Marine Ecology Field Trip Report

1
Report on
Observation and Understanding of Marine Ecology
and Marine Resources in Chittagong.
1st
Semester, Session: 2016-2017
Department of Oceanography
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh
13 April, 2017
Submitted by
Group 04
Sheikh Fahim Faysal Sowrav, Roll – 16311004
Nafis Imtiaj Hossain, Roll – 16311010
Abdullah Al Moyeen, Roll - 16311016
Md. Atiqur rahman, Roll - 16311024
Md. Alamgir Hossain, Roll - 16311030
Md. Bayzid Mahmud, Roll - 16311037

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Table of content:
Contents Page no.
Abstract 03
Acknowledgements 04
participants 05
Introduction 06-07
locations 07
Objectives 07
Description
 4 April 2017
 visiting to North Salimpur
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 3
 Karnaphuli estuary
Activity 4
 5 April 2017
 Chittagong Port
Activity 1.1
Activity 1.2
 Ship Breaking Yard
Activity 2
08-54
08-31
08-28
08-22
22-24
25-28
28-31
28-31
31-54
32-54
32-47
47-49
49-54
49-54

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Abstract:
This field trip in Chittagong was conducted by the students of Department of Oceanography
of Banagabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University to gain some practical
knowledge of Marine ecology and Marine resources. We learned the techniques of field
studying. We observed the mangrove ecosystem, estuary, Sea Port and a ship breaking yard.

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Acknowledgements:
We wish to thank various people for their contribution to this fieldtrip. Firstly, we thank to
our honorable dean of the faculty of Earth and Ocean science. Then M. Golam Mustafa,
Assistant Professor, Ms Marufa Ishaque, Lecturer, Raju Ahmmed, lecturer, for their
valuable technical support on this project. Special thanks should be given to Mohammad
muslem Uddin Munna, Associate Professor, Ruhul Amin Sikder, for their professional
guidance and valuable support.
We are very grateful to the following institutions for their physical and technical support:
 Bangladesh Marine Academy
 Chittagong University
 Chittagong Port Authority Training Institute
 Chittagong port Authority

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Participants:
Students (BSMRMU) 37
Teachers (BSMRMU) 4
Guidance (BSMRMU) 1
Bus Driver (BSMRMU) 1
Bus Supervisor (BSMRMU) 1
Local Teachers (CU) 2
Local Lab Attendant (CU) 1

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Introduction:
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University is the First Maritime University
in Bangladesh. So it has a lot of responsibility to the students as well as to the nations. This
University Started its journey from 2013 and it opened the Faculty of Earth and
Oceanography on the running year. We are very much proud to be a member of the First
batch of Oceanography. Recently we have completed our first field trip as well as our
university's first field trip.
There is a proverb that, “Study & travel open the horizon of knowledge". No study of Marine
ecology and Marine Resources is complete without a field trip to experience all kinds of
wetlands at first hand. It is important that the lessons learned in the classroom be put into
practice in the field. While it is very important for students to visit an actual wetland, they
also need to make connections with the natural resources available in their own “backyards”.
Basically, we have started our study course from January this year. We have studied about 3
month, in that time we have learned only theoretical knowledge. By only theoretical
knowledge we had some gaps in our study. To fill-up the gaps we made the field trip.
Actually without practical knowledge a student can't learn actual knowledge. For this
purpose we made a field trip. This field trip done based on the two major subjects which is
"Marine Ecology & Marine Resources".
We tried to know about Mangrove forest, its ecology, its biodiversity, its ecological and
biological importance as well as its Ecosystem. Along with Mangrove forest at North
Salimpur, we have visited Karnafuly Estuary; there we tried to understand its Ecological and
biological parameter and its present condition. For this purpose we collect water sample and
sediment sample, collect bathos
Actually this field trip has major two parts. They are:
(1) Field Visit & Sample Collection
(2) Sample Analysis
We visited various ecological sites and we collect samples and we carried all these to the
laboratory. At the laboratory we analysis all the samples and we tried to find out the
Ecosystem and the bio-diversity of the particular region.
Conservation is the protection and wise, sustainable use of natural resources. A visit to any
natural area can be a stimulating and exciting experience for students of any age. However,
all of us must be careful to remember that natural areas are habitats for wild plants and
animals, so we should behave as visitors who have been invited to share someone’s home.
Many people who go to mangrove areas are not aware that they are the home of thousands of
creatures .Especially when they visit intertidal areas associated with the beach! The diverse
organisms living in mangroves and other kinds of wetlands have to contend with fluctuating
water levels, drying sun, waves, and land predators (including humans) in order to survive.
Use the following guidelines to encourage appropriate behavior so the mangrove and marine
life can survive your visit and be there for others to enjoy and for students when they return.

