IFIC Foundation's Hierarchy of Evidence

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Not all research should be weighed equally. Here is a look at how different types of research rank against one another.

DECREASINGBIAS
INCREASINGSTRENGTH
OBSERVATIONALSTUDIES
Cohort Study
Case-control Study
Cross-sectional Study
Case Report Study
Expert Opinion
Non-Randomized Controlled Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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IFIC Foundation's Hierarchy of Evidence

1. DECREASINGBIAS INCREASINGSTRENGTH OBSERVATIONALSTUDIES Cohort Study Case-control Study Cross-sectional Study Case Report Study Expert Opinion Non-Randomized Controlled Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis