FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE OF FOURTH YEAR STUDENTS IN THE NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST (NAT)

1. FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE OF FOURTH YEAR
STUDENTS IN THE NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST (NAT)
A Research Proposal
KENNETH D. BARRIENTOS
Researcher
2015

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Education has been the primary focus of different governments for
centuries. In the Third World setting, governments work hard to make sure that
their universities, colleges, and basic education centers continue to provide a
mechanism that can make its citizens intellectually capable, so as to contribute to
the national economy. In fact, education is the primary vehicle by which
economically and socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves
out of poverty and obtain the means to participate fully in their communities
(Hardcastle as cited by Victorino, 2011)
Consequently, science is included as a core element in elementary and
secondary levels despite conceptual complexity and high cost of implementation.
The inclusion of science in school curricula aimed that all citizens need to
achieve a degree of “scientific literacy” to enable them to participate effectively as
citizens in modern societies. Science allows students to explore their world and
discover new things. It is also an active subject, containing activities such as
hands-on- labs and experiments which makes science well-suited to active
younger children (Batomalaque as cited by Barredo, 2013).
But with the problems persisting today in Philippine educational system,
our stand for functional literacy to empower learners is at stake. The scarcity of
teachers, poor classrooms, and dearth of instructional materials, low student
achievement and increasing number of out-of-school children hamper our

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learners to be active makers of meaningful life. The Trends in Mathematics and
Science Survey (TIMSS) alone which was conducted five years ago revealed
unsatisfactory results; the Philippines ranked 41st in Math and 42nd in Science
out of 45 countries that were tested (Manila Times 2004). Hence, the above
accounts provide a framework of information into this study that will look into the
factors that affect National Achievement Test result of Libertad National High
School in science.
National Achievement Test was originally designed and administered for
Grade Six and Fourth Year Students. This examination is designed to determine
the students’ academic strengths and weaknesses through the five key-major
subjects: Mathematics, Science, English, and Filipino, HeKaSi (Heograpiya,)
Kasaysayan at Sibika in elementary and Araling Panlipunan in high school.
Ratings obtained from NAT for Grade VI and Fourth Year serves also as a tool to
measure the school’s competency and effectiveness as well as the students’
aptitude and mastery towards the basic learning areas (DepEd, 2011).
High school students from all over the Philippines take NAT as part of their
curricular requirement, including the Libertad National Vocational School in the
District of Libertad in the Division of Antique. Libertad National Vocational School
is one of the long-established high schools in the town. It is located in Barangay
Poblacion, Libertad, Antique. It envisioned to passionately loving their country
and whose values and competencies enable them to realize their full potential
and contribute meaningfully to building the nation.

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However, LNVS students’ performance in the National Achievement Test
showed that Science continues to be the most difficult field of study among them.
The result indicated that students have performed way below par in the national
achievement tests for three consecutive years.
It is for these reasons that the researcher aims to look into the factors that
affect students' performance in the National Achievement Test specifically in the
area of Science so that favorable adjustments could be facilitated.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the factors affecting low performance in the
National Achievement Test in Science among fourth year students of Libertad
National Vocational School, S.Y. 2011-2014.
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the personal profile of the students in terms of age, sex, family
size, and family monthly income?
2. What are the factors that affect NAT performance in Science of the
respondents in terms of internal factors (teachers, school facilities, &
family) and external factors (technology/media, extracurricular activities, &
study habits)?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents
and performance in National Achievement Test?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the factors and performance in
National Achievement Test?

