking and its part in the “sharing economy” or, better name, “the digital connections” economy. which includes many things … including parking apps of various kinds, new data streams, guidance for users, etc. Alan Durning of the Sightline Insitute in Seattle has written an excellent series on municipal parking reform. One striking point he makes is that “park in my driveway” style parking apps give a new set of stakeholders a reason to like parking management and parking scarcity.
- This section leads into my talk on Wednesday morning.
- Aim High!! be ambitious in seeking on-street PM that can handle the challenges of off-street parking reform. Make it so good that people trust it to cope when off-street parking requirements are abolished. So good that “management first, not supply” makes sense to people. So good that losing some on-street parking will never be a huge tragedy … the wider parking system is adaptable. So rewarding for local stakeholders that they stop fearing infill development, even parking-lite infill.
- Off-street parking deregulation was complemented by improved on-street management
- Keynote #2: Wednesday 8.30-9.30 so 60 minutes.
- Q and A. Have some challenges for them to prompt discussion. Are you more optimistic about the prospects for on-street parking management than you were before? Please tell me if you disagree with anything I said! Some of you are much more at the pointy end than I am. Let’s have some discussion! Is the Parking Benefit District idea taking off anywhere you know of? How could we make it more compelling? What is stopping more cities from setting their parking prices like Seattle or Calgary do? (maybe no need to go to expensive and complex lengths of SFPark or LA Express Park or DC’s new trial)