This document discusses the history and types of insulin therapies for treating diabetes. It begins with a brief overview of the discovery of insulin in the 1920s. It then describes different types of insulin including rapid-acting, long-acting, pre-mixed, and inhaled varieties. The document provides details on the onset and duration of action for various insulin analogs. It discusses considerations for selecting insulin therapies and achieving glycemic control targets. The goals of insulin treatment are outlined. Recommendations are provided on progressing from mono- to dual- and triple-therapy when targets are not met.
23. Healthy eating, weight control, increased physical activity & diabetes education
Metformin
high
low risk
neutral/loss
GI / lactic acidosis
low
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of monotherapy, proceed to 2-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
high
low risk
gain
edema, HF, fxs
low
Thiazolidine-
dione
intermediate
low risk
neutral
rare
high
DPP-4
inhibitor
highest
high risk
gain
hypoglycemia
variable
Insulin (basal)
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Basal Insulin +
Sulfonylurea
+
TZD
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
or
or
or
or
Thiazolidine-
dione
+
SU
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
TZD
DPP-4-ior
or
or GLP-1-RA
high
low risk
loss
GI
high
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
Sulfonylurea
high
moderate risk
gain
hypoglycemia
low
SGLT2
inhibitor
intermediate
low risk
loss
GU, dehydration
high
SU
TZD
Insulin§
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
+
SGLT-2
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
or
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
Mono-
therapy
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Dual
therapy†
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Triple
therapy
or
or
DPP-4
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
DPP-4-i
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of dual therapy, proceed to 3-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of triple therapy and patient (1) on oral combination, move to injectables, (2) on GLP-1 RA, add
basal insulin, or (3) on optimally titrated basal insulin, add GLP-1-RA or mealtime insulin. In refractory patients consider adding TZD or SGL T2-i:
Metformin
+
Combination
injectable
therapy‡
GLP-1-RAMealtime Insulin
Insulin (basal)
+
Terapia antihiperglicémica:
recomendaciones generales Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149; Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
24. Healthy eating, weight control, increased physical activity & diabetes education
Metformin
high
low risk
neutral/loss
GI / lactic acidosis
low
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of monotherapy, proceed to 2-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
high
low risk
gain
edema, HF, fxs
low
Thiazolidine-
dione
intermediate
low risk
neutral
rare
high
DPP-4
inhibitor
highest
high risk
gain
hypoglycemia
variable
Insulin (basal)
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Basal Insulin +
Sulfonylurea
+
TZD
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
or
or
or
or
Thiazolidine-
dione
+
SU
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
TZD
DPP-4-ior
or
or GLP-1-RA
high
low risk
loss
GI
high
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
Sulfonylurea
high
moderate risk
gain
hypoglycemia
low
SGLT2
inhibitor
intermediate
low risk
loss
GU, dehydration
high
SU
TZD
Insulin§
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
+
SGLT-2
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
or
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
Mono-
therapy
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Dual
therapy†
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Triple
therapy
or
or
DPP-4
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
DPP-4-i
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of dual therapy, proceed to 3-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of triple therapy and patient (1) on oral combination, move to injectables, (2) on GLP-1 RA, add
basal insulin, or (3) on optimally titrated basal insulin, add GLP-1-RA or mealtime insulin. In refractory patients consider adding TZD or SGL T2-i:
Metformin
+
Combination
injectable
therapy‡
GLP-1-RAMealtime Insulin
Insulin (basal)
+
Terapia antihiperglicémica:
Recomendaciones generales Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149; Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