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A field trip is an excellent opportunity to teach students outdoor etiquette skills that they can
use all of their lives and pass on to their own families and children. How can you help take
care of animals, plants, and other organisms that you encounter in your field and classroom
studies? How can you keep from disturbing their wetland homes? How can you learn more
about your environment by observing it in its natural state? What can you do to ensure that
enjoyable camping and other outdoor recreational activities do not harm wildlife or habitats?
We will see more if we are quiet. The site should be left as close to natural as possible, so that
future visitors will be able to enjoy the area’s plants, wildlife, and beauty.
Locations:
 Solimpur Mangrove Forest
 Karnafuli Estuary
 Chittagong Port Authority Training Institute
 Ship Breaking Yard (Khawja Ship Breaking Ltd.)
Objectives of the field visit:
 Over all study & knowledge about mangrove forest
 Mangrove species to find.
 Zonation of mangrove forest.
 Biomass study
 Taking samples
 Karnaphuli estuary visit and sampling
 Chittagong port observation
 Ship breaking yard observation

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Description of Activities:
4 April 2017, Tuesday
Though this was second day of our tour, it was the first day of our field visit. We stared our
day taking breakfast at 7.15 am .After taking breakfast, the dean of our faculty joined with us.
We left Bangladesh Marine Academy (BMA) with our dean Sir at 8.15am.We reached at
North Salimpur Mangrove forest at about 9.45 am. Coordinate Teacher briefed us for about
45 minutes about mangroves, its importance, and ecological biodiversities along with the
ultimate of our field visit.
Over View of Day -01(04/04/2017)
1. Visiting North Slaimpur
2. Visiting Karnafuly Estuary
1. Visiting North Salimpur
 Geographical View of the surrounding Area:
 Weather: Rainy day
 Temperature: 260
C
 G.P.S. Reading:
 Latitude: 220
23’
 Longitude: 910
45’
 Altitude: 5m
 Accuracy: 1m fig 1: rainy and windy weather of 4
april
 Map of salimpur and salimpur Mangrove:
fig2: Salimpur Mangrove forest (Bangladesh view) fig3: Salimpur Mangrove forest (close view)

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 The aim of Salimpur Visit:
 Over all study & knowledge about mangrove forest
 At least major 3 Mangroves species to find.
 Zonation of mangrove forest.
 Biomass study
 Taking samples
 Sightseeing: While going to Salimpur, the sight view was very charming and
pleasurable. All of them some important are-
Shah Amanat Bridge: It is also known as Karnafuli Bridge. The Bridge is 950 m
long and 24.47 m wide. It has five piers with three 200 m extradoses main spans, two 115
m side spans and a 120 m approach viaduct section.
fig4: Shah Amanat Bridge
Alongside four lanes for vehicles, the bridge has two 1.5 m lanes for movement of
'manual transports' like rickshaws, push carts and vans. There is also a 1.5 m walkway on
each side of the bridge. The bridge has a 0.5 km approach road in the city end and one km
approach road at the Patiya end.
Boat terminal: The boats of fishermen, who go on sea, we saw them at a terminal.
Various kinds of ships were there. But almost all the ships were same.

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fig5: Boat terminal of fishing boats
It was interesting to see that all the boats were kept so disciplinary way one by one.
The Banana Market: As we all know, Chittagong’s banana is very famous all over the
country. Thus there was a big wholesale market of banana.
fig6, fig7: The Wholesale banana market of Chittagong

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Activity 01: Mangrove Status and Identification
Mangrove area is the richest ecosystem of all ecosystems. It is also much important for
natural bio-diversity of mangrove forest. It belongs to globally 18.8 millions hectors land
with 124 countries. Only 10% of the Ocean surface has explored. Thus the Bay of Bengal is
called a virgin bay still now as it is remain unexplored. Sundarbans, one of the biggest
mangrove, is situated beside the bay of Bengal. Of 68 species of mangroves Bangladesh have
24 species.
fig8: Salimpur Mangrove forest
What is mangrove forest?
The only woody plants that grow between land and sea in the tropical and subtropical region
at 25-30°N to 25-30°S from the equator are called mangrove forest.
Mangrove Status in the world:
For our natural bio-diversity mangrove is one of the most important ecological sight. Total
mangrove area of the world is about 2, 36,000 km.

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Countries Area (Hectors)
Indonesia 3,062,300
Australia 1,451,411
Brazil 1,012,376
Nigeria 997,700
Mexico 882,032
Malaysia 564,971
Cuba 545,805
Myanmar 518,646
Bangladesh 476,215
India 446,100
Table1: Mangrove Status in the world
We can see and understand clearly with the graph-
graph 1: Mangrove status in the world
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
Mangrove
Mangrove

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Mangrove Status in Bangladesh:
For a single region “ Sundarban” is the largest mangrove forest in the world as well as in
Bangladesh. Total area of Sundarban is 10,000 sq km in which about 6,017 sq km in
Bangladesh. This is placed in South-East of Bangladesh in Khulna and Shatkhira district
containing 59% of total. Besides sundarban, mangroves are found in Chokoria, Salimpur,
Kutubdia and Moheshkhali. Government is trying to spread it though all the coastal area and
in islands for more sedimentation.
Bio-diversity In Sundarban(Bangladesh Region) Statistics :2015
table 2: Mangrove status of Bangladesh
Here we can also see a graph for better understanding of the percentige-
graph2: Mangrove Status in Bangladesh
400
350
290
106 49
53
20
8
7
35
Mangrove Faunna & Flora
Fishes
Plants
Birds
Tigers
mammals
Reptiles
Shrimps
Lobster
Types Numbers
Plants 350
Fishes 400
Birds 290
Tigers 106
Mammals 49
Reptiles 53
Shrimps 20
Lobster 08
Crabs 07

