Copy of presentation used by Aled Evans in his lecture/ seminar to masters students studying LLM Entertainment Law at Westminster Law School in 2017. (There have been previous lectures on this topic by Aled Evans for the LLM course in 2015 and 2016). Presentation and lecture are based Aled Evans' dissertation for LLM Entertainment Law in 2014.

1. SOCIAL TELEVISION
AND THE LAW
SEMINAR FOR WESTMINSTER LAW SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER
LLM ENTERTAINMENT LAW - OCTOBER 2017
BY ALED EVANS

2. Introduction
 The viewer and the broadcaster
relationship
 Social television (STV)
 Current law and regulation
 Immediate challenges
 Underlying issues

3. In front of the TV…
Source: http://pmcdeadline2.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/6-family-pt.-1__120614222311.jpg

4. Ofcom – viewer statistics
2017
Source: Ofcom, ‘The Communications Market Report 2017 – Figure 2.42 - Page 83’

5. Social TV (STV)
Not just second screen…

6. But also…
STV is a term “coined to depict the convergence
of television and social media”
M Proulx and S Shepatin, ‘Social TV’ (John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2012
 Broadcast related activity of YouTube, Twitter, Facebook
etc.
 Broadcaster activity on social media and the web – All4,
ITV Hub and BBC Taster etc.
 Social aspects of VOD services - Netflix, Apple TV, Amazon
Prime etc.
 Connected TV devices – aka Smart TV’s
 Also video & social activities on smartphones, tablets,
game consoles
 Bespoke services – Chatterbox, TVTag, Beamly etc

7. How Big?
Article: 60 Seconds on Google, Instagram, SnapChat, YouTube and Facebook (infographic) (2016)
Source: http://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2016/09/infographic-data-never-sleeps-what-happens-online-in-
one-minute.html?m=1

8. It’s a big business
Source: Introducing
the Social-TV
Ecosystem Chart 2.0
By Simon
Dumenco. July 19,
2013 adage.com

9. Generation C
1. Comment?
2. Curate?
3. Citizenship?
4. Cultural?
5. Create?
6. Contractor?
‘Viacom targets Generation C’
Broadcastnow, 24 October 2013

10. The New Audience:
Economic
 ‘Consumer’
 ‘Players’
 ‘Follower’
 ‘Collaborator’
Citizenship
 ‘Citizen’
 ‘Commentator’
 ‘Activist’
 ‘Benefactor’
García-Avilés JA, ‘Roles of audience participation in multiplatform television:
From fans and consumers, to collaborators and activists’ (2012) 9(2) Participations

11. The traditional
relationship…
“…the passive eyeball …”
N Helberger, ‘From eyeball to creator - toying with audience empowerment in
the Audiovisual Media Service Directive’ (2008) 19(6) Ent. L.R. 128-137

12. Broadcasting Law & the
audience

13. Key Law
EU
Audiovisual Media Services Directive (2010)
UK
Communications Act 2003
The Audiovisual Media Services Regulations
2009 SI 2009/2979
The Audiovisual Media Services Regulations
2010 SI 2010/ 419

14. Key Concepts
 Audience fragmentation
 Audience empowerment
 Viewer anonymity
 Citizen engagement
 Media literacy

15. Immediate Issues
THE CHALLENGE OF STV AND THE CHANGING
BROADCASTER/ VIEWER RELATIONSHIP

16. Social TV in a legal sense
STV is a collection of interconnected concepts and
trends:
1. Collection of social behaviours (including
commenting, sharing, collaborating and
curating)
2. Collection of technologies (including social
media services/websites, apps, connected TV’s)
STV is very hard to define in
a legal & regulatory sense

17. Device Regulation
 Connected TV’s (a.k.a. Smart TV’s)
 ‘Television’ or ‘Video’ or ‘?’
 Expectation of viewer
 Danger of regulation creep

18. In the sports stadium….

19. Fractured Audience
 STV is a segment of the audience
 STV active minority – what about
majority?
 Data divide

20. Special Interest Groups
 Children
 PSB genres
 Digital exclusion
 Non-broadcast STV and international
services – not captured by regulation

21. Confusing Regulation
Ofcom (now incorporates ATVOD)
Information Commissioner’s Office; Consumer
Protection from Trading Standards AND ASA regulation

