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Financial Ratios and Formulas for Analysis
- 1. Financial Ratio & Formulas Activity Ratios: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 365 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 365 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 356 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 Liquidity Ratio: 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
- 2. 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ( 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ) + ( 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 ) − ( 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ) Solvency Ratios: 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟′ 𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟′ 𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 Profitability Ratios 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑂𝑅 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝐵𝑇 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
- 3. 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑅𝑂𝐴) = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑅𝑂𝐴) = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝑅 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 Free Cash Flow to Firm: 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐹 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 + 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 + [𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 × (1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)] − 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐹 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 + [𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 × (1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)] − 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 Free Cash Flow from Equity: 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐸 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 − 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 = 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐮𝐏𝐨𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑅𝑂𝐸 = ( 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 ) ( 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ) ( 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ) 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐃𝐮𝐏𝐨𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑅𝑂𝐸 = ( 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐸𝐵𝑇 ) ( 𝐸𝐵𝑇 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 ) ( 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 ) ( 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 ) ( 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 )
- 4. 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑃𝐹 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑃𝑆 = ( 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 ) + ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 ) + ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 ) (1 − 𝑡) ( 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ) + ( 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑝𝑓𝑑. 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ) + ( 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 ) + ( 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) Coefficients of Variation: 𝐶𝑉 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑉 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 Inventories: 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 = 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 + 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 (𝐹𝐼𝐹𝑂) = 𝐿𝐼𝐹𝑂 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 + 𝐿𝐼𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆 𝐹𝐼𝐹𝑂 = 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆 𝐿𝐼𝐹𝑂 − (𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐼𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐼𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒) Long-Lived Assets: 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝐷𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( 2 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 ) (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
- 5. 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 Deferred Taxes: 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 = 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 + ∆𝐷𝑇𝐿 − ∆𝐷𝑇𝐴 Debt Liabilities 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 = ( 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒 ) × ( 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 ) Performance Ratios 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 − 𝑜𝑛 − 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 − 𝑜𝑛 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 Coverage Ratios 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 + 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
- 6. 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 & 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