1. Music in the New
Testament Church
What does the Bible tell us?
(Lesson 1 Review and Lesson 2)
Ptr. Jerry F. Smith, Th.D.
Ministry Essentials Diploma Program
Faith Missionary Church & Bible Institute
Gruetli-Laager, TN, USA
jerryfranksmith@gmail.com
3. What do we see in churches today?
The subject of music can often lead to disputes
or even division in a church
4. Ephesians 5:19
Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns
and spiritual songs, singing and making melody
in your heart to the Lord;
Two key verses in the New Testament
referring to music in the church
5. Colossians 3:16
Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all
wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another
in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing
with grace in your hearts to the Lord.
Two key verses
6. God has given us parameters for music in the
church
1. The will of the Lord
2. Filled with the Spirit
3. The word of Christ
4. Teaching and admonishing
5. Sing
6. Psalms, hymns, and spiritual
songs
7. Making melody in the heart
7. Before music, we are told to seek to
understand what the will of the Lord is
Ephesians 5:17
Wherefore be ye not unwise, but understanding
what the will of the Lord is.
2 Timothy 2:15
Study to shew thyself approved unto God...
8. Just before we proceed to music, we
are told to be filled with the Spirit
Ephesians 5:18
And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled
with the Spirit;
If we are truly going to make music according to the will of
God, we must be filled with the Spirit of God.
9. out of the heart...
Luke 6:45
A good man out of the good treasure of his heart
bringeth forth that which is good; and an evil man out
of the evil treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which
is evil: for of the abundance of the heart his mouth
speaketh.
Be filled with the Spirit (Eph 5:18)
Then the mouth speaks (speaking to yourselves/sing, Eph 5:19)
10. Colossians 3:16
Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all
wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another
in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing
with grace in your hearts to the Lord.
What fills my heart before I speak?
11. For what purpose do I speak?
Colossians 3:16
Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all
wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in
psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing
with grace in your hearts to the Lord.
Music in the church is meant to teach (to edify) and admonish
(to remind, to warn) one another
12. Singing in the church is meant to edify one
another
Colossians 3:16
Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom;
teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and
hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your
hearts to the Lord.
Biblically and theologically sound music
Music should edify (1 Corinthians 14:26) with focus on the words
The idea is that even in singing, believers can be built up!
13. Last time we checked out a few CCM (Contemporary
Christian Music) song lyrics, to see if they are doctrinally
sound or if they contain any doctrine (teaching).
1. “I COULD SING OF YOUR LOVE FOREVER” by Hillsong
2. “HERE I AM TO WORSHIP” by Hillsong
3. “BLESSED BE YOUR NAME” by Matt Redman
4. “NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE” by Planetshakers
14. 1. “I COULD SING OF YOUR LOVE FOREVER” by Hillsong
[Verse 1]
Over the mountains and the sea
Your river runs with love for me
And I will open up my heart
And let the Healer set me free
I'm happy to be in the truth
And I will daily lift my hands
For I will always sing of
Of when Your love came down
[Chorus:]
I could sing of Your love forever
(x4)
VAGUE / SELF-CENTERED
/ FEELS GOOD
(Where is the word, the teaching, the admonishing?)
15. 2. “HERE I AM TO WORSHIP” by Hillsong
1 Light of the world
You stepped down into darkness
Open my eyes let me see
Beauty that made this heart adore
You
Hope of a life spent with You
[Chorus]
Here I am to worship
Here I am to bow down
Here I am to say that You're my
God
You're altogether lovely
Altogether worthy
Altogether wonderful to me
VAGUE / FEELS GOOD
(Where is the word, the teaching, the admonishing?)
16. 3. “BLESSED BE YOUR NAME” by Matt Redman
1 Blessed Be Your Name
In the land that is plentiful
Where Your streams of
abundance flow
Blessed be Your name
[Chorus]
Blessed be the name of the Lord
Blessed be Your name
Blessed be the name of the Lord
Blessed be Your glorious name
VAGUE / FEELS GOOD
(Where is the word, the teaching, the admonishing?)
17. 4. “NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE” by Planetshakers
Through You I can do anything
I can do all things
'Cause it's You who gives me strength
Nothing is impossible
Through You blind eyes are open
Strongholds are broken
I am living by faith
Nothing is impossible
I believe, I believe
I believe, I believe in you
I believe, I believe
I believe, I believe in you
Lord, I believe, I believe
I believe, I believe in you
I believe, I believe
I believe, I believe in you
VAGUE / FEELS GOOD / “I”
-CENTRIC
(Where is the word, the teaching, the admonishing?)
18. ...will not endure sound doctrine
2 Timothy 4:3
For the time will come when they will not endure
sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall
they heap to themselves teachers, having itching
ears;
It seems some modern Christian music is a step
toward fulfilling this prophecy.
19. Sounds good, feels good, seems
Christian…
2 Timothy 3:5
Having a form of godliness, but denying the power
thereof: from such turn away.
Denying the power : The power of God
cf. Hebrews 4:12 For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and
sharper than any twoedged sword...
20. Beware of “the One” in many modern Bible versions that
is also found in modern Christian songs:
“The One” instead of God or Jesus Christ (e.g. John 3:13)
“The One” is vague. Who is “the One”?
Mystery religions call “the One” the Great Mother God (Riplinger
2005; cf. Revelation 17:5)
New Age religions subtly refer to Lucifer / Satan as “the One”
(Barnett 1992, Riplinger 2005)
21. Some songs lead us into speaking untruths or making
false vows to the Lord
E.g. The song, “Lord, I give you my heart” (Hillsong)
That is why it is safer to sing scriptural, doctrinal glories to
God and His Son Jesus Christ rather than exalt ourselves
(don’t forget Peter, Mt 26:34; don’t forget Paul, Ro 7:24)
This is my desire, to honor you
Lord, with all my heart I worship you
All I have within me, I give you praise
All that I adore is in you.
Lord, I give you my heart, ...my soul
I live for you alone, every breath…
Every moment I’m awake
Lord have your way with me.
22. We also checked out a couple of (old) hymns
1. “My Hope is Built on Nothing Less” by Edward Mote
(1797-1874)
2. “Holy, Holy, Holy!” by Reginald Heber (1826)
23. 1. "My Hope is Built on Nothing Less" by Edward Mote
1. My hope is built on nothing less
Than Jesus' blood and righteousness
(Eph1:7, Phi 3:9, Scriptural; Doctrine of
Atonement and Justification; teaches);
I dare not trust the sweetest frame (Phi
3:1-8, Scriptural; admonishes),
But wholly lean on Jesus' name (Ac 4:12,
Scriptural; Christ alone).
On Christ, the solid Rock, I stand (cf.
Psalm 95:1);
All other ground is sinking sand (warns).
4. When He shall come with trumpet
sound (Doctrine of Second Coming),
Oh, may I then in Him be found (Phi 3:9,
Scriptural; admonishes),
Clothed in His righteousness alone (cf. Isa
61:10, Doctrine of Justification; teaches),
Faultless to stand before the throne (cf. 1
Joh 4:7)!
On Christ, the solid Rock, I stand;
All other ground is sinking sand.
CLEAR / SCRIPTURAL /
DOCTRINAL / EDIFYING
24. 2. “Holy, Holy, Holy!” by Reginald Heber
1 Holy, Holy, Holy! Lord God
Almighty! (Isa 6:3, Scriptural; Doctrine
of Holiness; Attrib of God; warns us)
Early in the morning our song shall
rise to Thee.
Holy, Holy, Holy! Merciful and
mighty! (Declares the Attrib of God)
God in three persons, blessed
Trinity! (Doctrine of Triuness)
3 Holy, Holy, Holy! though the
darkness hide Thee,
Though they eye of sinful man Thy
glory may not see, (Doctrine of Man
and Sin; teaches)
only Thou art holy; there is none
beside Thee, (Doctrine of God)
perfect in pow'r, in love, and purity.
(Doctrine of God)
CLEAR / SCRIPTURAL /
DOCTRINAL / EDIFYING
25. The spiritually mature judge all things
1 Corinthians 2:15
But he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet he
himself is judged of no man.
They are called elders. Consider what they say
because they look after your souls (Hebrews 10:17).
27. God has given us parameters for music in the
church
1. The will of the Lord
2. Filled with the Spirit
3. The word of Christ
4. Teaching and admonishing
5. Sing
6. Psalms, hymns, and spiritual
songs
7. Making melody in the heart
28. 5. Sing
God has given us parameters for music in the
church
With a purpose...
29. GOD is honored by our lips
Hebrews 13:15
By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of
praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our
lips giving thanks to his name.