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Short Description of Salimpur Mangrove forest:
It is about 18 km far from Bangladesh Marine Academy to North. It is swampy area. That’s
why it is suitable for a mangrove ecosystem.
Mangrove zones
There are mainly 4 zones.
 Button woods
 White Mangrove
 Black Mangrove
 Red Mangrove
fig9: Mangrove typical zonation
Species we found:
1. Acanthus
It is a small shrub growing along lakes and marshes and sea shores. It is used as medicine in
asthma and rheumatism. Its general name is blue haragaja . It is also called Holy Mangrove.
fig10: Acanthus

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Growth Form: It is a semi-woody, sprawling shrub sometimes up to 3 m tall. Its stems are
shiny green with speckles, and 15 spines at the leaf’s angles. Prop roots may sometimes
develop at lower parts of the stems.
Foliage: Its opposite, shortly-stalked leaves possess spiny leaf blades that are oval to oblong,
pale green with a yellowish tinge above and green below, and 5–22 cm by 2–7 cm.
Flowers: Its flowering shoot is up to 20 cm long, bearing up to 20 pairs of flowers clustered
in four vertical rows at its end.
fig11: flower of acanthus
Its pale lilac flowers are 2–4 cm long, with three much- bracts (reduced leaves) basally.
Acanthus ilicifolius vs. Acanthus ebracteatus
Acanthus ilicifolius Acanthus ebracteatus
1. Spines of leaves can be seen perfectly. 1. Spines of the leaves can’t identify
properly.
2. 15 spines on every leaf and spines are
sharp.
2. No spines or unclear spines.
3. Picture:
Fig12: Acanthus ilicifolius
Picture:
Fig13: Acanthus ebracteatus
table 3: difference between A.ilicifolius and A. ebracteatus

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2. Sessuvium
Growth Form: It is a perennial creeping herb.
fig14: sesuvium
Foliage: Its opposite, stalked leaves have fleshy blades that are oval or lance-shaped, very
succulent, flat above, convex below, and 1.5–5 cm by 2–10 mm.
Flowers: Its flower grows singly at the leaf axils, has 5 lobes, is green outside, pink inside,
and 8–10 mm long.
3. Sonneratia
 S. apetala
Sonneratia apetala is
a fast-growing
evergreen tree with a
columnar crown; it
can grow up to 15
metres tall with
occasional specimens
to 20 metres. The tree
produces
pneumatophores
(vertical roots arising
above the ground from
shallow, horizontal
roots) up to 1.5 metres tall.
fig15: S. apetala

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It introduced as a fast-growing tree for reforestation of mangrove communities. This
species is common through most of its range, but there are increasing threats to
mangrove swamps in general, mainly from human activities.
Native: Bangladesh; India; Myanmar
 S. caseolaris
Sonneratia caseolaris is an evergreen tree with a columnar crown; it can grow 5 - 20
metres tall. The tree is surrounded by pencil-like pneumatophores (vertical roots
arising from shallow, horizontal roots) - these can vary in size, usually from 10 -
60cm tall but sizes of up to 2 metres or more have been seen when the tree is growing
in soft mud.
fig16: S.Caseolaris
The tree is valued for its timber, which has a wide range of uses. It is also a very
important tree in the coastal swamp community, helping to protect the soil from
erosion and providing an important habitat for wildlife.
Table 4: Difference between S.apetala and S. caseolaris
sonneratia apetala sonneratia caseolaris
Longish leaves Also have longish leaves
Rounded at the edge of the leaf Not rounded at the edge of the leaf
Picture
Fig17: sonneratia apetala
Picture:
Fig18: sonneratia caseolaris

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 S. ovata
Sonneratia ovata is an evergreen tree with a columnar crown; it can grow up to 10
metres tall with occasional specimens to 20 metres. The bole, which is usually short
and twisted, is up to 20cm in diameter. The tree produces thin, pointed
pneumatophores (vertical roots arising above the ground from shallow, horizontal
roots) about 20cm tall.
fig19: S. ovata
The plant has limited local use for food, medicine and fuel. It is cultivated as an
ornamental in some villages in coastal Sarawak.
This species can be common through most of its range, but is increasingly rare at the
extremities of its range. There are increasing threats to mangrove swamps in general,
mainly from human activities
 S. alba
Sonneratia alba is an evergreen tree with a broad, spreading, rather lax crown; it
can grow from 3 - 15 metres tall with occasional specimens to 30 metres. The tree
is surrounded by thick, blunt pneumatophores (vertical roots arising from shallow,
horizontal roots) - these
fig20: S. alba

