2. GIT related disorders
In appetence Other disorders
Appetite stimulants Different drugs
Diarrhoea
Acids
Antiacids Antidiarhoeal
Indigestion Constipation
Digestants Laxatives and cathartics
Vomiting/Emesis
Emetics/antiemetics
3. Introduction
Most of the GIT disorders are related
with motility
Non specific treatment of GIT disorders
may be useful by
- Correction of fluid and electrolyte
balance
- Rest of the GIT
- Diet modification
- Provision of nutritional support
- Alleviation of visceral pain
5. Appetite stimulants
Benzodiazepines
- Diazepam
- Oxazepam
Mode of action- Stimulation of GABA
Clinical use – Most in cats, less in Horses, dogs and
goats
Admn – Oral
6. Cyproheptadine
It suppreses the satiety center in the
brain by acting as serotonin and
Histamine (H1) antagonist
Clinica use – in cats and human, not in
dogs
Adverse effects – Excitement and
aggressive behavior in some cats
7. Glucocorticoids
Examples
- Prednisolone
- Dexamethazone
Mode of action – may be induce
euphoria
Adverse effects – Immunosuppression
and gastric ulcers may result
8. Bitters
These are plant derived compounds
containing alkaloids such as Nux
vomica
Mode of action – They stimulate
salivation
9. Zinc
It is essential for the sensation of taste;
therefore zinc supplements may
increase appetite in zinc-deficient
animals
10. ANTACIDS
They include
- Acid secretion inhibitors
- Proton pump inhibitors
- Locally acting antacids
- Gastric protectants
11. Acid secretion inhibitors
Histamine (H2) blockers
- Cimetidine
- Ranitidine
Mode of action – H2 stimulates the
proton (acid) pump in parietal cells.
H2 blockers block the H2 receptors
hence decrease HCL secretion
13. Locally acting antacids
They include
- Aluminum salts (Aluminum hydroxide,
Aluminum carbonate, Aluminum
silicate)
- Magnesium salts (Magnesium oxide
(milk of magnesia), Magnesium
tricilicate
- They act by neutralizing gastric HCL
14. Gastric protective
Example is Sucralfate
This is a sucrose sulfate-aluminum
hydroxide complex
Mode of action – it polymerizes to a
viscous gel. The sulfate groups bind
to proteins in ulcerated tissue and
protect ulcers from acids and pepsin
15. DIGESTANTS
Introduction
Definition - Digestants are a group of
drugs used to promote the process of
digestion in the gastrointestinal tract
They include
- Pancrelipase
- Bile acids and salts
16. Pancrelipase
It consists of pancreatic enzymes (e.g.
lipase, amylase, trypsin)
Clinical use – Used to treat exocrine
pancreatic insufficiency in dogs, cats
and birds
17. Bile acids and salts
They include;
- Bile acids (e.g. cholic acid,
chenodeoxycholic acid)
- Semisynthetic bile acid derivatives
(e.g. dehydrocholic acid)
- Sodium salts of bile acids
Mode of action – they stimulate
choleresis (bile flow)
18. EMETICS
They include
- Centrally acting emetics
Apomorphine
Xylazine
- Peripherally acting emetics
Sodium Chloride
Syrup of ipecac (from Ipecacuanha)
Copper sulfate, zinc sulfate,
hydrogen peroxide
19. ANTI EMETICS
They include
- Antidopaminergic agents
- Antihistamines
- Anticholinergic agents
- Miscellaneous antiemetics
23. Miscellaneous antiemetics
Intestinal protectants and adsorbents
(kaolin, pectin, bismuth salts)
Locally acting gastric antacids (Mg
hydroxide, Mg silicate, Al hydrox., Al
silicate) may reduce vomiting caused
by gastric hyperacidity
24. LAXATIVES AND CATHARTICS
They are used for
- Relief of acute non-dietary
constipation
- Removal of poisons from the
gastrointestinal tract
- Prevention of Tenesmus in
advanced pregnancy or prolapse
- Evacuation of bowel prior to surgery
or radiography
25. LAXATIVES AND CATHARTICS
They include
- Osmotic cathartics
- Irritant cathartics
- Bulk laxatives
- Lubricants
- Surfactants
34. DRUGS USED TO TREAT
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Examples
- Sulfasalazine
- Olsalazine
- Tylosin
- Metronidazole
35. DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF RUMINANT
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Several groups
- Agents for inducing closure of the
esophageal groove
- Ruminotorics
- Rumen antacids
- Rumen acidifiers
- Viscosity-altering (antibloat) agents
36. Agents for inducing closure of the
esophageal groove
Example
- Milk
- Sodium bicarbonate (10% to calves)
- Copper sulfate (5% to calves, 2% to
lambs)
-
37. Ruminotorics
They include
- Bitters
- Cholinergics
- Opiate antagonists (eg naloxone)
- Rumen fluid transfer