A presentation on the ISS/ International Space Station by Nilarka Pahari. Very useful for Competitive examinations, Astronomy Students, etc. Please also watch my video on the same from the link given: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqSM6hmR5lk&t=13s
3. Introduction
The ISS is a science laboratory dedicated to help humans in learning how to
live in space safely.
The ISS includes 15 nation’s contributions. NASA (USA), Roscosmos
(Russia)ESA, CSA and JAXA are the participating space organisations.
4. Terminology
Astronomy : It is a branch of
science that deals with space,
physical universe, and celestial
objects called Astronomy. It is
one of the oldest sciences.
Space Exploration : It is
the exploration and
discovery regarding outer
space with the help of
space technology such as
spacecrafts and
telescopes.
5. Artificial Satellites : Man-made devices
orbiting the Earth to gather and transmit
information about space to scientists on the
Earth are known as Satellites.
Space Stations: A space station is a spacecraft
that can support a human crew in orbit for an
extended time. It lacks significant propulsion or
landing systems.
International Space Station: It is a
multinational collaborative construction project
which is the largest single structure humans put
into space.
6. History
● The concept of the Space Station
was science fiction until the space-
age began in the 1950s.
● The first mention of anything
resembling a Space Station was
found in Edward Everett Hale’s
“The Brick Moon”. In 1929,
Herman Potocnik published “The
Problem of Space Travel,” in which
he envisioned a ‘Rotating Wheel’
space station to create artificial
gravity.
7. ● Salyut-1 came into existence in 1969 by linking two Russian Soyuz
vehicles. It was followed by other space stations such as Mir, Skylab,
and Tiagong.
Salyut 1
8. ISS Historical Timeline
January 25, 1984
President Ronald Reagan directs NASA
to build a space station within the next
10 years.
November 20, 1998
The first segment of the ISS
named Zarya (FGB) launches.
9. December 4, 1998
Unity, the first U.S.A. built component
is launched.
November 2, 2000
Astronaut Bill Shepherd and
cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko and
Sergei Krikalev becomes the first
crew to reside onboard the station.
February 7, 2001
Destiny, the U.S. Laboratory
module, becomes part of the
station.
10. February 7, 2008
The European Space Agency’s
Columbus Laboratory becomes part
of the station.
March 11, 2008
The Japanese Kibo laboratory module
with an external porch becomes part
of the station.
November 2, 2010
The ISS celebrates its 10-years of
continuous human occupation.
11. 2015
Expedition 43 “Year in Space mission”, Expedition 44, 45, 46 and 47 were launched
aboard the Soyuz TMA Spacecraft.
2016
Expedition 47, 48, 49, 50 and 51 were launched aboard the Soyuz MS Spacecraft. The
Beam module was also delivered on Dragon SPX-8.
2017
Expedition 51, 52, 53, 54 and 55 were launched aboard the Soyuz MS Spacecraft.
2018
Expedition 55, 56, 57 and 58 were launched aboard the Soyuz MS Spacecraft.
2019
Expedition 59, 60, 61 and 62 were launched aboard the Soyuz MS Spacecraft.
2020
Expedition 62, 63 and 64 were launched aboard the Soyuz MS Spacecraft.
12. Structure
The ISS is a third-generation modular space station. Modular
space stations allow modules to be removed or added to the
existing structure. The ISS was designed as a series of linked
cylindrical modules solar-powered and cooled by loops that
radiate heat.The International Space Station spans the area of a
USA football field and is at least occupied by two astronauts.
13. Spotting the International Space Station
The ISS flies at an average altitude of
248 miles or 400 kilometres above
Earth. It circles the globe every 90
minutes at a speed of about 17,500 mph
or 28,000 km/h.
The space station appears as a bright
moving light across the night sky. It can
be seen from Earth without using a
telescope by night sky observers.
14. Astronauts spend most of their time on the ISS performing experiments
and maintenance, and at least two hours of every day are allocated to
exercise and personal care.
Astronauts also participate in testing out commercial products or doing
biological experiments, such as on rodents or plants.
Crews are not only responsible for science, but also for maintaining the
station. Sometimes, this requires that they venture on spacewalks to
perform repairs.