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can vary in size from 30 - 100cm tall. The tree is sometimes harvested from the wild for
local use as a source of fuel, edible fruit, tannins and a cork substitute.
It plays an important role in mangrove communities, helping to bind the soil and to
shelter and protect the land behind from erosion.
Sonneratia ovate Sonneratia alba
Round leaves and folded Smooth round leaves
Pictures:
fig21: Sonneratia ovata
Pictures:
fig22: Sonneratia alba
Table 5: Difference between S.ovata and S. alba
4. Avicennia
 A. mariana
Its common name is white mangrove. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree with an open
branched, rounded crown; usually growing 1 - 10 metres tall but sometimes, especially in
northern Australia, up to 25 metres tall. The bole, which can be straight or crooked, is 20 -
40cm in diameter.
Growing in the tidal mudflats, it develops roots with many vertical breathing roots above soil
level. The leaves excrete excess salt through pores, and salt crystals are commonly present on
the leaves. A multipurpose tree, it is harvested from the wild for use as an insect repellent,
dye plant, source of tannins, timber etc. This species is widespread and common throughout
its range. It is a fast growing and fast regenerating, hardy species. It is threatened by the loss
of mangrove habitat throughout its range, primarily due to extraction and coastal
development, and there has been an estimated 21% decline in mangrove area within this
species range since 1980. Mangrove species are more at risk from coastal development and
extraction at the extremes of their distribution, and are likely to be contracting in these areas
more than in other areas. It is also likely that changes in climate due to global warming will
further affect these parts of the range. Although there are overall range declines in many

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areas, they are not enough to reach any of the threatened category thresholds. The tree is
classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2011).
Fig23: A. mariana
Uses: 1. Edible Uses - The cotyledons of the seed are occasionally eaten, but may contain
toxic compounds. They need to be cooked
2. Medicinal- White mangrove is used in traditional medicine. Research has shown that
several medically active components are present in the plant including iridoid glucosides,
flavonoids and naphthoquinone derivatives
Some of these have shown strong antiproliferative and moderate cytotoxic activities as well
as antibacterial effects
 A. alba
Avicennia alba is an evergreen shrub or small tree that can grow up to 30 metres tall but is
usually much smaller. Growing in the tidal mudflats, it develops roots with many vertical
breathing roots above soil level. The tree is harvested from the wild for its timber and resin.
Fig24: A. alba

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This species is widespread, is fast-growing and can be locally common. It is threatened by the
loss of mangrove habitat throughout its range, primarily due to extraction and coastal
development, and there has been an estimated 24% decline in mangrove area within this
species range since 1980. Mangrove species are more at risk from coastal development and
extraction at the extremes of their distribution, and are likely to be contracting in these areas
more than in other areas. It is also likely that changes in climate due to global warming will
further affect these parts of the range.
uses: 1. The resin is used for various medical purposes
2. A natural pioneer species in the wild, it could be useful for trying to re-establish
mangroves in coastal areas
3. A resin is obtained from the tree. It is used medically
4. The wood is moderately hard
 A. officinalis
Indian mangrove is an evergreen shrub or tree, usually growing 8 - 18 metres tall but
exceptionally to 25 metres. The short, often crooked, bole can be up to 100cm in diameter.
The tree is harvested from the wild for a wide range of uses including medicinal purposes, a
source of tannins and timber and a dye plant. This species is widespread and common within
its range. It is threatened by the loss of mangrove habitat throughout its range, primarily due
to extraction and coastal development, and there has been an estimated 24% decline in
mangrove area within this species range since 1980. Mangrove species are more at risk from
coastal development and extraction at the extremes of their distribution, and are likely to be
contracting in these areas more than in other areas. It is also likely that changes in climate due
to global warming will further affect these parts of the range. Although there are overall
range declines in many areas, they are not enough to reach any of the threatened category
thresholds.
Fig25: A. officinalis
Uses: 1. Edible Uses- The bitter fruits and seeds are sometimes used for food after rather an
elaborate processing. Eaten after baking or steaming

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2. Medicinal- Indian mangrove is a folk remedy for boils and tumours - the fruits are
plastered onto tumours in India.
The roots are said to be aphrodisiac.
Unripe seeds are poulticed onto abscesses, boils, and smallpox sores.
The bark is used for treating skin afflictions, especially scabies.
A green, bitter, resinous substance that exudes from the bark is said to act as a contraceptive,
and apparently can be taken all year long without ill effects.
The resin is also used to treat snakebite.
3. Other Uses- The bark and roots are used for tanning.
The tannin content may be as low as 2.5%
The bark is used for dying cloth
The ash of the wood is rich in alkali and is used for washing cloth
The wood has an attractive grain and is suitable for cabinet work
It is used to construct boats, houses, and wharves, has been recommended for creosoted
paving blocks and has been studied as a possible pulp source
Brittle wood is used for firewood
Activity 2: biomass study by quadrate method
Quadrat sampling method: Quadrat sampling is a method used to intensively sample a
subset of a system, so as to obtain a representative sample. The technique involves randomly
selecting square areas (quadrats) of a specific size within a study site and collecting data of
interest within these quadrats. For example, you might randomly place ten 1m2
quadrats
within a grassland area and collect biological and physical data from within the quadrats.
These data would then be used as estimates of the larger grassland area.
fig26: quadrat
Multiple quadrats which act as replicates are placed in a random way, to ensure that the data
represent an unbiased picture of the system. When true randomness cannot be obtained,
haphazardly selecting plot locations is often used. Determining where to place a sample of
plots is critical to a good study, and there are a variety of techniques available. Some of these
include “over the shoulder tosses,” randomly generated positions, and stratified samples.