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Null Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents
and performance in National Achievement Test?
2. There is no significant relationship between the factors and performance
in National Achievement Test?
Conceptual Framework
The researcher utilized the independent-dependent variable model used in
behavioral sciences (Figure 1). The terms "dependent variable" and
"independent variable" are used in similar but subtly different ways in statistics
and social sciences as part of the standard terminology in those subjects. They
are used to distinguish between two types of quantities being considered,
separating them into those available at the start of a process and those being
created by it, where the latter (dependent variables) are dependent on the former
(independent variables) (Victorino, 2011).
In the context of the study, the identified independent variables will be the
internal and external factors that may have or may not have an effect to the
awareness, knowledge, attitude, skills, and practice of the students. In
piecemeal, the inputs are the data aimed by the researcher to gather. These
constitute personal profile, family background, and environmental factors such as
technology, media, and study habits, among others. The results of the recent
national achievement test are also a unit of analysis in the research. This is the
dependent variable—the outcome effected by the existing condition. The study
variables will be taken into account by the researcher by analyzing them

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correlatively in an independent-dependent variable fashion. In this manner, the
researcher will be able to determine the extent of independent variables affects
the academic performance as far as the national achievement test is concerned.
Furthermore, interpreting the results of this study will guide the School
Administration of Libertad National High School in its efforts towards the
improvement of the quality of education and to provide appropriate intervention
for the students.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework showing the relationship of the independent
and dependent variables
Personal Profile
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Family size
4. Family monthly
income
Factors
Internal Factors
1. Teachers
2. School facilities
3. Family
External Factors
1. Technology/Media
2. Extracurricular
activities
3. Study habits
National Achievement
Test Performance in
Science Subject

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Significance of the Study
People who work with the students should clearly understand the nature of
the learner in order to be more effective in their dealings with them and with their
problems. With these findings, it is hoped that a vivid picture of their nature,
needs and aspirations can be seen and therefore become foundations for a good
teacher-student relationship. The findings of this study will be of great value to
the following:
School Administrators. The findings of the study will guide the
administrators or their educational planners in adopting policies and programs
thru the Guidance and Counseling Department on how to go about students,
family problems in order to achieve success in their academic performance. It will
also help them plan appropriate interventions to fit student’s needs, especially to
students with learning difficulty and provide necessary instructional aides to uplift
quality education in public schools.
Teachers. The teachers will be benefited from this study because they
can improve their management and instruction giving emphasis on the
significance of learning no matter what the student's status is. It will also aid
instructors in establishing better rapport with students which can ultimately lead
to students' better performance, love and appreciation for their studies.
Parents. The parents will profit from this study, since parents will be
aware of the problems of their children and the effects of these on their academic
performance. It will help them to speak for their children and motivate them in
their studies in order to achieve higher academic performance. It would also help

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parents to become aware of their responsibility not only on the financial aspect
but as well as on the moral aspect.
Students. It is hoped that through this study, the students will be given
appropriate and enough attention and motivation in the academe. Awareness of
self, including one's weaknesses, can lead to self-improvement. Such awareness
enables one to identify the cause(s) of maladjusted behaviors.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a basis for future
researchers to undergo similar studies so that the problem of family environment
in relation to academic performance would be seriously dealt with in all aspects
of society.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study is limited to the personal profile and factors affecting the
performance of fourth year students in Science on the National Achievement
Test at Libertad National Vocational School under scrutiny. There will be 96
students who will be selected to be respondents of the study. Data will be
gathered using an administered questionnaire .This will be carried out from June
to July 2015.
Definition of Terms
For better understanding of the study, the following terms were
operationally defined:
Personal profile. It refers to the information to be gathered with respect to
age, sex, family size, and family monthly income of the respondents.