This “fruit” comes from our lips (mouths).
to his name: God’s authority, character, attributes, glory
30. Happy (individual)? . . . Sing psalms!
James 5:13
Is any among you afflicted? let him pray. Is any
merry? let him sing psalms.
psalms: spiritual music that honors God (no mention of
instruments, but stringed instruments may be implied by the word)
31. A Psalm
1 Corinthians 14:26
How is it then, brethren? when ye come together, every
one of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue,
hath a revelation, hath an interpretation. Let all things be
done unto edifying.
a psalm: the Book of Psalms (sacred Scripture;
no mention of instruments, but stringed instruments
may be implied by the word)
32. Sing praise
Hebrews 2:12
Saying, I will declare thy name unto my brethren,
in the midst of the church will I sing praise unto
thee.
sing praise… thee: no instrument mentioned
33. Sing
Ephesians 5:19
Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and
spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your
heart to the Lord;
singing… to the Lord: no instrument mentioned
34. Sing
Colossians 3:16
Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all
wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in
psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with
grace in your hearts to the Lord.
singing… to the Lord: no instrument mentioned
35. Sing
Clearly, it is GOD’s will for us to sing to Him in
the church.
We are to make music with our mouths
(vocally)
Mechanical instruments are not necessary to do
that, nor are they specifically mentioned.
36. 6. Psalms, hymns, and
spiritual songs
God has given us parameters for music in the
church
37. Singing in the church: What do we sing?
Psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs
Ephesians 5:19
Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and
spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your
heart to the Lord;
38. a psalm [Gk. psalmos]: the book of Psalms (Sacred Scripture set to music which
consisted of psalms [cf. Psalm 25-29], hymns [Psalms 120-134], and songs [cf.
Psalm 30,45,48,66-68]).
*The book of Psalms is a book of prayers, praises, songs, and hymns.
psalms [Gk. psalmos]: partake in glorifying, honoring, and praising God in lyrics
that could be sung with or without a (subdued) stringed instrument.
hymns [Gk. humnos]: an ode (a lyrical poem); could be sung with or without
(subdued) mechanical instruments; written in irregular meter (i.e. without regular
beat and rhythm).
spiritual songs [Gk. pneumatikos ode]: spiritual (spirit, as opposed to the
flesh); sacred songs praising, glorifying, or celebrating God in lyrics.
39. 1. In the strictest sense, it may mean to sing only from the
(inspired) Book of Psalms
2. In a wider sense it may mean:
a. We may sing scriptural, doctrinally sound psalms
b. We may sing scriptural, doctrinally sound hymns
c. We may sing scriptural, doctrinally sound spiritual
songs
Psalms, Hymns, Spiritual Songs
40. Speaking to yourselves...
Who was Paul’s audience?
The Ephesian and Colossian churches were made
up of both Jews and Gentiles
41. A. Psalms
Inspired words of GOD
Perhaps understood by the New Testament
Jewish readers (hearers) to mean the Book of
Psalms
43. B. Hymns
Odes to gentile gods, similar to a psalm for the
Gentile readers (hearers).
Became odes to the one true GOD.
Uninspired words that contain inspired
scripture, doctrine, or theology
45. Hymn may have been synonymous for a
Psalm (for the Jewish readers)
Matthew 26:30
And when they had sung an hymn, they went out
into the mount of Olives.
At the end of Passover (Matthew 26:30), it would
have likely been Psalms 113-118 (Ryrie 1994)
46. C. Spiritual Songs
Can mean:
A. Religious songs based on the inspired word of GOD
B. Can also be considered Psalms
C. Fresh or spontaneous songs based on new/renewed
occasions: what the Bible calls a new song (Psalm 96:1; 144:9;
Isaiah 42:10; Revelation 5:9; 14:3).
49. Parameters in the church:
Psalms, hymns, spiritual songs
Bible-based / God-exalting
Theologically / doctrinally sound
Edifying (cf. 1 Corinthians 14)
Should teach and admonish (Colossians 3:16)
The text was written to both Jews and Gentiles
Subdued (stringed) instruments may have been used
50. It appears as if GOD has given us parameters for
singing in the church
Only from the Book of
Psalms
Words based on
Scripture / doctrine
• GOD is perhaps permitting us to find a place between them (based on our
walk with Him, cf. Romans 14)
• We need to be unified as a body on what we choose.
• My suggestion, is to find what best aligns us with the word of God, and
the character of God, Jesus Christ, edifying one another, being peculiar
people, and promotes the Gospel.
52. Sing and make melody
Ephesians 5:19
Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns
and spiritual songs, singing and making
melody in your heart to the Lord;
making melody: making music (singing) in the heart,
instruments are not the focus
53. out of the heart...
Luke 6:45
A good man out of the good treasure of his heart
bringeth forth that which is good; and an evil man out
of the evil treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which
is evil: for of the abundance of the heart his mouth
speaketh.