22. Underlying issues
THE CHALLENGE OF STV AND THE CHANGING
BROADCASTER/ VIEWER RELATIONSHIP

23. IP Law
 Broadcaster control
 Co-creation of content
 Crowd-funding
 Responsibility as a publisher

24. Employment Law
 Amateur/ Fan or Contributor?
 Citizen Journalism

25. Marketing Focused
 Viewer as a ‘marketing partner’
 Losing sight of the societal and
cultural characterisations
Also
 Ownership and control of STV
services
 Stacey Mattocks v. Black
Entertainment Television LLC

26. Media Literacy and PSB
 Access to PSB content
 National jurisdictions
 Viewer trust – ‘Fake News’

27. Data & Privacy
Human rights law
 STV challenges privacy,
the right to private life,
freedom of expression
and surveillance
Consumer protection law
 The use of data in
marketing and
advertising

28. Internet Regulation
 Disintermediation
 Algorithms & AI
 National Regulation – fit for
purpose?

29. Welcome to the future

30. Future Regulation
 Expand regulation?
 Shrink regulation?
 Self-regulation?
… including education to build
media literacy.

31. The future is….
Permanent Beta
Source: https://complexbeauty.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/work-in-progress-sign.jpg

32. Selected Bibliography (1)
UK Legislation & Regulations
 Copyright Designs Patents Act 1988 Broadcasting Act 1990
 The Criminal Justice and Order Act 1994 Broadcasting Act 1996
 Data Protection Act 1998 Communications Act 2003 Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003
 The Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2009 SI 2009/2979
 The Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2010 SI 2010/ 419
 Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 (SI
2013/3134)
EU Legislation and Regulations
 Directive 2010/13 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the coordination of certain
provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the
provision of audiovisual media services [2010] OJ L95/1 (Audiovisual Media Services Directive)
<http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:095:0001:0024:EN:PDF>
 Directive 2011/83 on consumer rights [2011] OJ L304/64
 European Convention on Human Rights
US Legislation
 Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998.

33. Selected Bibliography (2)
Cases
 Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation & Anor v. Newzbin Ltd [2010] EWHC (Ch) 608 (Eng.) ITV
Broadcasting Ltd v TVCatchup Ltd (C-607/11) [2013] Bus. L.R. 1020 (ECJ (4th Chamber)) and ITV
Broadcasting Ltd v TVCatchup Ltd Unreported October 10, 2013 (HC).
 Mediaset vs YouTube Tribunale Ordinario di Roma, 16 dicembre 2009 (It.) available at
<http://www.tgcom.mediaset.it/res/doc/sentenzatribunale.pdf> accessed 22 August 2014.
 Stacey Mattocks v. Black Entertainment Television LLC. 0:13-cv-61582.
Books
 Bowrey K, ‘The manufacture of ‘authentic’ buzz and the legal relations of Masterchef’ commerce’ in
Hunter D, Lobato R, Richardson M, Thomas J (Eds) Amateur Media - Social, cultural and legal
perspectives (Routledge 2012).
 Carey P, Media Law (5th Ed, Sweet & Maxwell 2010).
 Edwards L and Hatcher J, ‘Consumer Privacy Law 2: Data Collection, Profiling and Targeting’ in L
Edwards and C Waelde (ed), Law and the Internet (Hart Publishing 2010).
 Harboe G and others, Getting to Know Social Television: One Team's Discoveries from
 Library to Living Room (IGI Global Publishing 2010).
 Harboe G, ‘In search of social television’, in P Cesar, D Geerts and K Chorianopoulos (eds), Social
Interactive Television: Immersive Experiences and Perspectives (Hershey IGI Global Publishing 2009).

34. Selected Bibliography (3)
 Harrison J and Woods L, European Broadcasting Law and Policy (Cambridge University Press 2007).
 Hetcher S, ‘Amateur creative digital content and proportional commerce’ in Hunter D, Lobato R,
Richardson M, Thomas J (Eds) Amateur Media - Social, cultural and legal perspectives (Routledge
2012).
 Lefever K, New Media and Sport (ASSER International Sports Law Series 2012).
 Proulx M and Shepatin S, Social TV (John Wiley & Sons Inc 2012).
 Tan C, ‘Harry Potter and the transformation wand’ in Hunter D, Lobato R, Richardson M, Thomas J
(Eds) Amateur Media - Social, cultural and legal perspectives (Routledge, 2012).
 Weatherall K, ‘The relationship between user generated content and commerce’ in Hunter D,
Lobato R, Richardson M, Thomas J (Eds) Amateur Media - Social, cultural and legal perspectives
(Routledge 2012).
 Napoli PM, Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences
(Columbia University Press 2010).
 Harrison J and Woods L, European Broadcasting Law and Policy (Cambridge University Press 2007).
 Hetcher S, ‘Amateur creative digital content and proportional commerce’ in Hunter D, Lobato R,
Richardson M, Thomas J (Eds) Amateur Media - Social, cultural and legal perspectives (Routledge
2012).