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Quadrat sampling is commonly used to sample communities of plant species in marine and
aquatic ecosystems, wetlands, grasslands, and forests (for understory vegetation), as well as
to sample
Fig27: working in a 10m x 10m quadrate
sessile invertebrate communities in marine ecosystems. This technique is not appropriate for
large trees or mobile animals.
In the figure the marking area with black line is a quadrat.
Result: After conducting an activity of quadrat method of 10m x10m area we got following
result:
Table 6: result of quadrat method of 10m x10m area
Species Quantity
Pneumetaphore 6170
Sonnaratia 04
Acanthus 1600
Sesovium 2135
Crabs 72
grasswort 4

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We can view it at a graphical method like the following-
graph 3: result of quadrat method of 10m x10m area
We also do the same on 1m x 1m area and found the following result:
Species Quantity
Crab holes 29
Pneumetaphore 93
Sesuvium 85
Avicennia 1
Table7: result of quadrat method of 1m x1m area
graph4: result of quadrat method of 1m x1m area
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
6170
Species in 10mx10m quadrate
Species in 10mx10m quadrate
29
93
85
1
1m x 1m quadrat
crab holes
Pneumetaphore
sesuvium
avicennia

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Activity 3:In situ Parameter and sampling
The insitu parameters we found in the mangrove forests are-
Paremeters Value
Teparature 26°C
PH 5.5
Salinity 29
D.O. 18
Table8: insitu parameters
We collect samples from the mangroves. We collect fauna and flora samples. Of flora, we
collect leaves of sesuvium, Acanthus, Sonneratia.
Fig28: Collecting sample of Sesuvium
Some of fauna are Leaves, Mollusks, Pneumetaphors, mudskipper, crabs.
Fig29: Crub Fig30: Mudskipper
Sediment Collection: All of them sediment collection was a learning thing as we have to do
it very carefully and we used sediment collector.

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Stages of sediment sampling:
Sediment
Collecting
Fig31: Sediment collection For sieving
Sediment
Collecting

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It was a benthos collection. The sieving method we used to examine the benthos sample. We
can list our serial as the following flow chart
fig32: flow chart for work on benthos sample

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 Importance of mangrove
 About 70-90% marine lives atleast once in mangrove of their life cycle
 Reduce the effect of cyclone
 Protect the coastal area from tidal wave
 Mangrove sinks carbon most from environment
 It contains almost all neutrients and also conserve neutrients which are called micro
neutrients also conserve
 It also saves us as a barrage
 It protects the erosion of soil
 It also increase underground water and refresh it
 It is a great ecosystem.
Activity 4: Karnafuli estuary and instrumental operation
After mangrove observation we went to Karnafuli river estuary. We went there with the
vision of-
 collecting bottom sediment
 collecting planktons
 collecting water
 measuring D.O, PH, Salinity
 Weather: cloudy, windy
C
 G.P.S. Reading:
 Latitude: 220
09’
N
 Longitude: 910
44’
E

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Equipments:
 Plankton net
Fig33: Plankton net
 Bottom grab sampler
Fig34: Bottom grab sampler
 Secchi disk
Fig35: Secchi disk

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 Hydrometer
fig36:Hydrometer
 Niskin bottle
fig37: niskin bottle
 D.O. Bottle
 Chemicals
 Refractometer
Sample collection:
there we conducted various works and collects samples of sediments from bottom of the
river. We also collect planktons from water surface.
Fig38: Collecting Planktons with plankton net

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We collect water and preserve it to determine D.O., PH, Salinity.
Fig39: Collecting Water sample and plankton sample
After the observation and field work we returned to our destination by a boat on the karnafuli.
It was a great learning and pleasurable day of field trip.
5 April 2017
The day started with the breakfast at 7:10 am. We all started our journey at 8:30 am.
We crossed the Karnafuli River by boat. After reaching opposite side of the river, we got into
our bus and started our journey for Chittagong Port Authority (CPA) at 9:35 am. We reached
at CPA at 10:20 am.
Chittagong Port Authority Training Institute
 Weather: sunny
C
 G.P.S. Reading:
 Latitude: 220
19’
N
 Longitude: 910
47’
E

