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An infographic by
F U T U R E
DRIVERLESS VEHICLES
WILL RESHAPE OUR CITIES
The advent of driverless cars may
come sooner than you think.
According to IHS Markit, unit sales
of driverless cars will begin in
2020, reaching 21m sales globally
in 2035 and almost completely
taking over the market by 2050.
Their availability is expected to
reduce car ownership, as driverless
vehicles can be hailed at will and
programmed to optimise their
routes for shared journeys.
A pilot study conducted in Lisbon
by the OECD concluded that, in
a city with a good underground
rail system, the use of shared,
autonomous cars could reduce the
car population by as much as 90%.
This would radically change the use
of space in cities: in Lisbon, it would
free up 1.5m sq metres of space
currently allocated to parking, the
OECD found.
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT WILL BECOME
INTELLIGENT AND AUTOMATED
Cities are already
tapping into big data
to improve public
transport services and
environmental quality
measures. As recent
advancements in
artificial intelligence
are brought to bear
on these data, the
built environment will
become increasingly
automated and self-
operating.
In 2014 Swiss start-
up Alpiq launched
GridSense, a self-
learning algorithm that
autonomously controls
equipment including
boilers, heat pumps and
electric-car charging
stations to optimise
energy consumption
within a building. At
the city scale, sensors
embedded in the
streets and buildings of
Songdo, South Korea,
monitor temperature,
energy use and traffic
flow, forming a city-wide
network of information.
This supports automated
city services such as
an underground waste
disposal system that
averts the need for
garbage cans and
trucks.
NEW MATERIALS WILL GIVE RISE TO
BIGGER AND GREENER BUILDINGS
Newly-developed
materials with extreme
properties will allow
buildings to be bigger
and more sustainable
than ever before. Tata
Steel, for example, is
developing a version of
the metal coated in a
thin layer of graphene
to increase its strength
by 100%, allowing
buildings that are far
taller than today’s
highest skyscrapers.
US company Blue
Planet claims to have
synthesized a process
binding carbon to
calcium atoms that
takes place within
coral. Applied to
cement production, this
method substantially
reduces CO2 emissions,
even making it ‘carbon
negative,’ it says.
The ability to use
these new materials in
construction is aided in
part by “multi-physics”
computer simulation.
This allows engineers
to predict how new
materials will react
to the environment,
and therefore assess
the practicality and
sustainability of the
project.
FLEXIBLE DESIGN WILL
EXTEND THE LIFESPAN
OF INFRASTRUCTURE
Proponents of the “circular
economy” argue that
minimising the extraction of
finite resources is essential. In
the context of architecture,
this means designing
infrastructure that can last
for hundreds of years, not just
decades. The problem is that
our requirements change
over time, so architects are
increasingly being challenged
to devise infrastructure projects
that can adapt in response to
changing needs.
ROBOTS WILL
AUGMENT THE
CONSTRUCTION
WORKFORCE	
A number of
construction robots
have been developed
in recent years, from 3D
printers that produce
entire buildings in
concrete to drones that
fly in swarms to piece
constructions together,
brick by brick, without
human direction. It is
hoped that innovations
such as these will
lead to faster, safer
and more sustainable
construction.
Human workers will also
benefit from robotics.
US company Ekso
Bionics sells wearable
robotic exoskeletons
for a number of
applications, including
construction. Its zeroG
robotic arm product
helps workers operate
heavy machinery with
greater accuracy and
lower risk of injury, the
company claims.
D I R E C T I O N S I N
A R C H I T E C T U R E
ARCHITECTURE IS A DISCIPLINE WHERE
DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY
AND MATERIAL SCIENCES INTERSECT. HERE
ARE SOME OF THE MAJOR TRENDS THAT
ARE SET TO CHANGE THE FACE OF THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT IN YEARS TO COME.
Sponsored by:
SHARED, AUTONOMOUS
CARS COULD REDUCE
THE CAR POPULATION
BY AS MUCH AS
90
NEW STEEL
DEVELOPMENTS COULD
INCREASE THE OVERALL
STRENGTH BY
100
IT IS FORECAST THAT
BY 2035 SALES OF
DRIVERLESS CARS
WILL REACH
21M
MIT Professor Richard de
Neufville has championed
the concept of “flexibility in
engineering design” (FIED). He
advises architects and engineers
to design systems in anticipation
that usage will vary significantly
throughout their lifetime, and
build flexibility into their designs
accordingly. This concept has
been applied to various projects,
including the redevelopment of
Sydney Airport.

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Future directions in architecture

  • 1. An infographic by F U T U R E DRIVERLESS VEHICLES WILL RESHAPE OUR CITIES The advent of driverless cars may come sooner than you think. According to IHS Markit, unit sales of driverless cars will begin in 2020, reaching 21m sales globally in 2035 and almost completely taking over the market by 2050. Their availability is expected to reduce car ownership, as driverless vehicles can be hailed at will and programmed to optimise their routes for shared journeys. A pilot study conducted in Lisbon by the OECD concluded that, in a city with a good underground rail system, the use of shared, autonomous cars could reduce the car population by as much as 90%. This would radically change the use of space in cities: in Lisbon, it would free up 1.5m sq metres of space currently allocated to parking, the OECD found. THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT WILL BECOME INTELLIGENT AND AUTOMATED Cities are already tapping into big data to improve public transport services and environmental quality measures. As recent advancements in artificial intelligence are brought to bear on these data, the built environment will become increasingly automated and self- operating. In 2014 Swiss start- up Alpiq launched GridSense, a self- learning algorithm that autonomously controls equipment including boilers, heat pumps and electric-car charging stations to optimise energy consumption within a building. At the city scale, sensors embedded in the streets and buildings of Songdo, South Korea, monitor temperature, energy use and traffic flow, forming a city-wide network of information. This supports automated city services such as an underground waste disposal system that averts the need for garbage cans and trucks. NEW MATERIALS WILL GIVE RISE TO BIGGER AND GREENER BUILDINGS Newly-developed materials with extreme properties will allow buildings to be bigger and more sustainable than ever before. Tata Steel, for example, is developing a version of the metal coated in a thin layer of graphene to increase its strength by 100%, allowing buildings that are far taller than today’s highest skyscrapers. US company Blue Planet claims to have synthesized a process binding carbon to calcium atoms that takes place within coral. Applied to cement production, this method substantially reduces CO2 emissions, even making it ‘carbon negative,’ it says. The ability to use these new materials in construction is aided in part by “multi-physics” computer simulation. This allows engineers to predict how new materials will react to the environment, and therefore assess the practicality and sustainability of the project. FLEXIBLE DESIGN WILL EXTEND THE LIFESPAN OF INFRASTRUCTURE Proponents of the “circular economy” argue that minimising the extraction of finite resources is essential. In the context of architecture, this means designing infrastructure that can last for hundreds of years, not just decades. The problem is that our requirements change over time, so architects are increasingly being challenged to devise infrastructure projects that can adapt in response to changing needs. ROBOTS WILL AUGMENT THE CONSTRUCTION WORKFORCE A number of construction robots have been developed in recent years, from 3D printers that produce entire buildings in concrete to drones that fly in swarms to piece constructions together, brick by brick, without human direction. It is hoped that innovations such as these will lead to faster, safer and more sustainable construction. Human workers will also benefit from robotics. US company Ekso Bionics sells wearable robotic exoskeletons for a number of applications, including construction. Its zeroG robotic arm product helps workers operate heavy machinery with greater accuracy and lower risk of injury, the company claims. D I R E C T I O N S I N A R C H I T E C T U R E ARCHITECTURE IS A DISCIPLINE WHERE DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY AND MATERIAL SCIENCES INTERSECT. HERE ARE SOME OF THE MAJOR TRENDS THAT ARE SET TO CHANGE THE FACE OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN YEARS TO COME. Sponsored by: SHARED, AUTONOMOUS CARS COULD REDUCE THE CAR POPULATION BY AS MUCH AS 90 NEW STEEL DEVELOPMENTS COULD INCREASE THE OVERALL STRENGTH BY 100 IT IS FORECAST THAT BY 2035 SALES OF DRIVERLESS CARS WILL REACH 21M MIT Professor Richard de Neufville has championed the concept of “flexibility in engineering design” (FIED). He advises architects and engineers to design systems in anticipation that usage will vary significantly throughout their lifetime, and build flexibility into their designs accordingly. This concept has been applied to various projects, including the redevelopment of Sydney Airport.