Be filled with the Spirit (Eph 5:18)
Then the mouth speaks (speaking to yourselves/sing, Eph 5:19)
54. In your heart
Ephesians 5:19
Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns
and spiritual songs, singing and making melody
in your heart to the Lord;
in your heart: not just the mouth (singing), but the heart also;
hence, instruments are not the focus; the singing from the
melody of the heartstrings; the result of being filled with the Spirit
55. We are given only one other musical
term apart from singing
Ephesians 5:19
Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual
songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord;
• That melody is in the heart, not from instruments.
• It is not mechanically made melody but spiritually made
56. Interestingly, it is only the musical
element of melody we read about
Isaiah 51:3
For the LORD shall comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste
places; and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her
desert like the garden of the LORD; joy and gladness shall
be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody.
No mention of beat or rhythm in the KJV
58. Beat (a.k.a.Tempo)
The beat is used in African spiritualism rituals to call
up evil spirits.
There is much (external) evidence to suggest that the
beat in music is fleshly.
We know it from our own experiences. (What music is
played in worldly dance clubs?)
Read testimony after testimony of Christians here:
http://truediscipleship.com/ten-scriptural-reasons-why-the-rock-beat-is-evil-in-any-form/
60. Dance club music: “Burnin' In The Third Degree”
(Tahnee Cain & The Tryanglz)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdcbhPWpPLc
61. Christian music: “With You” (Casting Crowns)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wgej0i5j8g8
62. Quotes about drums
• "[Drums] represents the beat of the heart and is played to summon up magic
powers." (Miranda Bruce-Mitford, The Illustrated Book of Signs & Symbols, DK Publishing, 1996 p.80).
• "Pagan dances and rituals are always accompanied by the incessant BEAT of
DRUMS. Rhythm plays a major role in these demonic activities." (Hart, Lowell Satan's
Music Exposed, Salem Kirban Inc., 1980 p.71)
• "Bata drums [drums used in voodoo], sacred to the Yoruba people of Nigeria and
Cuba: Their push and pull provided a template for the inner rhythms of rock and
roll." (Palmer, Robert Rock & Roll An Unruly History, Harmony Books, New York, 1995 p.46)
Bible guidelines for Christian music. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.av1611.org/cqguide.html
67. (Remember, Point #2, be filled with the Spirit)
Beat and rhythm appeal to the flesh
Galatians 5:17
For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the
Spirit against the flesh...
That means that there are things that appeal to
the flesh, and not to the Spirit
68. A word about rhythm and beat
• The words rhythm and drums are not found in the KJV.
• However, in conjunction with certain psalms, hymns, and
spiritual songs, drums (handheld; timbrel) were likely used.
• The concern is preventing rhythm and beat from
overpowering the music or the singing, neither should it stir
up the flesh.
• If instruments are used, they should be subordinate to the
melody, not overpower it.
69. Melody
An agreeable succession of sounds;
melody can be vocal or instrumental.
Melody. (n.d.). Webster's Dictionary 1828 - Online Edition, American Dictionary of the English Langauge.
Retrieved from http://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/melody
76. Sometimes we go to modern churches to feel good
Every week we need a recharge, or a fix
But are Christians being spiritually FED / EDIFIED in
the music?
77. Which element (beat, rhythm, melody) appeals more to the flesh?
Which element appeals less to the flesh?
Which appeals more to emotions and feelings?
Which makes us feel good (like a sugar rush)?
The flesh profits nothing… (John 6:63)
We worship the Lord in spirit and truth (John 4:34)
Could it be that the Lord says, “making melody in your heart unto the
Lord” (Eph 5:19) to restrict the flesh from music in His church?
78. Remember Peter’s emotional statement
Matthew 26:33-34
33 Peter answered and said unto him, Though all men shall be
offended because of thee, yet will I never be offended.
34 Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, That this night,
before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.
The Lord knows what is in man, and does not give much
weight to our emotional caprice [impulses] (cf. John 2:23-25)
79. The difference between a sugar rush and
healthy food
The sugar (emotion from fleshly energizing music) runs out
quickly
But, healthy food (spirit; the word) satisfies longer
80. The difference between taking and giving
Maybe we think some church music is boring because
we want to feel the music instead of share it.
(We want to take instead of give)
Remember: Music is supposed to come from our
hearts not enter our hearts
81. Some Christians argue...
The type of music doesn’t matter, I just listen to the
words.
It is the words that are important.
Every culture has their own way of “worship.”
Are you immune to the flesh?
What element of music did God specifically mention?
82. Could it be that we do not naturally like the melody
(e.g. of hymns) because it does not appeal to the
flesh?
Galatians 5:17
For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit
against the flesh
The Spirit transcends culture.
Certain elements appeal to the flesh no matter where you
are from or who you are.
83. We need to be alert to such things
2 Corinthians 2:11
Lest Satan should get an advantage of us: for we
are not ignorant of his devices
That is why we must be vigilant as Christians
(1 Peter 5:8).