35. Selected Bibliography (4)
 Lefever K, New Media and Sport (ASSER International Sports Law Series 2012).
 Proulx M and Shepatin S, Social TV (John Wiley & Sons Inc 2012).
 Tan C, ‘Harry Potter and the transformation wand’ in Hunter D, Lobato R, Richardson M, Thomas J
(Eds) Amateur Media - Social, cultural and legal perspectives (Routledge, 2012).
 Weatherall K, ‘The relationship between user generated content and commerce’ in Hunter D,
Lobato R, Richardson M, Thomas J (Eds) Amateur Media - Social, cultural and legal perspectives
(Routledge 2012).
 Napoli PM, Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences
(Columbia University Press 2010).
 Green T and Erickson K, ‘For those playing along at home: four perspectives on shared intellectual
property in television production’ (2014) 11(2) Journal of Media Business Studies 2-24.
 Harboe G, ‘The uses of social television’ (2008) 6(1) Computers in entertainment 1-15.
 Hasebrink U, ‘Giving the audience a voice: the role of research in making media regulation more
responsive to the needs of the audience’ (2011) 1 Journal of Information Policy 321- 336.
 Helberger N, ‘From eyeball to creator - toying with audience empowerment in the Audiovisual
Media Service Directive’ (2008) 19(6) Ent. L.R. 128-137.

36. Selected Bibliography (5)
 Helberger, Natali, The Media-Literate Viewer (February 23, 2012). DOMMERING-BUNDEL: OPSTELLEN
OVER INFORMATIERECHT AANGEBODEN AAN PROF. MR. E.J. DOMMERING, pp. 135-148, N.A.N.M. van
Eijk, P.B. Hugenholtz, eds., Otto Cramwinckel, 2008; Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No.
2012-34; Institute for Information Law Research Paper No. 2012-28.
 Matzneller P and Yliniva-Hoffmann A, ‘The Legal Protection Of European Broadcasters – Challenges
posed By New Services’ (2013) 20(2) Media L. & Pol'y 157-186.
 Miles J, ‘Call to action: the future regulation of Participation TV’ (2007) 18(3) Ent. L.R 122- 124.
 Naylor D and Blamires R, ‘Smarter Thinking — Connected TV, Law and Regulation’ (2012) 23(5) Ent.
L.R 123-125.
 Nightingale V and Dwyer T, ‘The audience politics of enhanced television formats’ (2006) 2(1)
International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 25-42.
 Phalen PF and Ducey RV, ‘Audience Behavior in the Multi-Screen “Video-Verse”’ (2012) 14(2)
International Journal on Media Management 141-156.
 Scaife L, ‘Don't be cagey with your Tweets: the UK and USA regulators' approach to transparency of
paid promotions via Twitter’ (2013) 19(5) C.T.L.R. 131-134.
 Trzaskowski J, ‘User-generated marketing -- legal implications when word-of-mouth goes viral’ (2011)
19(4) Int J Law Info Tech 348-381.
 Walden I and Woods L, ‘Broadcasting Privacy’ (2011) 3(1) Journal of Media Law 117–141.
 Werkers E and Lefever K, ‘Digital sports content: the rise of new media players and the legal
consequences in terms of obligations and liability risk’ (2010) 21(6) Ent. L.R. 215-220.

37. Selected Bibliography (6)
 Newspaper articles and website sources
 ACT, ‘Linear, Connected or Social TV : What is the future of TV, and when?’ (acte.be, 2012)
<http://www.acte.be/uploads/Modules/Library/linear-connected-or-social-tv---what-is-the- future-
of-tv_sept-2012.pdf> accessed 20 June 2014.
 BBC, ‘Premier League to ‘step up’ prevention of Vine uploads’ (bbc.co.uk, 15 August 2014)
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28802446> accessed 21 August 2014.
 BBC, <http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer> accessed 20 August 2014.
 Beamly, <https://uk.beamly.com> accessed 20 August 2014.
 Bilton N, ‘Apple Patents Way to Prevent Concert Piracy’ (nytimes.com, 3 June 2011)
<http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/apple-patents-way-to-prevent-concert-
piracy/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0> accessed 20 June 2014.
 Beach J, ‘Smart TV laws to see increased debate in Europe’ (iptv-news, 2 July 2013)
<http://www.iptv-news.com/2013/07/smart-tv-laws-to-see-increased-debate-in-europe/> accessed
08 August 2014.
 Bulkley K, ‘How lucrative are second screen companion apps for TV broadcasters?’
(theguardian.com, 5 June 2013) <http://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-
blog/2013/jun/05/second-screen-companion-apps-tv-broadcasters> accessed 08 August 2014.
 Chatterbox, <http://www.chatterbox.mobi/site/> accessed 20 August 2014.
 Dredge S, “Social TV apps: 'second screen is what you'd call a lawyer's paradise' ”
(theguardian.com, 8 October 2013)
<http://www.theguardian.com/technology/appsblog/2013/oct/08/second-screen-apps-legal-
issues> accessed 20 April 2014.
 Edgecliffe-Johnson A, ‘Watching television no longer rates as passive pastime’ (London, 24 April
2013) Financial Times.