32
Location map:
fig 40: location map of port training institute
Activity 1.1: The Seminar
When we reached there, after sometimes a briefing was delivered by the training manager of
CPA training institute Mrs. Halima Begum and a formal power point lecture was given by the
chief Hydrographer Lt. Commander Arif.
From the briefing of Mrs Halima Begum, we learnt many things such as; importance of
Indian Ocean, importance of Bay of Bengal. We also knew about geological position,
importance, Blue economy, tourism, management, future of CPA. She also explained the
success of Maritime industry.
A formal power point was delivered by the chief hydrographer Lt. Commander Arif. He told
us about Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal and gave a short description of CPA. His
presentation was very valuable and informative. We have learnt several things like-

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 Indian Ocean and World Trade
 Crossroads of the 70% world trade are maritime silk route.
 Bangladesh strategically located between sub-continent and ASIAN.
 Economical position of Bangladesh
 GDP growth 7% in 2015-16
 Per capital income US $1465
 MDG target achived
 On course to SDG target
 Perspective plan of Govt. of Bangladesh
 Vision 2021 status of Middle income country.
 RMG Export target US $50 Billion in value by 2021
 Vision 2041: status if developed country.
 Ports and Economy
 Global Trade 80% by volume and 70% by value Handle by port
 Bangladesh Trade 87% by volume and 96% of volume Handled by port
 Ports in Bangladesh
fig41: Bangladesh ports
 Chittagong: Main Gateway port; that handles 92% of sea borne cargo and
97% of container throughout.
 Mongla: Mongla now showing improved performance
 Payra: Payra the 3rd
seaport targeted to commence Jetty side operation in
2019.

34
 Historical Background of Chittagong port:
 4th
century BC: Used to be called ‘SHETGANG’ ships from middle East and
China
 16th
century: Chittagong port used to be known as ‘Porte Grande”
 1887: Formal Port operation started from 25th
April 1887
 1960: Chittagong port Trust was founded
 1978: Chittagong Port Authority’ was formed
 Location of CPA
 At the bank of karnafuli River.
 92% export and import is done by this port
 Karnafuli is a natural flowing river
 Port management
 Is administered by a Board comprising of a chairman and four members.
 The chairman and Members are appointed by the government.
 There are 16 department
 Existing man power is about 6,500.
 Vision and Mission of The Port Authority
 Vision: Efficient, Safe and Environment friendly port
 Mission: Port development, Increase navigability, efficient cargo and
container handling, reduction of TOT, enhancement of jetty and yard facilities,
productive management, active contribution in the national economy
 Facilities if Chittagong Port:
 General Cargo Bertgs 6
 Container Berths 13
Total 19
 Specialized Berths 9
 Dry Dock Jetties 2
 River Mooring 5
Total 16

35
 CPA Jetty and Terminal:
fig42: CPA jetty and terminal
fig43: dolphin oil jetty

36
 Cargo Handking Potential:
 Cargo handled in 2015-16; More than 70 mm tones
 Cargo and container growth highly correlated with GDP.
graph5: Chittagong Port Handling Potentials to 2043
 Container Handling Potential
graph6: container handling potential graph
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
Bangladesh ( '000 ) Chittagong Port ( '000 )

37
 CPA- Cargo Handling
graph7: CPA cargo handling till 2016
 CPA- Container Handling
graph8: CPA container handling till 2016
2007-08
7% 2008-09
8%
2009-10
9%
2010-11
12%
2011-12
11%
2012-13
11%
2013-14
12%
2014-15
14%
2015-16
16%
Cargo Handling Statistics of CPA
Container(in M. TEUs)
0
1
2
3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
ContainerinM.TEUs
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Container(in M. TEUs) 1.07 1.16 1.34 1.39 1.41 1.54 1.73 2.02 2.35
Container Handling Statistics of CPA

38
 CPA- Ships Handling
graph9: CPA ships handling till 2016
 Security of Chittagong Port
 Chittagong Port has implemented ISPS in 2004.
 The Security of Chittagong Port is handled jointly by the Port Security Department,
Army, Navy, Coast Guard and Bangladesh Police.
 Main purpose is to strengthen maritime security, to prevent and suppress act of
terrorism against ship and port facility engaged in International Trade.
 VTMIS has been established in outeranchorage and channel area
 International Ranking
 Chittagong port secured 76th
position among container handling ports of the world
according to Lyods list in 2016.
 It advanced 22 step in last 8 years.
0
1000
2000
3000
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
2013-14
2015-16
No. of Vessels
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Number of Vessels 2074 2088 2203 2308 2079 2136 2294 2566 2875
Ships Handling Statistics of CPA

39
 Strategic Road Map
fig44: flow chart of strategic road map
•Strategic Master plan
• Recommendation from PSC MOS Advisory
Committee
• Vision 2021 GDP>7% Per Capita Income-$1466
Economic Zones RMG$50b
• Inputs from Stakeholders
• CPA handling Growth > 15
Needs Assessment
Existing capacity
Shortfall
Strategic Road Map
-Short
-Mid
-Long Term
Action plan
Implementation