And why a qualification for an elder is vigilance
(1 Timothy 3:2).
84. We have a responsibility to seek what pleases
the Lord
Ephesians 5:8-11
8 For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord:
walk as children of light:
9 (For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth;)
10 Proving what is acceptable unto the Lord.
11 And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but
rather reprove them.
85. Remember God’s way of thinking...
Isaiah 55:8
For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither
are your ways my ways, saith the LORD.
God does not think like us.
We may think He likes certain types of music
(will worship, Col 2:23), but He has said “melody”
86. Remember Elijah’s encounter with God
1 Kings 19:11-12
11 And he said, Go forth, and stand upon the mount before the
LORD. And, behold, the LORD passed by, and a great and strong
wind rent the mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the
LORD; but the LORD was not in the wind: and after the wind an
earthquake; but the LORD was not in the earthquake:
12 And after the earthquake a fire; but the LORD was not in the
fire: and after the fire a still small voice.
God does not always act the way we think He should.
87. The beat may be trendy, and may draw (young)
people to a church, but...
1 Corinthians 1:21
For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom
knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of
preaching to save them that believe.
God uses preaching to save
88. Music is meant for the Lord, not to evangelize the lost
Psalm 9:11 Sing praises to the LORD...
Psalm 30:4 Sing unto the LORD, O ye saints of his...
Psalm 89:1 I will sing of the mercies of the LORD for ever…
Psalm 95:1 O come, let us sing unto the LORD
Ephesians 5:19 ...singing and making melody in your heart to the
Lord;
Colossians 3:16 ...singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord.
89. Mature Christians can discern good and evil
Hebrews 5:14
But strong meat belongeth to them that are of
full age, even those who by reason of use have
their senses exercised to discern both good
and evil.
Elders should be teaching the younger generation
these things; not let them do what they want (cf. Pr 29:15).
90. The spiritually mature judge all things
1 Corinthians 2:15
But he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet
he himself is judged of no man.
Referred to as elders. Consider what they say
because they look after your souls (Hebrews 10:17).
91. The world loves its own
John 15:19
If ye were of the world, the world would love his own: but
because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of
the world, therefore the world hateth you (cf. John 17:14, 1 John
4:5).
Perhaps that is why (carnal) Christians are often
eager to dispute regarding music in the church
92. Christians are told...
1 Thessalonians 5:21-22 Prove all things; hold fast that which
is good. Abstain from all appearance of evil.
2 Corinthians 6:14-15 …What fellowship hath
righteousness with unrighteousness? and what
communion hath light with darkness? And what concord
hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth
with an infidel?
93. We are called to worship in spirit and in truth
(John 4:24)
John 6:63 It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth
nothing: the words that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and
they are life.
Jude 1:23 And others save with fear, pulling them out of the
fire; hating even the garment spotted by the flesh.
In Christ, we have been given a new way of
worship apart (separate) from the flesh.
94. We are not called to sound like the world
1 Peter 2:9
But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy
nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the
praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his
marvellous light:
That is man’s philosophy (Colossians 2:8)
Love not the world (1 John 2:15-16)
95. We are not to be conformed to this world
Romans 12:2
And be not conformed to this world: but be ye
transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye
may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and
perfect, will of God.
96. Holiness : Light
1 John 1:5
This then is the message which we have heard of
him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in
him is no darkness at all.
97. We are to walk as children of the light
Ephesians 5:8
For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the
Lord: walk as children of light:
Is this light?
98. The Lord is worshipped in the beauty of
holiness
Psalm 29:2
Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name;
worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness.
99. What about 1 Corinthians 9:20-22?
1 Corinthians 9:20-22
20 And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews; to them
that are under the law, as under the law, that I might gain them that are under the
law;
21 To them that are without law, as without law, (being not without law to God,
but under the law to Christ,) that I might gain them that are without law.
22 To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak: I am made all
things to all men, that I might by all means save some.
Are we supposed to become like darkness to attract the
darkness?
100. Paul would not have suggested that.
The context is not to do things that are outside of
the parameters of Scripture.
Paul said, “(being not without law to God, but
under the law to Christ,)” (Romans 2:21)
Meaning, there was a boundary for his actions
101. Is darkness good and light not?
Isaiah 5:20
Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil;
that put darkness for light, and light for darkness;
that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter!
102. Those who want to incorporate music in the
church based on (modern) worldly trends have
some obstacles to tackle
The worldly beat / tempo
The appearance of evil (the world)
Overpowering the melody (of the heart)
The appeal to the flesh and not the Spirit