Activity of astronauts in the ISS
15. Application Of ISS
Improving eye surgery:
Technologies developed for use in
space are now used on Earth to
track the patient’s eyes during laser
surgery.
16. Increase the availability of ultrasound
facilities in remote areas:
Telemedicine, after the use of various
techniques, was developed initially for
the use in the space station.
Advancements of Robotic surgery
technology: The CSA’s family of
space robots inspired neuroArm, the
world’s first robot capable of
performing surgeries in the brain,
such as removing tumours. This
technology has made inoperable
tumours operable
17. Preventing bone loss: Astronauts living
in the space station suffered from bone
mass loss. Researchers discovered that
high-intensity resistive exercise, dietary
supplementation for Vitamin D, and
specific caloric intake could stop bone
loss. This helped to reduce bone mass
loss in older adults on Earth.
Developing better vaccines: Certain
bacteria, in particular, Salmonella,
become more virulent during spaceflight.
Researchers, while studying them in
space, found the genetic pathway
activating the Salmonella bacteria.
Understanding genetic pathways has led
to better vaccines.
18. Breast cancer detection
and treatment
technology: Image-
guided autonomous robot
(IGAR), inspired by
CSA’s robotic arms,
works inside an MRI
machine to find the size
and location of a tumour.
It is being tested for
patients with breast
cancer.
19. Supporting water
purification efforts
worldwide
Technology developed for
purifying water in the space
station proves to be efficient
for cleaning water in rural
areas, helping to save lives.
Water quality monitoring:
Hyper-spectral Imager for the
Coastal Oceans (HICO) is an
imaging sensor that helps
detect water quality from
space and is on the ISS.
20. Inspiring children to perform their
science in space
Natural disaster monitoring: ISS
SERVIR Environmental Research and
Visualization System (ISERV) is an
instrument aboard the ISS that helps in
disaster monitoring that helps developing
countries monitor and take decision about
natural disasters such as floods,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, forest fire
etc by capturing images.
21. Expedition 65
Expedition 65 is the 65th and current long-
duration expedition to the International Space
Station that began on 16th April 2021, with the
departure of Soyuz MS-17. The expedition will
consist of seven crew members launched aboard
Soyuz MS-17 and MS-18.
The members of this mission are Shannon
Walker, Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover,
Soichi Noguchi, Akihiko Hoshide, Thomas
Pesquet, Shane Kimbrough, Megan McArthur,
Oleg Novitsky, Pyotr Dubrov and Mark Vande
Hei.
22. Future Plan
Current plans call for the space station to be operated till 2024, with
the partners discussing a possible extension until 2028. Afterward,
plans for the space station are not clearly laid out. It could be de-
orbited or recycled for future space stations in orbit.
There are four planned spacewalks, two of them by Thomas Pesquet
and Shane Kimbrough to install the first two Roll Out Solar Arrays
(iROSA) for the stationand the other two spacewalks by Oleg
Novitsky and Pyotr Dubrov to facilitate the installation of Nauka
space module with the European Robotic Arm aboard the station,and
prepare the new module for the arrival of the Prichal docking node.
One of the spacewalks was conducted on 2nd June and lasted 7 hours
and 19 minutes.
23. My views and suggestions
The ISS helps us by a large number of ways. It is also going to help in future
moon and mars missions planned by NASA. It can also be used for removal of
space debris in order to save other satellites and itself from damage. Space
lasers can be used for vaporising small space debris although gravity would
eventually cause the small parts to coalesce into a heap. If possible it may be
used to conserve the biodiversity of the world and help in oceanography.
Research on developing “food pills” should be initiated to reduce the mass of
spacecraft. Algae are probably going to be used as food as they are rich in
various vitamins. These projects shall however need further advancements in
technology before they can be implemented.
24. Conclusion
The International Space Station is undoubtedly the single most
expensive item ever constructed. The cost is estimated to be 10 trillion
Rupees. It is critical to the continuation of Space Exploration. ISRO is
also planning to launch its own space station after the Gaganyaan
mission. It will be the ray of hope for Indians and I wish that it happens
within a few years.