40
 CPA Patenga Container Terminal
Fig45: CPA Patenga Container Terminal
 Located adjacent to Chittagong Dry Dock
 Length of Jetty 750m
 Back up Facilities more than 27 acres
 Service Jetty Construction
 For Ports own tugs, dredger, pilot vessels, security boats and survey vessels
 Length will be 220 m
 Expected termination 2020

 Lightering Jetty Construction
 For local lightering vessels and coasters
 Length will be 78 m
 Expected inogoration 2017
 RCC Yard Construction
 Can store 10000 Tus container
 Expected termination 2017
 Karnaphuli Capital Dredging
 From Sadarghat to Char Bakalia
 43 Lac cubic m dredging requirement
 3 years maintenance dredging will follow
 CTMS Tower Construction
 Work already started
 32% completed
 Will be inaugurated by 2018
fig46: CTMS tower

41
 One Stop Service
fig47: One stop service
 KCT Development Plan
fig48: KCT development plan
One
stop
service
Air
Ocean
Customs
Inland
Door to
door
Ware
housing

42
 CPA Laldia Multi Purpose Terminal
fig49: Laldia multipurpose terminal
 Located at Laldiar Char of Patenga
 Jetty length 1 km
 Backup Facilities 57 acres
 CPA BayTerminal
 Located at North Halishahar
 Channel Width 700-900 m
 Planned Draught of Vessel 12m
 Backup Facilities 907 acres
 Sitakundo- Mirsarai Terminal
 Facilitate cargo for Sitakundo Mirsarai
SEZ
 Available for other cargo
 Planning to bring 9m draught ship
 EOI called for feasibility
fig50: Bay terminal & sitakundu terminal
 War Monument and Flim
 Liberation war monument for myrters of port and historical Swat incident
 International flim highlighting Operation Jackpot

43
 Responsibilities of CPA H/D
 Carryout bathymetric survey & production of bathymetric data sheet.
 Apprise the management about the up-to-date information on limit area.
 Identify wrecks/underwater obstructions in the channel and outer anchorage area
within port limit.
 Measurement of sound velocity and surface water current within port limit area.
 Carryout capital and maintenance dredging for safe navigation.
 Maintain, collect, preserve & analysis of tidal data from six tide gauges & prediction
and publish pocket Tide Tables for the users.
 Assist national agencies/organizations with relevant data.
 Shape of Karnaphuli river
 Naturally flown river located
at the south-eastern part of
Bangladesh
 The width of this river is 667
m
 Has direct link with Bay of
Bengal and navigable
throughout the year by sea-
going vessels
 Average depth of the channel
is 10 m and 9.5 m draught ,
190m length vessel can
easily entered
 Appropriate measure has
been taken since long time to
maintain the shape of the
river
 Downstream is controlled
successfully by dredging and
bank protection
 Controlling of upstream is
quite complicated fig51: Shape of Karnaphuli River
 In a word we used to call “Karnaphuli River is the lifeline of the Bangladesh
 Characteristic of Karnaphuli river
Down stream
 1961: Bank protection to save the river as a whole
 Direction of Current at :
 Outer Anchorage: 335 degree
 From the river: 055 degree
 Formation of Critical Sand Bar
 Yearly siltation about: 1.6 millions cum

44
fig52: characteristics of Karnaphuli river
 Equipments used in CPA (HD)
 DGPS- Javad ; Accuracy: 1
cm
 DGPS- LEICA ;Accuracy:
30 cm
 Echo Sounder-Navisound
420; Accuracy: 01 cm
 Side Scan Sonar:(Edgetech)-
4125 ; Accuracy: 2.3 cm
 Digital Level-Sokkia SDL30
 SVP - AML
 DCP- SONTEK
 Sub Bottom Profiler
(Edgetech) -3100P fig53: equipments used in CPA

45
 Softwares
Data Acquisition
 Hypack 2012a
 Dredge pack 2012
Data Processing
 Caris GIS 4.5
 Dredging Volume Calculation by Hypack Software
 Geotide 2.3.11 for Tide Prediction
Tidal Station Under CPA
 Khal No- 18: 1962 ( Manual) & 2010 (Auto)
 Khal No- 10: 1961 ( Manual) & 1991 (Auto)
 Dock Office: - & 2013 (Auto)
 Sadarghat: 1961 ( Manual) & 2013 (Auto)
 Kalurghat: 1961 ( Manual) & 1991 (Auto)
 Kaptai:1961 ( Manual) & 2010 (Auto)
 STATES OF JARIP VESSELS
Sl. Name Activities
01 Jarip-06 Data acquisition & Towing
02 Jarip-08 Data acquisition
03 Jarip-09 Data acquisition , SSS & Sub-Bottom Profiling
Table9: jarip vessels

46
 Cpa Jarip fleet
Fig54:Dredger Khanak
fig55: Jarip-15 fig56: Jarip-10
fig57: Jarip-9 fig58: Jarip-6
fig59: Jarip 11

47
Besides all of those we also learnt and knew about-
 KCT development plant
 Strategic Floating Harbour – Chittagong Sea Terminal
 Matarbari Cluster
 Moheshkhali –Matarbari Port led Development
 Reju Khal Cruise Terminal
 Hydrography and Oceanography Department of CPA
 And some of their achievements.
At the last session of the seminar there was a short query part, little snacks were
given, and then we moved for our next activity.
Activity 1.2: CPA terminal observation
After the seminar at 11.55 we started our journey to Chittagong port. We entered into the port
with gate no. 4 at 12:10 pm. There we observed Jetty, pilot vessels, containers, various ships
which were loading and unloading.
fig60,61,62: Chittagong port container, cranes, instruments.
We also watched many names of the ships of our country and of abroad. They were at the
terminal on that time. Some of them are-
1. SINAR SUBANG
Fig63: SINAR SUBANG ship

48
2. YM INVENTIVE
fig64: YM INVENTIVE ship
3. THORSWIND
fig65: THORSWIND ship
4. OEL BANGLADESH- PANAMA -IMO 9105966
fig66: OEL BANGLADESH- PANAMA ship

49
5. SHASTA- MANROVIA- IMO 9134684
fig67: SHASTA- MANROVIA ship
6. MCC NANJING
fig68: MCC NANJING ship
Activity 2: Ship Breaking Yard Observation
At 12:30 pm we left the port and started going to a ship breaking yard. At 1 pm we reached at
the "Khawaja Ship Breaking Limited" (KSBL). This is one of the largest Ship breaking
companies.
fig69: Khawja ship breaking LTD.

50
Khawja Ship Breaking Limited
Firstly we attend a seminar there and we have learnt so many important things about ship
breaking yard of Bangladesh as well as their company. Among them important things were -
Ship Recycling Process for KSBL:
Step 1: -Pre arrival management of the ship
- Pre cleaning of hazardous materials and residues
Step 2: -Check on arrival of the ship
-Mooring of the ship
Step 3: -Necessary Precautions in the planning
-Specific safety training
Step 4: - preparatory works before cutting
-Final cleaning of tanks and spaces
-hazardous materials removal
Step 5: -Cutting
-Cutting Plan
-workforce and equipment plans
Step 6: -Hazardous materials storage
Recycling Process log Book:
One log book used to be for every single ship separately
Section -1
 To be completed Ship wise:
o Mooring arrangement
o Oil collection
o Projection HSE organization
o Project HSE plan
Section-2
 To be completed on daily basis
o Enclosed space condition check
o Hazardous materials handing as applicable

51
o Cutting works record activity as applicable
Section -3
 To be completed every 15 days
o Removal activities of hazardous materials
 All departmental head/in charge must sign the assigned boxes with applicable
comment/s
 Only pen to be used
 No overwriting /use of correction field
 Any correction to be done by striking the line and sign
 To be remained for 02 years after project is completed
Fig70: Recycling process log book of KSBL
Ship Recycling Peocedure as per Bangladesh Requirements:
Step 1: The yard notifies the MOI upon the ship arrival at chittagong to carryout the
necessary inspection etc.
Step 2: MOI issues letters to customs, Chittagong dry dock, Exclusive department and
environmental department the ship and submit the report to MOI.
Step 3: Upon recieving the reports MOI issues letter to POMMD, Chittagong to do needful
for the issuance of Beaching permission.
Step 4: POMMD issues the beaching permission upon recieving the yard's request.

52
Step 5: the yard submits the phoyto evidence with application to POMMD for issuance of the
ship registry delection certificate.
step 6: explosive department issues the hot work and confined space entry
step 7: The yards nominated safety agency submits the SRP etc. to MOI for the issuance of
cutting permission after the ship is beached.
Step 8: The yard nominated safety agency submits the cutting completion report to MOI
once the ship is fully recycled.
 We also learned the full process of Khawja Group. They have 3 companies and work
like a flow chart given below-
fig71: flow chart of the materials of Khawja group of industry.
From the flow chart it is clear that the raw materials for ship breaking come from the SR
shipping company. KSBL breaks the ships that are got old and waste. KSBL produce the raw
materials for KSRM. The Irons getting from the ships are sent to KSRM industry and they
produce new rods and steels. Thus the full Khawja group of industry is running and become a
leading company of Bangladesh.
After the seminar we took a visit and saw all the machines and process of the mill. Not only
from the seminar but also we learnt through the notice board around us. such as from the
following notice board we can learn about the use of colors on cap they wear.
SR Shipping
KSBL
KSRM

53
fig72: Safety cap color notice
During the visit we all wear the safety wears as a part of pre cautions.
fig73: We used safety wears at the ship breaking yard
we also observed the practically ship breaking and the whole mill process. From their
supervisor we got able to know that they have the following tools and machines-
Safety
Wears

54
Name of the machines Quantity
Wings 6 ps
Fire pump 2 ps
Oil Water Separator 1 ps
Incinerator 1 ps (500°C)
Hapa System 1 ps
Generator 3 ps
Diesel pumps 114,000 Litre
table9: Machines list of Khawja ship breaking yard
After visiting the whole yard we take our lunch at 2.30 pm on the yard. Then we returned to
Marine academy and our field trip came to an end.
Conclusion:

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