38. Selected Bibliography (7)
 Faber A, ‘Viacom targets Generation C’ (www.screendaily.com, 23 October 2013.)
<http://www.screendaily.com/news/viacom-targets-generation-c/5062833.article> accessed 3 July
2014.
 Farber A, ‘Google signs deals for crack at connected TV’ (broadcastnow.co.uk, 3 July 2014)
<http://m.broadcastnow.co.uk/5073768.article> accessed 5 July 2014.
 Farmer A, ‘Over a quarter share content/ media across devices at home’ (yougov.co.uk, 2 April
2014) <http://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/04/04/over-quarter-share-contentmedia-across- devices-
hom/> accessed 14 August 2014.
 Freshminds, ‘3 challenges facing social TV’ (freshminds.net, 20 May 2011)
<http://www.freshminds.net/2011/05/the-3-challenges-facing-connected-tv/< accessed 14 August
2014.
 IPKat, ‘Television Show Fan Does Not Own Facebook’ (ipkitten.blogspoit.co.uk, 26 August 2014)
<’http://ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/2014/08/television-show-fan-does-not-own.html> accessed 28
August 2014.
 Kirkham J, ‘Two-screen is rebirth of event TV for Twitterers’ (broadcastnow.co.uk, 18 February 2010)
<http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/comment/in-my-view/two-screen-is-rebirth- of-event-tv-for-
Twitterers/5010996.article> accessed 19 August 2014.
 Lost Remote, ‘Social TV Companies’ (lostremote.com) <http://lostremote.com/social-tv-
companies> accessed 2 August 2014.

39. Selected Bibliography (8)
 Newman N, ‘The rise of social media and its impact on mainstream journalism: A study of how
newspapers and broadcasters in the UK and US are responding to a wave of participatory social
media, and a historic shift in control towards individual consumers’ (reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk,
2009) <https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/The_rise_of_social
_media_and_its_impact_on_mainstream_journalism.pdf> accessed16 August 2014.
 Nordyke K, ‘'Veronica Mars' Movie Reaches Goal of $2 Million on Kickstarter’
(hollywoordreporter.com, 13 March 2013) <http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/veronica-
mars-movie-reaches-goal-428434> accessed 20 July 2014.
 Reuters, ‘Research and Markets: Social TV Report, 6th Edition: Comprehensive Analysis - Twitter and
Facebook Battle over the Commercial Future of Social TV’ (reuters.com, 24 October 2013)
 <http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/24/research-and-markets-
idUSnBw246035a+100+BSW20131024> accessed 08 August 2014.
 Telegraph Sport, ‘Manchester United ban fans from bringing iPads and other tablets into Old Trafford
this season’ (telegraph.co.uk, 12 August 2014)
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/11027601/Manchester-
United-ban-fans-from-bringing-iPads-and-other-tablets-into-Old-Trafford-this-season.html> accessed
21 August 2014.
 TVTag <tvtag.com> accessed 20 August 2014.
 tvtag, ‘tvtag-formerly getglue’ (itunes.apple.com, 6 June 2014)
<https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/tvtag-formerly-getglue/id377615302?mt=8> accessed 14 August
2014.
 Van Hoboken J and Helberger N, The Math behind Your Wall: Who’s Governing the Algorithms that
Shape our Lives’ (blogs.lse.ac.uk, 11 June 2014)
<http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2014/06/11/the-math-behind-your-wall-whos- governing-
the-algorithms-that-shape-our-lives/> accessed 22 August 2014.
 Wheeler B, ‘Twitter users: A guide to the law’ (bbc.co.uk, 26 February 2013)
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20782257> accessed 25 July 2014.