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Women Can’t Win:
Despite Making Educational Gains and
Pursuing High-Wage Majors, Women Still
Earn Less than Men
By: Anthony P. Carnevale, Nicole Smith, and Artem Gulish
February 27, 2018
Overview
•  Women are going to college and graduating in greater
numbers than men, yet the gender wage gap persists.
•  Educational progress has helped narrow that gap.
•  Even within the more lucrative majors and
occupations, women are concentrated in the lower-
paying subfields.
•  When compared to many of its OECD peers, the US
has lower female labor force participation rates and a
wider wage gap.
The gender wage gap persists
•  Women earn 81 cents on the dollar paid to men.
•  Even when controlling for education, college
major, and occupation, women still earn only 92
cents for every dollar paid to men.
The gender wage gap varies by education
•  Women’s educational accomplishments have helped
narrow the gender wage gap.
•  Roughly 3 million more women in the US are enrolled
in postsecondary education than men.
•  Women make up the majority of recipients of
associate’s degrees (61%), bachelor’s degrees (57%),
master’s degrees (60%), and doctoral degrees (52%).
Education gains yield
economic progress
Choice of low-paying majors
•  Women continue to enter more lucrative fields.
•  Today, 17 percent of engineering majors are women,
compared to 1 percent in 1970.
•  Yet, even in high-paying majors, women
disproportionally choose the lowest paying sub-major.
Choice of low-paying majors (continued)
Concentration in low-paying occupations
•  In high-paying occupational fields, women are more
concentrated in lower-paying occupations.
Share	
  of	
  women	
  
US lags OECD countries in
closing the wage gap
•  Women’s labor force participation rates are low in
the US compared to its OECD peers.
•  Most OECD countries have smaller gender wage
gaps and laws that are more supportive of women
who have children or are taking care of elderly
relatives.
6 Rules of the Game: Rule 1
•  Women need one more degree than men to have the
same earnings.
Rule 2
•  Major choice largely determine earnings.
Rule 3
•  Liberal arts majors need a graduate degree to attain
middle class earnings.
Rule 4
•  Starting pay impacts lifetime earnings potential.
Rule 5
•  Postsecondary vocational certificates have limited labor
market value for women.
Rule 6
•  Industry based certification have labor market value for
women.
Conclusion
•  The enduring gender wage gap puts women at the mercy of a
different set of rules than men.
•  Women’s educational attainment gains have narrowed the
gender wage gap, but have not eliminated it.
•  The remaining difference in pay between men and women
after accounting for education and career choices is a clear sign
of persistent discrimination.
•  Solving the gender wage gap will require more than just new
laws; it will also require cultural changes.
For more information:
Email Us | cewgeorgetown@georgetown.edu
Follow Us on Twitter | @GeorgetownCEW
Find Us on Facebook | Facebook.com/GeorgetownCEW
Follow Us on LinkedIn | linkedin.com/company/georgetowncew
See the full report at: cew.georgetown.edu/genderwagegap
	
  

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Women Can’t Win: Despite Making Educational Gains and Pursuing High-Wage Majors, Women Still Earn Less than Men

  • 1. Women Can’t Win: Despite Making Educational Gains and Pursuing High-Wage Majors, Women Still Earn Less than Men By: Anthony P. Carnevale, Nicole Smith, and Artem Gulish February 27, 2018
  • 2. Overview •  Women are going to college and graduating in greater numbers than men, yet the gender wage gap persists. •  Educational progress has helped narrow that gap. •  Even within the more lucrative majors and occupations, women are concentrated in the lower- paying subfields. •  When compared to many of its OECD peers, the US has lower female labor force participation rates and a wider wage gap.
  • 3. The gender wage gap persists •  Women earn 81 cents on the dollar paid to men. •  Even when controlling for education, college major, and occupation, women still earn only 92 cents for every dollar paid to men.
  • 4. The gender wage gap varies by education
  • 5. •  Women’s educational accomplishments have helped narrow the gender wage gap. •  Roughly 3 million more women in the US are enrolled in postsecondary education than men. •  Women make up the majority of recipients of associate’s degrees (61%), bachelor’s degrees (57%), master’s degrees (60%), and doctoral degrees (52%). Education gains yield economic progress
  • 6. Choice of low-paying majors •  Women continue to enter more lucrative fields. •  Today, 17 percent of engineering majors are women, compared to 1 percent in 1970. •  Yet, even in high-paying majors, women disproportionally choose the lowest paying sub-major.
  • 7. Choice of low-paying majors (continued)
  • 8. Concentration in low-paying occupations •  In high-paying occupational fields, women are more concentrated in lower-paying occupations. Share  of  women  
  • 9. US lags OECD countries in closing the wage gap •  Women’s labor force participation rates are low in the US compared to its OECD peers. •  Most OECD countries have smaller gender wage gaps and laws that are more supportive of women who have children or are taking care of elderly relatives.
  • 10. 6 Rules of the Game: Rule 1 •  Women need one more degree than men to have the same earnings.
  • 11. Rule 2 •  Major choice largely determine earnings.
  • 12. Rule 3 •  Liberal arts majors need a graduate degree to attain middle class earnings.
  • 13. Rule 4 •  Starting pay impacts lifetime earnings potential.
  • 14. Rule 5 •  Postsecondary vocational certificates have limited labor market value for women.
  • 15. Rule 6 •  Industry based certification have labor market value for women.
  • 16. Conclusion •  The enduring gender wage gap puts women at the mercy of a different set of rules than men. •  Women’s educational attainment gains have narrowed the gender wage gap, but have not eliminated it. •  The remaining difference in pay between men and women after accounting for education and career choices is a clear sign of persistent discrimination. •  Solving the gender wage gap will require more than just new laws; it will also require cultural changes.
  • 17. For more information: Email Us | cewgeorgetown@georgetown.edu Follow Us on Twitter | @GeorgetownCEW Find Us on Facebook | Facebook.com/GeorgetownCEW Follow Us on LinkedIn | linkedin.com/company/georgetowncew See the full report at: cew.georgetown.edu/genderwagegap