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Internal Factors. As used in the study, these are the attributes that may
or may not affect the NAT performance of students such as teacher’s instruction,
school facilities, and motivational practices of the parents.
External Factors. As used in the study, these are the attributes including
technology/media, extracurricular activities, and study habits of the students at
Libertad National High School.
National Achievement Test (NAT) Performance. It refers to the
student's performance in the Science subject during National Achievement Test
from S.Y. 2011-2014. This is obtained by computing the Mean Percentage Score
(MPS) of the students per section.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the reviews which are related to the study taken
from books, journals and internet sources. There are two topics that will be
discussed in this review: (1) Philippine Educational System and (2) Factors
Affecting Students’ Academic Performance. These topics were chosen to
substantiate/strengthen the result and findings of the study.
Philippine Educational System
Education is a primary human right that every child is entitled to it. It is
imperative to our progress as individuals and as societies; it helps pave the way
to a booming and creative future. When we guarantee the accessibility to a
rights-based, quality education that is rooted in gender equality, we create a
ripple effect of opportunity that impacts generations to come.
Ultimately, teaching is about engaging and guiding students to learning.
The nature of the students in a classroom is, hence, a major preoccupation on
the part of the teacher. Seen another way, the nature of student population is a
major mediating variable in any connections between policy and teaching
(Biddle, 2001).
In the Philippine setting, the 1987 Constitution mandates the right to
quality basic education. Section 2, Article XIV of the Charter contains the ten
fundamental aims of education in the Philippines (Constitution of the Philippines,
1987). It states that:

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“The State shall:
1. Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate,
and integrated system of education relevant to the needs
of the people and society;
2. Establish and maintain a system of free public education
in the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting
the natural rights of parents to rear their children,
elementary education is compulsory for all children of
school age;
3. Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants,
student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives
which shall be available to deserving students in both
public and private schools, especially to the under-
privileged;
4. Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning
systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-
school study program, particularly those that respond to
community needs; and
5. Provide adult citizens, the disabled and out-of-school
youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and
other skills.”(Constitution of the Philippines, 1987).
Furthermore, Section 3 of the said Article in the Constitution has laid down
the general purpose and goals of education in the Philippines. It states that the

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education sector (along with other government agencies) has the task of
contributing to the achievement of national development goals espoused in the
country’s development plan.
But in spite of a constitutional mandate, the budget allocation on education
is far lower than required in the Philippines. The impact of economic crisis and
the pressures of increasing population are forcing parents to send their children
to overcrowded and ill-equipped public educational institutions (Mydans as cited
by Victorino, 2011).
A report published at the New York Times proved that education in the
Philippines is depleting. The educational system in the Philippines is often
criticized because of the politics of globalization. The educational system in the
country is based on a globalized economy where nearly ten per cent of the
overall population studies to work beyond the shores of the native land
(Meinardus as cited by Victorino, 2011).
At last count, more than 17 million students are enrolled in this country's
public schools. At an annual population growth rate of 2.3 per cent, some 1.7
million babies are born every year. In a short time, these individuals will claim
their share of the limited educational provisions. In a nutshell, we can say that
there are too little resources for too many students. Many attempts to change
education by revising the authorized curriculum have not been successful, mainly
because innovations are not always implemented extensively or effectively in
classrooms. In fact, because of widespread reliance on textbooks as a basic

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teaching resource, textbooks often constitute the ultimate content of the
curriculum, which should not be the case (Victorino, 2011).
Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance
Education can become a shared experience in the context of a learning
community resulting in significant public benefits. It plays a vital role in the
development of human capital and is linked with an individual’s well-being and
opportunities for better living. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills
that enable individuals to increase their productivity and improve their quality of
life. This increase in productivity also leads towards new sources of earning
which enhances the economic growth of a country (Saxton, 2000; Battle & Lewis,
2002).
The students’ performance varies anytime and educators, trainers, and
researchers have long been interested in exploring variables contributing
effectively for quality of performance of learners. These variables are inside and
outside school that affect students’ quality of academic achievement. These
factors may be termed as student factors, family factors, school factors and peer
factors (Crosnoe et al as cited by Farooq et al., 2011).
In this context, the following variables included in the study are further
discussed and supported by the reviews:
Socio-Demographic and Economic Status. Socioeconomic status is
one of the most researched and debated factor among educational professionals
that contribute towards the academic performance of students. The most
prevalent argument is that the socioeconomic status of learners affects the