25. Healthy eating, weight control, increased physical activity & diabetes education
Metformin
high
low risk
neutral/loss
GI / lactic acidosis
low
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of monotherapy, proceed to 2-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
high
low risk
gain
edema, HF, fxs
low
Thiazolidine-
dione
intermediate
low risk
neutral
rare
high
DPP-4
inhibitor
highest
high risk
gain
hypoglycemia
variable
Insulin (basal)
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Basal Insulin +
Sulfonylurea
+
TZD
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
or
or
or
or
Thiazolidine-
dione
+
SU
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
TZD
DPP-4-ior
or
or GLP-1-RA
high
low risk
loss
GI
high
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
Sulfonylurea
high
moderate risk
gain
hypoglycemia
low
SGLT2
inhibitor
intermediate
low risk
loss
GU, dehydration
high
SU
TZD
Insulin§
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
+
SGLT-2
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
or
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
Mono-
therapy
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Dual
therapy†
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Triple
therapy
or
or
DPP-4
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
DPP-4-i
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of dual therapy, proceed to 3-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of triple therapy and patient (1) on oral combination, move to injectables, (2) on GLP-1 RA, add
basal insulin, or (3) on optimally titrated basal insulin, add GLP-1-RA or mealtime insulin. In refractory patients consider adding TZD or SGL T2-i:
Metformin
+
Combination
injectable
therapy‡
GLP-1-RAMealtime Insulin
Insulin (basal)
+
Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149; Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
26. Healthy eating, weight control, increased physical activity & diabetes education
Metformin
high
low risk
neutral/loss
GI / lactic acidosis
low
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of monotherapy, proceed to 2-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
high
low risk
gain
edema, HF, fxs
low
Thiazolidine-
dione
intermediate
low risk
neutral
rare
high
DPP-4
inhibitor
highest
high risk
gain
hypoglycemia
variable
Insulin (basal)
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Basal Insulin +
Sulfonylurea
+
TZD
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
or
or
or
or
Thiazolidine-
dione
+
SU
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
TZD
DPP-4-ior
or
or GLP-1-RA
high
low risk
loss
GI
high
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
Sulfonylurea
high
moderate risk
gain
hypoglycemia
low
SGLT2
inhibitor
intermediate
low risk
loss
GU, dehydration
high
SU
TZD
Insulin§
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
+
SGLT-2
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
or
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
Mono-
therapy
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Dual
therapy†
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Triple
therapy
or
or
DPP-4
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
DPP-4-i
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of dual therapy, proceed to 3-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of triple therapy and patient (1) on oral combination, move to injectables, (2) on GLP-1 RA, add
basal insulin, or (3) on optimally titrated basal insulin, add GLP-1-RA or mealtime insulin. In refractory patients consider adding TZD or SGL T2-i:
Metformin
+
Combination
injectable
therapy‡
GLP-1-RAMealtime Insulin
Insulin (basal)
+
Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149; Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
27. Healthy eating, weight control, increased physical activity & diabetes education
Metformin
high
low risk
neutral/loss
GI / lactic acidosis
low
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of monotherapy, proceed to 2-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
high
low risk
gain
edema, HF, fxs
low
Thiazolidine-
dione
intermediate
low risk
neutral
rare
high
DPP-4
inhibitor
highest
high risk
gain
hypoglycemia
variable
Insulin (basal)
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
Basal Insulin +
Sulfonylurea
+
TZD
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
or
or
or
or
Thiazolidine-
dione
+
SU
DPP-4-i
GLP-1-RA
Insulin§
TZD
DPP-4-ior
or
or GLP-1-RA
high
low risk
loss
GI
high
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
Sulfonylurea
high
moderate risk
gain
hypoglycemia
low
SGLT2
inhibitor
intermediate
low risk
loss
GU, dehydration
high
SU
TZD
Insulin§
GLP-1 receptor
agonist
+
SGLT-2
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
Metformin
+
Metformin
+
or
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
Mono-
therapy
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Dual
therapy†
Efficacy*
Hypo risk
Weight
Side effects
Costs
Triple
therapy
or
or
DPP-4
Inhibitor
+
SU
TZD
Insulin§
SGLT2-i
or
or
or
SGLT2-i
or
DPP-4-i
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of dual therapy, proceed to 3-drug combination (order not meant to denote
any specific preference - choice dependent on a variety of patient- & disease-specific factors):
If HbA1c target not achieved after ~3 months of triple therapy and patient (1) on oral combination, move to injectables, (2) on GLP-1 RA, add
basal insulin, or (3) on optimally titrated basal insulin, add GLP-1-RA or mealtime insulin. In refractory patients consider adding TZD or SGL T2-i:
Metformin
+
Combination
injectable
therapy‡
GLP-1-RAMealtime Insulin
Insulin (basal)
+
Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149; Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
HbA1c
≥9%
Intolerancia o
contraindicación
metformina
Hiperglicemia
incontrolada
(cuadros catabólicos,
Gp ≥300-350 mg/dl,
HbA1c ≥10-12%)
29. Inicio DM 1 y DM2 con
síntomas
Cuadros agudos,
hospitalización
Diabetes gestacional sin
control y pregestacional
Insuficiencia renal y hepática
Falla terapéutica ADO
CON EL TX DE INSULINA EN RECIEN DX SE HA
DEMOSTRADO UN AUMENTO DE LA SECRESION DE LA
MISMA TANTO 1ERA COMO 2DA FASE
ORIGIN
A DOSIS 0.1 A 0.15 U DE ANALOGOS REDUCIENDO 30-35 %
DE LA PROGRESION DE DIABETES
30. • Edad/expectativa de vida
• Comorbilidades
• Duración de la diabetes
• Hipoglicemias
• Consideraciones individuales
• Enf. Cardiovasculares/ complicaciones
microvasculares avanzadas
31. more
stringent
less
stringent
Patient attitude and
expected treatment efforts highly motivated, adherent,
excellent self-care capacities
less motivated, non-adherent,
poor self-care capacities
Risks potentially associated
with hypoglycemia and
other drug adverse effects
low high
Disease duration
newly diagnosed long-standing
Life expectancy
long short
Important comorbidities
absent severefew / mild
Established vascular
complications absent severefew / mild
Readily available limited
Usually not
modifiable
Potentially
modifiable
HbA1c
7%
PATIENT / DISEASE FEATURES
Approach to the management
of hyperglycemia
Resources and support
system
Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149; Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
33. Add ≥2 rapid insulin* injections
before meals ('basal-bolus’†
)
Change to
premixed insulin* twice daily
Add 1 rapid insulin* injections
before largest meal
• Start: Divide current basal dose into 2/3 AM,
1/3 PM or 1/2 AM, 1/2 PM.
• Adjust: é dose by 1-2 U or 10-15% once-
twice weekly until SMBG target reached.
• For hypo: Determine and address cause;
ê corresponding dose by 2-4 U or 10-20%.
• Start: 10U/day or 0.1-0.2 U/kg/day
• Adjust: 10-15% or 2-4 U once-twice weekly to
reach FBG target.
• For hypo: Determine & address cause;
ê dose by 4 units or 10-20%.
Basal Insulin
(usually with metformin +/-
other non-insulin agent)
If not
controlled after
FBG target is reached
(or if dose > 0.5 U/kg/day),
treat PPG excursions with
meal-time insulin.
(Consider initial
GLP-1-RA
trial.)
If not
controlled,
consider basal-
bolus.
If not
controlled,
consider basal-
bolus.
• Start: 4U, 0.1 U/kg, or 10% basal dose. If
A1c<8%, consider ê basal by same amount.
• Adjust: é dose by 1-2 U or 10-15% once-
twice weekly until SMBG target reached.
• For hypo: Determine and address cause;
ê corresponding dose by 2-4 U or 10-20%.
• Start: 4U, 0.1 U/kg, or 10% basal dose/meal.‡
If
A1c<8%, consider ê basal by same amount.
• Adjust: é dose by 1-2 U or 10-15% once-twice
weekly to achieve SMBG target.
• For hypo: Determine and address cause;
ê corresponding dose by 2-4 U or 10-20%.
Enfoque
para inicio
y ajuste de
tx
insulínico
Dm 2
Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149;
Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
34. Add ≥2 rapid insulin* injections
before meals ('basal-bolus’†
)
Change to
premixed insulin* twice daily
Add 1 rapid insulin* injections
before largest meal
• Start: Divide current basal dose into 2/3 AM,
1/3 PM or 1/2 AM, 1/2 PM.
• Adjust: é dose by 1-2 U or 10-15% once-
twice weekly until SMBG target reached.
• For hypo: Determine and address cause;
ê corresponding dose by 2-4 U or 10-20%.
• Start: 10U/day or 0.1-0.2 U/kg/day
• Adjust: 10-15% or 2-4 U once-twice weekly to
reach FBG target.
• For hypo: Determine & address cause;
ê dose by 4 units or 10-20%.
Basal Insulin
(usually with metformin +/-
other non-insulin agent)
If not
controlled after
FBG target is reached
(or if dose > 0.5 U/kg/day),
treat PPG excursions with
meal-time insulin.
(Consider initial
GLP-1-RA
trial.)
low
mod.
high
more flexible less flexible
Complexity
#
Injections
Flexibility
1
2
3+
If not
controlled,
consider basal-
bolus.
If not
controlled,
consider basal-
bolus.
• Start: 4U, 0.1 U/kg, or 10% basal dose. If
A1c<8%, consider ê basal by same amount.
• Adjust: é dose by 1-2 U or 10-15% once-
twice weekly until SMBG target reached.
• For hypo: Determine and address cause;
ê corresponding dose by 2-4 U or 10-20%.
• Start: 4U, 0.1 U/kg, or 10% basal dose/meal.‡
If
A1c<8%, consider ê basal by same amount.
• Adjust: é dose by 1-2 U or 10-15% once-twice
weekly to achieve SMBG target.
• For hypo: Determine and address cause;
ê corresponding dose by 2-4 U or 10-20%.
Enfoque
para inicio
y ajuste de
tx
insulinico
Dm2
Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149;
Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
35. 0.2 a 0.5 U/ kg: 50% basal (2/3 y 1/3)
50% bolus
Conteo CBH: 1 U <> 15 g CBH
Automonitoreo
DM 1
EFICACIA BIOLOGICA. 1921 universidad toronto
Islotina por banting y best para luego llamarse insulina por macleod y adecuadamente collip (bioqco)
Hospital gnral toronto
Protamina de pescado.
Insulina protamina cinc
SECUENCIA PROTEINICA COMPLETA. SANGER 1958
ZONAS DE INVARIABILIDAD EN AAS DE CISTEINA, CONFIEREN LA ADECUACION AL RECEPTOR DE INSULINAZ
1.1EROS 60 AÑOS
2.DECENIO DE LOS 80
3. ANOS 90
4. JUNIO 2014 SANOFI AVENTIS
UKPDS 5,102 DM2 10 AÑOS. REDUCCION DE 1% A1C HAY REDUCCION 14% PARA EL IAM, 12% ICTUS, 43% PARA AMPUTACION
DIGAMI. TX INTENSIVO CON INSULINA TRAS UN IAM REDUCE MORTALIDAD Y EL USO DE BOMBA DE INFUSION C INSULINA MAS GLUCOSA REDUJO MORTALIDAD INTRAHOSP 58% Y LA MORTALIDAD GLOBAL A 1 AÑO 52 %
DCCT RETINOPATIA 76%, NEUROPATIA 69%, NEFROPATIA 34%
VER PAG 117 DE GARCIA DR
NO SIMULA LA SECRESION FISIOL DE INSUL
POR LO TANTO DEBE DARSE 30 A 45 MINS ANTES D LA COMIDA PARA Q COINCIDA CON LA ABSORCION DE LOS HC
LISPRO
RECORDAR Q LA INSULINA SE AUTOAGREGA EN HEXAMEROS….. PAG 660 JOSLIN
ESTO REDUCE LA AUTOAGREGACION
FLEXIBLE: MENOS HIPOG, CONTEO CBH , COLOCAR C/COMIDAS
Preferidas para la bomba de infusion
HIUMALOG
ASPARTATO EN LUGAR DE PROLINA POSICION B28. REPULSION DE LAS CARGAS POR EL ACIDO (CARGA NEGATIVA), POR LO TANTO HAY REPULSION
Con esta y la lispro: menor hipoglicemia nocturna
==NOVORAPID
Apidra
SUSTITUCION DE ASPARAGINA EN B3 POR LISINA Y EN B29 SUSTITUIR LISINA POR AC GLUTAMICO
UNICA Q NO TIENE ZINC
AFREZZA
Hacer espirometría
APROBADA 27 DE JUNIO 2014
HABLAR DE LA PRESENTACION U-100 Y U-500
SE ELIMINA EL B30 TREONINA Y SE ACIDIFICA LA CADENA LAT B, ANADIENDO ACIDO TETRADECANOICO(ac miristico) AL B29 (ac graso alifatico). UNION REVERSIBLE C/ALBUMINA Y EL AC GRASO ACILADO A LA INSULINA
SE AGREGA 2 AAS ARGININA. ESTO DESPLAZA EL PUNTO ISOELECTRICO DE LA PROT DE UN PH DE 5.4 A UN PH 6.7. ESTO MOTIVA Q LA MOLECULA SEA MAS SOLUBLE EN UN PH ACIDO Y MENOS SOLUBLE A UN PH NEUTRO. ERA NEC UNA SEGUNDA SUST PARA EVITA LA DESAMIDACION NO DESEADA DE LA ASPARAGINA A21 Q TIENE LUGAR A PH BAJOS. LA SUST DE ASN A21 POR GLICINA EVITA ESTE PROBLEMA
VARIABILIDAD INTRAINDIVIDUAL
1. TRESIBA (NOVO) APROBADA POR LA UNIN EUROPEA DESDE JUNIO 2013, NO POR FDA. SE DA EN CUALQ MTO DEL DIA
2. Aprobada Miercoles 25 de feb (sanofi) TIENE LA CONCENTRACION DE 3 VECES DE LA GLARGINA, ES LA LIBERACION MAS GRADUAL DE LA INSULINA Y ES LLAMADA INSULINA DE ACCION ULTRALARGA.
3. TB DE ACCION ULTR LARGA LILY
Ver pag 661 para detalles de insulinas (joslin)
HUMALOG MIX
Here is a diagrammatic representation of the approximate pharmacokinetic properties of various insulin formulations. Understanding the onset, peak and duration of action of insulin products is key for successful management of patients with diabetes.
Potential sequences of antihyperglycemic therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes are displayed, the usual transition being vertical, from top to bottom (although horizontal movement within therapy stages is also possible, depending on the circumstances). The figure denotes relative glucose lowering efficacy, risk of hypoglycemia, effect on body weight, other side effects and approximate relative cost for each drug class.
In most patients, begin with lifestyle changes; metformin monotherapy is added at, or soon after, diagnosis, unless there are contraindications.
Potential sequences of antihyperglycemic therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes are displayed, the usual transition being vertical, from top to bottom (although horizontal movement within therapy stages is also possible, depending on the circumstances). The figure denotes relative glucose lowering efficacy, risk of hypoglycemia, effect on body weight, other side effects and approximate relative cost for each drug class.
In most patients, begin with lifestyle changes; metformin monotherapy is added at, or soon after, diagnosis, unless there are contraindications.
Potential sequences of antihyperglycemic therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes are displayed, the usual transition being vertical, from top to bottom (although horizontal movement within therapy stages is also possible, depending on the circumstances). The figure denotes relative glucose lowering efficacy, risk of hypoglycemia, effect on body weight, other side effects and approximate relative cost for each drug class.
In most patients, begin with lifestyle changes; metformin monotherapy is added at, or soon after, diagnosis, unless there are contraindications.
Potential sequences of antihyperglycemic therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes are displayed, the usual transition being vertical, from top to bottom (although horizontal movement within therapy stages is also possible, depending on the circumstances). The figure denotes relative glucose lowering efficacy, risk of hypoglycemia, effect on body weight, other side effects and approximate relative cost for each drug class.
In most patients, begin with lifestyle changes; metformin monotherapy is added at, or soon after, diagnosis, unless there are contraindications.
Potential sequences of antihyperglycemic therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes are displayed, the usual transition being vertical, from top to bottom (although horizontal movement within therapy stages is also possible, depending on the circumstances). The figure denotes relative glucose lowering efficacy, risk of hypoglycemia, effect on body weight, other side effects and approximate relative cost for each drug class.
In most patients, begin with lifestyle changes; metformin monotherapy is added at, or soon after, diagnosis, unless there are contraindications.
RECODAR GA MAYOR 250, AL AZAR MAYOR DE 300, A1C MAYOR 9 %
This slide shows glycemic targets for nonpregnant adults with diabetes from the 2015 ADA guidelines.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(suppl 1):S1-S93.
January 2014
This slide was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a promotional/commercial interest.
This is a depiction of the elements of decision-making used to determine the intensivenss of efforts to achieve glycemic targets. Greater concerns about a particular domain are represented by increasing height of the ramp. Thus, characteristics/predicaments towards the left justify more stringent efforts to lower HbA1c, whereas those towards the right are compatible with less stringent efforts. In general, most patients should be targeted to <7%, but as previously discussed, tighter targets may benefit younger patients whereas in older individuals, a more conservative approach is necessary.
Where possible, such decisions should be made in conjunction with the patient, reflecting his or her preferences, needs and values.
This ‘scale’ is not designed to be applied rigidly but to be used as a broad construct to help guide clinical decisions.
(Adapted with permission from Ismail-Beigi et al, Ann Intern Med 2011;154:554-559.)
Basal insulin alone is usually the optimal initial regimen, beginning at 0.1-0.2 U/kg body weight, depending on the degree of hyperglycemia. It is usually prescribed in conjunction with 1-2 non-insulin agents, although insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas, meglitinides) are typically stopped once more complex regimens beyond basal insulin are utilized.
In patients still not at target after basal insulin has been adequately titrated, and the patient is willing to take >1 injections, there are several options. First, consider GLP-1 receptor agonists (see Fig. 2). The combination of basal insulin + GLP-1RA is becoming well established after several studies confirmed its efficacy on par with more complex multi-dose insulin regimens, but with less hypoglycemia and with weight loss instead of weight gain. If such an approach is not possible or has been tried and proven unsuccessful, there are 3 possible advanced insulin regimens:
Adding 1 injection of a rapid acting insulin analogue before the largest meal,
Adding 2-3 injections of a rapid acting insulin analogue before 2-3 meals, or
Using premixed insulin BID
Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. The figure describes the number of injections required at each stage, together with the relative complexity and flexibility.
A fourth, less common method (not shown) is referred to as ‘self-mixed split’ and involves 2 injections of NPH mixed with regular human insulin (or mixed with a rapid acting insulin analogue), administered before breakfast and the evening meal. This is a more cost-effective approach, using human insulins in vials, and allows self-adjustment by the patient of the short/rapid-acting component, based on pre-meal blood glucose or anticipated carbohydrate intake (or both.)
Once a strategy is initiated, titration of the insulin dose is important, with dose adjustments made based on the prevailing BG levels as reported by the patient.
Comprehensive education regarding self-monitoring of BG, diet, exercise, and the avoidance of, and response to, hypoglycemia are critical in any patient on insulin therapy.
Basal insulin alone is usually the optimal initial regimen, beginning at 0.1-0.2 U/kg body weight, depending on the degree of hyperglycemia. It is usually prescribed in conjunction with 1-2 non-insulin agents, although insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas, meglitinides) are typically stopped once more complex regimens beyond basal insulin are utilized.
In patients still not at target after basal insulin has been adequately titrated, and the patient is willing to take >1 injections, there are several options. First, consider GLP-1 receptor agonists (see Fig. 2). The combination of basal insulin + GLP-1RA is becoming well established after several studies confirmed its efficacy on par with more complex multi-dose insulin regimens, but with less hypoglycemia and with weight loss instead of weight gain. If such an approach is not possible or has been tried and proven unsuccessful, there are 3 possible advanced insulin regimens:
Adding 1 injection of a rapid acting insulin analogue before the largest meal,
Adding 2-3 injections of a rapid acting insulin analogue before 2-3 meals, or
Using premixed insulin BID
Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. The figure describes the number of injections required at each stage, together with the relative complexity and flexibility.
A fourth, less common method (not shown) is referred to as ‘self-mixed split’ and involves 2 injections of NPH mixed with regular human insulin (or mixed with a rapid acting insulin analogue), administered before breakfast and the evening meal. This is a more cost-effective approach, using human insulins in vials, and allows self-adjustment by the patient of the short/rapid-acting component, based on pre-meal blood glucose or anticipated carbohydrate intake (or both.)
Once a strategy is initiated, titration of the insulin dose is important, with dose adjustments made based on the prevailing BG levels as reported by the patient.
Comprehensive education regarding self-monitoring of BG, diet, exercise, and the avoidance of, and response to, hypoglycemia are critical in any patient on insulin therapy.
ESPERAR AL MENOS 3 DIAS PARA LOS CAMBIOS ( ESPERAR ESTABILIZACION DEL ANALOGO)
Insuf hepatica, renal, o cardiaca severa
RECORDAR EL SLIDING SCALE DEL JOSLIN ( 1934) QUE SE USA EN PCTES HOSP, AGUDOS, PREQX NO SEGURO DE SU TX, HOSP EN GRAL, ETC. PARA PASAR DE ESTA FORMA DE TX A OTRA ( COMO BASAL/BOLUS) DEBEMOS REDUCIR 20 % DE LA DOSIS TOTAL A MENOS Q SEA DETEMIR
This slide reviews recommended pharmacologic therapy for treating and managing type 2 diabetes from the 2015 ADA guidelines
PREFERENCIA DEL PCTE.
USO DE INSULINA EN EL DM2 DE INICIO RECIENTE YA QUE ES UNO DE LAS POCAS TX CON BENEFICIO DOCUMENTADO EN REDUCCION DE COMPLICACIONES A LARGO PLAZO. TB COMO METODO EFECTIVO PARA PRESERVACION DE LA FUNCION DE CELS BETA QUE ESTA ASOC A MEJOR CONTROL GLICEMICO A LARGO PLAZO. ADA PAG 473
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(suppl 1):S1-S93.
January 2014Any pharmacologic agents discussed are approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unless otherwise noted. Consult individual prescribing information for approved uses outside of the United States.
This slide was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a promotional/commercial interest.
ESTUDIO TREAT TO TARGET AGREGAR INSULINA BASAL A ADO CON A1C PROMEDIO 8.6% ALCANZARON AIC EL 60 % EN 24 SEMS ( UN GRUPO CON ANALOGOS, OTRO CON INSULINA)
GRALMT AL INICIAR INSULINOTX
AUMENTAR DE 10 AL 20% HASTA ALCANZAR META
SE DEBE ELIMNAR LOS SECRETAGOGOS CON LOS BOLOS PRANDIALES PORQ SE SINERGIZA LAS HIPOGLICEMIAS, SE DEBEN DEJAR LOS INSULINOSENSIBILIZADORES YA Q LA INSULINORESISTENCIA PERSISTE
MEJORA GLICEMIA POSTINGESTA
REQUIERE MERIENDA 4HRS DESP DE INYECCION PARA EVITAR HIPOG TARDIAS
RECORDAR ROTAR, TEMPERATURA Y MASAJE
NPH 20-50% SE DEGRADA LOCALMENTE
DETEMIR TIENE MENOR VARIABILIDAD INTRAINDIVIDUAL
TB MEDICAMENTOS Y PATOLOGIAS ENDORINOL
2. Efecto anabolico
4. ATROFICA E HIPERTROFICA
3. AUMENTO DEL SODIO
NEUROPATIA INSULINICA
6. DISMINUCION TRANSITORIA DE LA AGUDEZA VISUAL POR HIDRATAX DEL CRISTALINO