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quality of their academic performance. Most of the experts argue that the low
socioeconomic status has negative effect on the academic performance of
students because the basic needs of students remain unfulfilled and hence they
do not perform better academically. The low socioeconomic status causes
environmental deficiencies which results in low self esteem of students (Adams
as cited by Farooq et al., 2011).
Moreover, the SES can be deliberated in a number of different ways; it is
most often calculated by looking at parental education, occupation, income, and
facilities used by individuals separately or collectively. Parental education and
family SES level have positive correlations with the student’s quality of
achievement. The students with high level of SES perform better than the middle
class students and the middle class students perform better than the students
with low level of SES. It is also observed that the economically disadvantaged
parents are less able to afford the cost of education of their children at higher
levels and consequently they do not work at their fullest potential (Garzon, 2006;
Rouse & Barrow, 2006).
These factors is also testified by the study conducted by Farooq et al.
(2011) The results of the study revealed that socio-economic status (SES) and
parents’ education have a significant effect on students’ overall academic
achievement as well as achievement in the subjects of Mathematics and English.
The high and average socio-economic level affects the performance more than
the lower level. It is very interesting that parents’ education means more than

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their occupation in relation to their children’s academic performance at school. It
was found that girls perform better than the male students.
Internal Factors
School-Related Factors. The school has also been a contributing factor
towards students’ achievement it could either be the teacher, his/her peers and
the school facilities. The teachers, for instance, should look into the multi-faceted
relationship of pupils with them as teachers, and with their parents and peers,
because this relationship influences their learning, daily styles life, and even their
self perception. The students’ problems affect not only their daily interactions, but
also their goals in life. The teachers have a vast and broad opportunity for
inspiring the youth to learn and to grow, and be worthy members of society. They
can use personal approaches that create a conducive-environment for learning.
They can make the students' life miserable or joyous, can torture or inspire,
humiliate or induce humor, hurt or heal. It is imperative, then, to love the teaching
profession which may not be financially rewarding, but the dedication in molding
the youth and services the nation, is invaluable (Victorino, 2011).
The teacher should be concerned with other things, other than the
preoccupation with students’ classroom experiences, teaching methods, and
enrichment of subject-matter content. This is so because teaching is a
personalized matter. No factor is as vital to the students’ welfare as the impact of
the teachers upon the total development of the students. Since teaching is a
multi-tech job, the teachers need help in the task of making students become
responsive, well-adjusted individuals. One such help concerns looking into

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students' problems, for this is an avenue by which the teacher can understand
the students better. Obviously, such an understanding will facilitate the teaching-
learning process (Victorino, 2011).
In a study made by Blancia (2003), found out that the academic
performance of chemistry students is significantly influenced by the following
factors: teaching competence, attitude of teacher work and students, library
facility, educational attainment of parents, parents' attitude towards studies of
their children and attitudes of towards their studies.
In addition, the condition of school facilities has a measurable effect over
and above socioeconomic conditions on student achievement and teacher
experience/turnover. Most significantly, for every 10% reduction in the percent of
portable facility /student, test scores increased by 11 points and for every 10%
increase in deferred maintenance, average test scores decreased by 0.61 points.
Likewise, it has also been observed that there is a significant relationship
between building condition and test scores. Additionally, at least 75% of
principals indicated that the adequacy of the school facility impacted teacher
attitudes, teacher recruitment and retention, student behavior, and parent and
community attitudes and support (Stevenson, 2001; Sheets, 2009).
Nevertheless, extracurricular activities have shown significant effect on the
performance of students. Wang and Shiveley (2009) reported that students
achieved much higher rates of retention and graduation, maintained better GPAs,
and had higher good standing rates when they engaged in any of the activities
within the scope of this study, which included serving as a Board Member of ASI,

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becoming an Orientation Leader, taking a job as Residence Hall Associate, or
holding a leadership position in an on-campus club. However, another study
seemed to suggest that participation in sports, fraternities, and sororities could
either enhance or decrease student academic motivation (Van Etten et al., 2008).
Family. The family also performs the functions of biological maintenance.
The human infant is born helpless and the parents fill the roles of protector,
provider and guardian. They look after the infant's physical and material needs,
giving it sustenance, nourishment and protection. From the family, the infant and,
later the child, draws security, affection and guidance and learns tenderness,
sympathy, understanding, and generalized love. The child is affected either
directly or indirectly by the kind of home into which he is born and reared. An
individual acquires the habits of thought, speech action that are characteristics of
the other members of the family in their relationship with him. Parental attitude
toward the child is important. Rejection or over protection of the child by their
parents interferes with their satisfaction of his need either for emotional security
or for wholesome independence. A child, who shows evidence of having problem
at school, usually has problem at home. The insecurities and frustration that
originate in the home carry over into school and sometimes assume such
proportions that they block all academic progress. A child who is worried and
unhappy has not zest for learning (Victorino, 2011).
White (2001), states that the influence of an ill-regulated family is
disastrous to all society. It accumulates in a tide of evil that affects families,
communities and governments. No member of the family shall feel his influence.

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The expression of the countenance has an influence for good or evil. His words,
his actions, his attitudes towards are unmistakable. White expounds that the
sphere of the mother may be humble. Her influence limited with the father's is
abiding as eternity. The mother's influence is an unceasing influence. If it is on
the side of right, her children's characters will testify to her earnestness and
worth. The availability of reading materials, the comfort in the home particularly
during times when assignments are being done will stimulate them to do their
school requirements. Further, the financial and moral support of the family also
has positive effects on the students' grades in school. Students who are
financially supported by parents promptly prepare their projects and
assignments. Financial problems oftentimes hinder students to prepare projects
and other requirement, thus affecting academic performance in school. This may
even lead to discouragement and loss of interest in their studies.
Technology and Media. The social media has become one of the most
important communication means in recent times. However, social networking
exist so as to provide communication among people regardless of the distance,
making it open to people easily share information, files and pictures and videos,
create blogs and send messages, and conduct real-time conversations. These
systems are referred to as social, simply because they allow communication with
buddies and coworkers so easily and effectively. It also strengthens the ties
between people of those systems. The favorite in the realm of internet sites are
Facebook, Twitter and others. These websites and social forums are way of
communication directly with other people socially and in media. They are playing

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a large and influential role decision-making in the occasions from the global world
economically, politically, socially and educationally.
Researchers have argued that in teaching and learning the integration of
media to facilitate the process is widely encouraged especially in relation to
improving final results of scholars Students ought to be given careful scrutiny to
check their use of the tools they feel at ease and acquainted with which they feel
are viable in accomplishing academic tasks. In connection with this, the social
affordances of utilizing social networking may not be provided in a single
particular social technology but instead within the mixture of several social
technologies (McLoughlin and Lee, 2008).
According to Khan (2009), Facebook users often time experience poor
performance academically. Similarly, Englander et al. (2010) posited that social
media is negatively associated with academic performance of student and is a lot
more momentous than its advantages. Internet addiction consequently gave rise
in internet usage within the last couple of decades. Hence, Karpinski &
Duberstein (2009) recommended that addicted users prefer using internet setting
back their personal and professional responsibilities which ultimately leads to
poor academic performance.
Moreover, Karpinski & Duberstein (2009) pointed out that Facebook users
devoted lesser time to their studies in comparison to nonusers did and
subsequently had lower GPAs. The same author also mentioned that among
various unique distractions of every single generation, Facebook remains a major
distraction of current generation. Impairment of educational performance and

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internet dependency are correlated by utilizing synchronous communication
programs including internet sites and forums.
There are benefits and risks associated with using any social network.
There have been reports regarding its effect on students’ academic performance.
Some researchers investigated the end result of social networking usability
among College students’ and with their academic performance. They found a
poor effect and influence when the media is overuse in such a way that do not
academically improve learning or its process. While, other researchers examined
this same problem but found either no significant relationship between using
social networking and student academic performance or really a factor in
students’ academic performance (Pasek & Hargittai, 2009; Wang et al. as cited
by Al-Rahmi and Othman, 2013).
Therefore, related literature and studies cited in this study provided the
researcher a bulk of information, which helped in the assessment of the
relationship of family and environment to academic performance. The reviewed
studies further convinced the researcher on her stand that giving more attention
and understanding to a student's family and environment may create a lighter
school environment thus enhancing the student's performance in class and
develop better individuals. They served as a guide and provided directions as to
how the researcher will conduct her study.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This section presents the methods used in gathering the data among the
respondents. It includes research design, locale of the study, respondents,
sample size, sampling technique, research instrument, data gathering procedure
and data analysis.
Research Design
The study will employ the descriptive correlational method of research.
This method will determine qualitatively the characteristics of the respondents
and its significant relationship towards the performance of the fourth year
students of Libertad National Vocational School during the National Achievement
Test. According to Creswell (2002), correlational research is a descriptive type of
research which aims to describe what exists at the moment (conditions,
practices, processes, structures etc.) and determine the nature, degree and
direction of relationships between variables or using these relationships to make
predictions.
Locale of the Study
This study will be conducted at Libertad National Vocational School
situated at Barangay Poblacion, Libertad, Antique. It has a total land area of 5.13
ha (51,353 sq.m) and caters a total of 674 students.

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Respondents of the Study
A total of 96 fourth year students will be chosen from the three sections of
LNVS namely: Diamond, Emerald and Ruby. This will constitute the study
participants from the total population of 126 students; inasmuch as the objectives
of the study revolved on the students per se and the factors surrounding their
academic behavior and performance. They will be chosen using Stratified Radom
Sampling.
Sample Size
The sample size will be the 96 fourth year students of LNHS (Table 1).
The researcher used Sloven’s Formula to determine the sample size of the
subjects. The formula is computed as follows:
n = N / (1 + Ne2
)
Where:
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error (0.05)
Table 1. Sample size of the study
Section Population Sample size
IV-Diamond 42 32
IV-Emerald 42 32
IV-Ruby 42 32
Total 126 96

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Sampling Technique
The survey will make use of stratified random sampling technique to
determine a reliable representation of the student samples per section.
Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population into
homogeneous subgroups before sampling (Victorino, 2011).
In order to ensure reliability of respondents’ selection and avoid bias, the
researcher will also employ proportionate sampling and simple random sampling
with random start through a lottery method. This will assure that all fourth year
students per section have equal chances of being selected to become a study
participant.
Research Instrument
A self-administered questionnaire will be utilized to elicit information
among the respondents. This instrument will aid in the effective analysis and
categorization of concepts found in the cleanup of the data. It contains two major
parts: Part I will solicit the personal profile of the respondents and Part II will
identify the factors that affect performance of fourth year students in Science on
the National Achievement Test.
Further, instrument to be used will be validated through a pre-test survey
among the 10 selected students in the campus who will not be included in the
study. This will guarantee that entries in the questionnaire are correct.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher will seek permission and approval from the School
Principal of Libertad National Vocational School to conduct the study. Upon the

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approval, the researcher will then conduct data gathering activities among the
respondents, explain its purpose, administer the questionnaires and retrieve
them afterwards. Data to be collected will be tallied, processed and analyzed.
Data Analysis
The researcher expects to extract two types of data from the data
gathering namely nominal and interval data. These data will be used to answer
the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the
qualitative and quantitative data such as frequency count, percentage, rank and
mean. While, in determining the relationship between and among variables,
correlational statistics will be used using Cramer’s V.
According to Garson (2012), Cramer’s V (φc) is a statistic measuring the
strength of association or dependency between two (nominal) categorical
variables in a contingency table and is computed by the formula:
Where:
is the phi coefficient.
is derived from Pearson's chi-squared test
is the grand total of observations and
being the number of columns.
being the number of rows.

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